Cell organelles
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Animal and plant cells contain similar organelles except for lysosomes, which are only found in animal cells, and chloroplasts, which are only found in plant cells. The document then provides detailed information about the structure and functions of various organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, nucleus, chromatin, and nucleolus.
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Functions of cell organelles
The document describes the organization of cells and various cellular organelles. It discusses the structure and functions of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and nucleus. Mitochondria generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein modification and transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion. Peroxisomes contain enzymes for lipid metabolism. The nucleus contains DNA and directs gene expression and protein synthesis.
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Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Unicellular organisms can live independently while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that work together. Cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi. Both have a cell membrane but eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus that are not present in prokaryotes.
cell
THIS PPT CONTAINS THE INTRODUCTION TO CELL AND ALSO HAVE CELL THEORY ,CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANELLES
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The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that gives cells their shape and enables cellular movement. It is composed of three main types of protein filaments: intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Intermediate filaments provide strength and structure, microtubules help shape the cell and are involved in cell division and transport, and actin filaments enable cell movement and structures like microvilli. Muscle contraction occurs via the sliding of actin and myosin filaments when the myosin crossbridges attach and pull on the actin filaments.
cell and its organelles
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with a brief history of cell discovery. The key components discussed include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Their structures and functions are summarized. Some associated disorders are also mentioned for some organelles.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a gel like fluid present between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance of a cell that is present within the cellular membrane and surrounds the nuclear membrane
It is sometimes described as the nonnuclear content of the protoplasm
Cell: The basic unit of life
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, which includes organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and maintains homeostasis. Inside the cell, the nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out essential functions and keep the cell alive.
Cell organelles
This document provides an overview of cell organelles and their functions. It discusses that cells are the basic unit of life and perform various functions to keep an organism alive. Some key organelles and their functions mentioned include the nucleus which contains DNA and controls the cell, mitochondria which generate energy in the form of ATP, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus which are involved in protein transport and modification, and lysosomes which digest materials. The document also notes that organelles work together to carry out the essential processes of energy production, protein synthesis, waste removal, and cell division.
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Functions of cell organelles
The document describes the organization of cells and various cellular organelles. It discusses the structure and functions of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and nucleus. Mitochondria generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein modification and transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion. Peroxisomes contain enzymes for lipid metabolism. The nucleus contains DNA and directs gene expression and protein synthesis.
Cell, the unit of life
Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Unicellular organisms can live independently while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that work together. Cells come in various shapes and sizes depending on their function. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi. Both have a cell membrane but eukaryotic cells also have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus that are not present in prokaryotes.
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This document provides an overview of cell structure and organelles. It begins with a brief history of cell discovery. The key components discussed include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Their structures and functions are summarized. Some associated disorders are also mentioned for some organelles.
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The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains a nucleus and cytoplasm, which includes organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, and maintains homeostasis. Inside the cell, the nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out essential functions and keep the cell alive.
Cell organelles
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1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the late 1600s using a microscope he had invented.
2. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in 1665 to describe the box-like structures he saw while examining cork.
3. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
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2. Hormones are synthesized and secreted via different mechanisms depending on their chemical properties. They are transported through the blood, often bound to plasma proteins, and cleared from the blood through various metabolic and excretory pathways.
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This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
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• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
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• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
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The gradient consists of two parts, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane.
In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient.
Generally compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient). All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way.
Chapter 2 : Cell Structure and Functions
The development of cell theory began with Robert Hooke coining the term "cell" after observing plant cells under a microscope. Robert Brown discovered that cells contain a nucleus. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established that plants and animals are respectively composed of cells. Modern cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, cells have similar components, new cells are formed via cell division, and cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions. Prokaryotes are cells without nuclei while eukaryotes contain nuclei.
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1. The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells, including that all living things are made of cells, which are the smallest functional units.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal structures surrounded by membranes, while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The structures and organelles that make up cells are described, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts, and their basic functions like producing energy and proteins.
