This document summarizes a seminar on endocrinology presented by the Indian Dental Academy. It provides an overview of the major endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands - including their structure, functions, hormone production and common disorders. For each endocrine gland, the presentation addresses developmental anatomy, location, hormones, and diseases or dysfunctions associated with abnormal hormone levels. Assessment findings, diagnostic tests and therapeutic management approaches are discussed for various endocrine-related conditions such as dwarfism, gigantism, hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Van Wyke-Grumbach syndrome and pituitary hyperplasia in a six-year-old girlApollo Hospitals
Hypothyroidism is usually associated with delayed puberty and occasionally may present with isosexual precocious puberty. In girls, this may present with breast development, multicystic ovaries and vaginal bleeding. This entity characterized by ovarian hyper stimulation leading to early puberty secondary to hypothyroidism is known as Van Wyke Grumbach syndrome. In contrast to the early puberty caused by other causes, precocious puberty of hypothyroidism is characterized by short stature and delayed bone age. Awareness about this condition and the treatment of this condition with levothyroxine will lead to avoidance of surgery and unnecessary intervention. We present the case of a six-year-old girl who presented with precocious puberty and pituitary hyperplasia. This case highlights the need for the professionals to familiarize themselves about uncommon complications of untreated hypothyroidism.
Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in the Child and A...Apollo Hospitals
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in > 90% of cases. This is a very common
genetic disorder for which biochemical screening is now performed. The classical form occurs in 1:15,000–16,000
live births, while the nonclassical form occurs in 1:1000. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common cause
of primary adrenal insufficiency in childhood. Undertreatment of the condition leads to acute risk of adrenal crisis and to long-term risk of short adult stature and infertility, whereas overtreatment is associated with short stature, obesity and other effects of hypercortisolism, including, but not limited to, osteoporosis.
Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Van Wyke-Grumbach syndrome and pituitary hyperplasia in a six-year-old girlApollo Hospitals
Hypothyroidism is usually associated with delayed puberty and occasionally may present with isosexual precocious puberty. In girls, this may present with breast development, multicystic ovaries and vaginal bleeding. This entity characterized by ovarian hyper stimulation leading to early puberty secondary to hypothyroidism is known as Van Wyke Grumbach syndrome. In contrast to the early puberty caused by other causes, precocious puberty of hypothyroidism is characterized by short stature and delayed bone age. Awareness about this condition and the treatment of this condition with levothyroxine will lead to avoidance of surgery and unnecessary intervention. We present the case of a six-year-old girl who presented with precocious puberty and pituitary hyperplasia. This case highlights the need for the professionals to familiarize themselves about uncommon complications of untreated hypothyroidism.
Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in the Child and A...Apollo Hospitals
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in > 90% of cases. This is a very common
genetic disorder for which biochemical screening is now performed. The classical form occurs in 1:15,000–16,000
live births, while the nonclassical form occurs in 1:1000. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common cause
of primary adrenal insufficiency in childhood. Undertreatment of the condition leads to acute risk of adrenal crisis and to long-term risk of short adult stature and infertility, whereas overtreatment is associated with short stature, obesity and other effects of hypercortisolism, including, but not limited to, osteoporosis.
Icterus neonatorum presentation for studentsNehaNupur8
Introduction
Definition
Metabolism and excretion of bilirubin
Causes
Symptoms
Types
Physiological jaundice
Pathological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Neo natal jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin level.
Neo natal jaundice becomes apparent at serum bilirubin concentration of 5-7mg / dL.
Shoulder and trunk 8-10mg/dl
Lower body – 10-12mg/dl.