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Here are the key organelle markers and their associated enzymes:
1. Mitochondria - ATP synthase (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
2. Lysosome - Cathepsin (lysosomal storage disorders occur due to deficiencies in cathepsin enzymes)
3. Golgi body - Galactosyltransferase (involved in glycoconjugate synthesis in the Golgi)
4. Microsomes (Endoplasmic Reticulum fragments) - Glucose-6-phosphatase (involved in glucose metabolism in the smooth ER)
Mb iii pharm d 8 3-2012
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Basic cytology
- Histology is the study of tissues and how they form organs. It examines tissues at a microscopic level.
- Cytology is the study of cells. There are two main cell types - prokaryotic cells which are small and lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which exist primarily in multicellular organisms and have organelles.
- The cell membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits. It contains proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. It performs important functions like acting as a barrier, having receptor sites, and facilitating transport processes into and out of the cell.
Cell structure & its organisation
1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observed cells in the late 1600s using a microscope he had invented.
2. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in 1665 to describe the box-like structures he saw while examining cork.
3. In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
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Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and function to break down biomolecules through intracellular and extracellular digestion. Lysosomes occur in eukaryotic cells and vary in size, shape, and function. They are formed in the Golgi apparatus and contain around 50 enzymes including proteases, lipases, nucleases and more that function best in acidic environments. Lysosomes play several important roles including digesting cellular waste, breaking down pathogens during phagocytosis, and digesting old cell components through autophagy.
Introduction to hormones
This document provides an introduction to hormones, including their classification, synthesis, secretion, transport, and measurement. The key points are:
1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted into the blood that influence target cells elsewhere in the body. They are classified by their chemical structure as proteins/polypeptides, steroids, or derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
2. Hormones are synthesized and secreted via different mechanisms depending on their chemical properties. They are transported through the blood, often bound to plasma proteins, and cleared from the blood through various metabolic and excretory pathways.
3. Hormone levels in the blood are measured using techniques like radioimmunoassay (RIA)
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This document summarizes a seminar on cell organelles presented by Dr. Simi M. The seminar covered the major cell organelles including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes. It described the structure and functions of each organelle, highlighting their roles in processes like protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, cellular respiration, waste disposal, and more. The history of the discovery of each organelle was also briefly outlined.
Gen. histology (cytoplasm) 2
This document provides information about the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles of cells. It discusses that the cytoplasm contains membrane-bound organelles and is surrounded by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell. It also facilitates transport of molecules. The cytoplasm contains cytosol, which is where many enzymatic reactions occur, as well as various organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes. The document outlines the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including its role in cellular communication and selective permeability. It also describes how cells become specialized through differentiation and concentrate specific organelles to perform specialized functions.
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This document discusses cell structure and organization. It describes that cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. In unicellular organisms a single cell makes up the entire organism, while in multicellular organisms many cells work together. The document then describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have organelles like the nucleus. It provides detailed information about the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses transport mechanisms across membranes including active transport,
Golgi apparatus ppt (introduction structure and Function)
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that packages and modifies proteins and lipids. It consists of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. Proteins enter the Golgi at the cis face and undergo processing and modification as they move through the cisternae towards the trans face. At the trans face, proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles and transported to their final destinations within or outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus plays important roles in protein modification, secretion, and sorting of macromolecules.
Lysosome - Basics
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
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Specialized cells in plants and animals have unique structures and functions. The document discusses several types of specialized cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells, palisade cells, and xylem cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body while white blood cells protect the body by killing bacteria. Nerve cells carry electrical signals and coordinate functions. Muscle cells allow movement by contracting. Sperm and egg cells are reproductive cells that combine during fertilization. Root hair cells absorb water and minerals in plant roots. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis. Xylem cells transport water and provide structure in plant stems.
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and sac-like structures called cisternae. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates and drugs. The ER transports proteins and lipids within the cell and to other organelles, and also performs functions like calcium regulation and glycoprotein production.
Cell Histology, Structure and Function of Cell,
Cells are the smallest living units that make up all living things. All cells share characteristics outlined in the cell theory, including being enclosed by a membrane and containing DNA. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack organelles, and eukaryotic cells which contain organelles and a nucleus bound by a membrane. Eukaryotic cells contain various organelles that carry out specific functions like mitochondria which generate energy and chloroplasts which facilitate photosynthesis. Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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The document summarizes key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). It describes three main classes of ECM molecules: structural proteins like collagen and elastin that provide structure, proteoglycans that embed the structural proteins, and adhesive glycoproteins like fibronectin and laminin that attach cells to the matrix. It provides details on the composition, structure and function of proteoglycans, collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers and adhesive glycoproteins. It also discusses how defects in ECM synthesis can lead to diseases and conditions like muscular dystrophy.
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The gradient consists of two parts, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane.
In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient.
Generally compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient). All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way.
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The development of cell theory began with Robert Hooke coining the term "cell" after observing plant cells under a microscope. Robert Brown discovered that cells contain a nucleus. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established that plants and animals are respectively composed of cells. Modern cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, cells have similar components, new cells are formed via cell division, and cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions. Prokaryotes are cells without nuclei while eukaryotes contain nuclei.
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1. The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells, including that all living things are made of cells, which are the smallest functional units.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack internal structures surrounded by membranes, while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
3. The structures and organelles that make up cells are described, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts, and their basic functions like producing energy and proteins.
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Here are the key organelle markers and their associated enzymes:
1. Mitochondria - ATP synthase (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
2. Lysosome - Cathepsin (lysosomal storage disorders occur due to deficiencies in cathepsin enzymes)
3. Golgi body - Galactosyltransferase (involved in glycoconjugate synthesis in the Golgi)
4. Microsomes (Endoplasmic Reticulum fragments) - Glucose-6-phosphatase (involved in glucose metabolism in the smooth ER)
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Proteins play a pivotal role in cell membrane transport. They account for around 50% of the cell membrane's mass and are necessary for transporting molecules and signals through the membrane. There are two main types of membrane transport proteins: channel proteins which form pores through the membrane, and carrier proteins which bind molecules and change shape to move them across. When protein functions in the membrane are inhibited, transport of important molecules and signals is disrupted, affecting vital cell processes.
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The document describes the main organelles found in animal cells including their structures, locations within the cell, and functions. The organelles discussed are the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle plays an important role such as generating energy, modifying and transporting proteins, breaking down waste, and carrying genetic instructions.
Cell biology ppt
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It defines the cell as the structural and functional unit of life. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure and functions of major cell organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes are explained. The processes of cell division, transcription and translation are summarized. Different types of cell junctions and their roles are also outlined.
cell biology.pptx
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
cellstructurefunction-190628175900.pdf
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
Cell: Structure & Function
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell and links cells together. It explains that the cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles, such as mitochondria, which produce energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein synthesis and modification. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls gene expression. Overall, the document provides an overview of the basic constituents of the cell and their roles in important cellular processes.
cellstructurefunction-190628175900.pdf
The document describes the structure and functions of the major components of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It discusses how the plasma membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. It explains that the mitochondria acts as the cell's powerhouse by producing energy through cellular respiration. The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids. The cytoskeleton maintains the cell's structure and allows for cell movement. Finally, the nucleus contains the genetic material and regulates gene expression.
Cell biology
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with an outline of topics covered, including cell structure and organelles, molecular components, properties of cells, and molecule transportation. Key points include: cells being the fundamental unit of life; the discovery of cells by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and nuclei by Robert Brown; and the cell theory developed by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. The document then discusses the structures and components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides details on various cell organelles and their functions, as well as biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Finally, it covers topics such as metabolism, enzymes, and enzyme classification
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...Kameshwaran Sugavanam
THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER CELLULAR SIGNALING/ INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAY / CELL DIVISIONS Lec 3-Biochemical composition of cells.pptx
The document summarizes the structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It describes the key components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. It also discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and summarizes the mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane including passive diffusion and active transport.
Macromolecules in cells
The document discusses the structure and function of four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It explains that carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage and structure. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Proteins have many functions including structure, movement, transport, and communication. Lipids compose cell membranes and are used for energy storage.
CELL ORGANELLES
The document describes several key organelles found within eukaryotic cells, including their structure and functions. The endoplasmic reticulum is described as a network of sacs and tubules involved in protein transport and synthesis. Ribosomes on the ER synthesize proteins. Mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell that produce ATP through cellular respiration. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down molecules. Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Chloroplasts in plant cells perform photosynthesis. Vacuoles in plant cells store waste and substances.
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Biomolecules and the cell MEMBRANE, TRANSPORT SYSTEM
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Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required by the body in small amounts to perform cellular functions like growth and reproduction. They are categorized as either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin that is essential for vision, growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial tissues. It exists in preformed and provitamin A forms found in both animal and plant products. Vitamin A plays important roles in visual cycle, growth, differentiation of cells, reproduction, acne/psoriasis, and prevention of chronic diseases. Deficiency can cause night blindness while toxicity from excess intake can harm a developing fetus.
Iron
Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
Sodium
Sodium is the major extracellular cation in the body. It plays important roles in fluid balance, acid-base balance, glucose and amino acid absorption, and cell permeability. The total body sodium content is 4000 meq, with 50% in bones, 40% in extracellular fluid, and 10% in soft tissues. The daily sodium requirement is 5-10 g, though hypertensive patients should aim for 1 g. Common sodium sources include table salt, bread, vegetables, and dairy. Sodium levels are regulated by the kidneys, which filter and reabsorb most of the sodium from the glomerulus under control of aldosterone. Deviations from the normal serum sodium range of 135-145 meq/L can
Minerals
Inorganic constituents like macrominerals and microminerals make up 4-5% of body weight. Macrominerals include calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, chloride, sodium, and magnesium, which are essential at levels over 100mg per day. Microminerals in trace amounts include fluorine, vanadium, zinc, tin, copper, selenium, iodine, manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Calcium is the most abundant macromineral and is crucial for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve transmission.
Microminerals
There are 2-4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body, with the highest concentrations found in the prostate, parts of the eye, and semen. Zinc is required for over 20 metalloenzymes and is essential for processes like taste sensation, insulin secretion, wound healing, and male reproduction through its role in spermatogenesis. Zinc deficiency can cause issues like growth retardation and impaired wound healing or spermatogenesis, while toxicity can also occur.
Microminerals2
Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production. Iodine deficiency causes goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland. Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent iodine deficiency goiters. The thyroid gland contains most of the body's iodine, which is used to produce thyroid hormones. Dietary sources of iodine include seafood, fruits and vegetables from coastal areas, and drinking water.
Macrominerals
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body, with 1kg total. 80% is found in bones and teeth, forming calcium phosphate. It plays important roles in producing ATP and other high-energy compounds, synthesizing DNA, RNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and regulating pH balance. Dietary sources include milk, cereals, vegetables, meat, and eggs. Phosphate is absorbed with help from vitamin D and acidic conditions, and excreted through reciprocal regulation with calcium levels by parathyroid hormone.
Macrominerals2
Potassium is required for several important biochemical functions in the body, including maintaining intracellular osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. It is also involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle activities, nerve impulse transmission, and protein biosynthesis. The average adult contains around 3500 mEq of potassium, mostly in skeletal muscle tissue. A daily intake of 3000-4000 mg is recommended, which can be obtained through foods like bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans, and liver. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can result from various conditions and can cause issues like muscle weakness, cardiac problems, and changes in mental status.
Macromineral
Potassium is required for several important biochemical functions in the body, including maintaining intracellular osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. It is also involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle activities, nerve impulse transmission, and protein biosynthesis. The average adult contains around 3500 mEq of potassium, most of which is found in skeletal muscle. A daily intake of 3-4 grams is recommended, which can be obtained through foods like bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans, and liver. Both hypokalemia (low potassium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium) can cause issues like muscle weakness, cardiac problems, and changes in mental status.
Cell locomotion
Endocytosis and exocytosis are mechanisms by which cells transport materials across their membranes. Endocytosis involves the inward movement and vesicle formation to bring particles into the cell, including phagocytosis of large particles and pinocytosis of small molecules. Exocytosis is the outward movement and release of particles from the cell. Cells can also move through ameboid movement using pseudopodia and ciliary movement using whip-like cilia along their surfaces. Both require energy and involve the polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules within the cytoskeleton.
Cells bds
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function:
- The cell membrane forms a protective barrier around the cell and is selectively permeable, allowing movement of materials in and out.
- Organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the nucleus have specialized structures and functions that allow cells to carry out essential processes.
- Cells obtain energy through cellular respiration in mitochondria or fermentation in the absence of oxygen. The cell cycle and processes of mitosis and meiosis allow for cell growth and division.
Presentation
Anemia can be caused by several diseases that affect red blood cells and their ability to transport oxygen. These include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and abnormal red blood cells that do not function properly or survive as long as healthy cells. Certain genetic disorders and infections can also contribute to anemia.
Rbc
The document discusses the composition and roles of blood plasma and blood cells. It describes that plasma transports water, ions, gases, nutrients, wastes, proteins, antibodies, hormones and other organic molecules. It also notes that the main cell types in blood are red blood cells, which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and white blood cells, which carry out immune defense functions. The document further explains hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells mainly in the bone marrow, and focuses on red blood cells and iron metabolism which is key to hemoglobin's oxygen transport role.
Transport machanism
Passive and active transport are two mechanisms that cells use to move substances across their membranes. Passive transport involves diffusion and osmosis, allowing substances to move freely across the membrane without energy input. Active transport requires energy and uses transmembrane proteins to transport substances against their concentration gradient or electrical potential.
Wbcs
White blood cells have varying lifespans depending on their type. Granulocytes last 4-8 hours in circulation and a few more days in tissues. Monocytes last 10-20 hours in blood and months in tissues as macrophages. Lymphocytes circulate for weeks or months between lymphoid tissue, blood, tissues, and lymph before returning to blood. Disorders that can affect white blood cell counts include leucopenia from radiation or drug exposure, and leukemias like lymphocytic or myelogenous leukemia, which can lead to infections, anemia, bleeding, and loss of energy.
Transport machanism
Cells use two main mechanisms to transport substances across their membranes: passive transport, which moves substances down their concentration gradient through diffusion or osmosis without energy usage; and active transport, which moves substances against their concentration gradient by using energy in the form of ATP through channel or carrier proteins.
Soruce of islamic law
The document discusses the sources of Islamic law, with the Holy Quran being the primary source. It provides an overview of the compilation of the Quran during the times of Prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Uthman. It discusses the theory of abrogation in the Quran and importance of Quran as the foundation for Islamic law. The document also briefly mentions other secondary sources of Islamic law such as hadith, ijma, qiyas, and customs.
Platelets physiology
Hemostasis involves three key events to prevent blood loss from a ruptured blood vessel:
1) Vascular constriction occurs via pain signals and local vasoconstrictors to reduce blood flow.
2) Platelets form a plug by adhering to the ruptured vessel wall and releasing chemicals to activate more platelets.
3) A blood clot forms through the coagulation cascade, where thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin strands that reinforce the platelet plug. Together, the plug and clot seal the rupture.
Glands
The document defines and classifies glands. It discusses that glands are aggregations of cells that produce secretions or excretions. Glands are classified as exocrine if they release their products onto epithelial surfaces through ducts, or endocrine if they release into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands are further classified based on their duct morphology and shape of secreting portions. The document also discusses the histological structure of exocrine glands.
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Cell organelles
- 2. The organelles of animal and plant cells are similar to each other except that __________ are present only in animal cells, and ___________ are present only in plant cells. ORGANELLES Animal and plant cells have organelles . Organelles compartmentalize functions within the cell.
- 26. Adrenoleukodystrophy: Deficiency in -oxidation of very long- chain fatty acids Zellweger syndrome: Defect in protein import, giving rise to “ghost peroxisomes”
Editor's Notes
- Depending on developmental stage and environment, #, size, enzymes, metabolic function, varies. Grow on sugar: small peroxisomes Grow on methanol: large peroxisomes that oxidize methanol Grow on FA: large and break down FA to AcetylCoA by -oxidation