Entire body 12-15 mg /DL
Archer USMLE step 3 Endocrinology lecture notes. These lecture notes are samples and are intended for use with Archer video lectures. For video lectures, please log in at http://www.ccsworkshop.com/Pay_Per_View.html
आयुर्वेद सिध्धान्तों का आधुनिक हाई टेक्नोलाजी इलेक्ट्रि त्रिदोष ग्राफ ई०टी०जी...Dr. Desh Bandhu Bajpai
आयुर्वेद के नाड़ी परीक्षण के मूल सिध्धान्तों को एक तरफ आधार मानकर तथा दूसरी तरफ आधुनिक वैग्यानिक दृष्टिकोण को स्वीकार करते हुये और इसके साथ साथ आधुनिक वैग्यानिक खोजों तथा प्राचीन ग्यान के बीच मे अन्त: सम्बन्ध यानी को-रिलेशन को केन्द्रीय विचार मानते हुये आयुर्वेद के अन्य तमाम मौलिक सिध्धन्तो को वैग्यानिक सामन्जस्य को साथ लेते हुये और तारतम्य और एकरूपता को एक सूत्रीय बनाये रखते हुये ऐसे विचार को लेकर प्रस्तुत पुस्तक की रचना की गयी है /
आयुर्वेद के आदि रचित शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थो मे आयुर्वेद के मौलिक सिध्धन्तो का प्रतिपादन किया गया है / इन सिध्धान्तो और नियमो को लेखको और व्याख्याकारों द्वारा कई तरह से समझाने की कोशिश की गयी है / आयुर्वेद के सिध्धान्त यथा दोष, त्रिदोष, त्रिदोष भेद, सप्त धातुयें, मल, उप-धातुयें और कार्य विकृति और दोष विकृति और स्थापित दोषो के शरीर मे स्थान आदि की व्याख्या चरक, सुश्रुत, वाग्भठ्ठ, भाव मिश्र , शारन्गधर आदि के द्वारा की गयी है /
नाड़ी परीक्षण के द्वारा त्रिदोषो का ग्यान करने का परिचय भाव प्रकाश ग्रन्थ मे मिलता है / वैग्यानिक दृष्टिकोण से देखा जाय तो यही एक आयुर्वेद मे परीक्षण विधि है जिसके द्वारा शरीर के त्रिदोषो का अन्कलन किया जा सकता है / आयुर्वेद के ग्रन्थों में पन्च विधि और अष्ट विधि और दश विधि परीक्षण के अलावा आकृति परीक्षा और मल तथा मूत्र और स्वेद परीक्षा का भी वर्णन ग्रन्थों में मिलता है , जिनके द्वारा भी त्रिदोष का अन्कलन किया जा सकता है , ऐसा आयुर्वेद के महर्षियो ने बताया है /
यद्यपि वैग्यानिक दृष्टिकोण से और आधुनिक प्रत्यक्ष और प्रमाण की दृष्टि से साक्ष्य आधारित विधि का नूतन आविष्कार, जिसको ” इलेक्ट्रो त्रिदोष ग्राफ ; ई०टी०जी० आयुर्वेदास्कैन ” का नाम करण लेखक द्वारा किया गया है, इस विधि द्वारा आयुर्वेद के लगभग समस्त मुख्य मौलिक सिध्धन्तो का मूल्यान्कन किया जा सकता है, जिन्हे आयुर्वेद मे बताया गया है / यह परीक्षण आधुनिक डिजिटल कम्प्यूटेराइज़्ड मशीनो द्वारा किया जाता है, इसलिये अब आयुर्वेद साक्ष्य आधारित चिकित्सा विग्यान यानी इवीडेन्स बेस्ड मेडिकल साइन्स हो गयी है /
ई०टी०जी० आयुर्वेदास्कैन सिस्टम को भारत सरकार द्वारा परीक्षित किया जा चुका है / प्राचीन विग्यान और अर्वाचीन विग्यान दोनों के समन्वयन के द्वारा आयुर्वेद को आधुनिक वैग्यानिक स्वरूप देने का प्रयास लेखक और सम्पादक द्वारा किया गया है /
Presentation Lecture for Undergraduate students of Bio-chemistry, Biotechnology, Bio-organic chemistry for fundamentals and essentials of hormones in vertebrate living systems.
Basic Introduction to the vast science of the endocrine glands and their interactions. A brief review into the physiological processes that result in endocrine disorders.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Hormones lect/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Endocrinal system /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
developmentally disabled child
downs syndrome
cerebral palsy
introduction
incidence and prevalance
symptoms
precautions to be taken during treatments or during dental treatment or dental checkup
intra oral symptoms which are more commonly seen in these childrens
these children have early or late erruption of teeth
general manifestation of patients with downs syndrome are brachycephelic skull,flat nose bridge
eyes: oblique palpebral fissure , scanty eye lashes
dysplastic ear
shoert neck
congenital heart disease
dudenal atresia
umblical hernia
oral menifestation : such as drooping mouth , open mouth
protusive fissured tongue
dry fissured lips
retarded erruption of teeth
cerebral palsy : classification
spastic cerebral palsy
athetosis
ataxia
rigidity
tremors
atonia
mixed
dental problems : dental caries
periodontal diseases
malocclusion
bruxism
trauma
treatment of these patients
at last conclusion
referance from shobha tandon (pedodontics)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
12. DISORDERS CAUSED BY PITUITARY
GLAND DYSFUNCTION
• Malfunction result from tumor growth ,
interference with circulation to the gland ,
trauma , inflammation , structural
abnormalities etc.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Assessment :
Dental point of view
• Teeth may be crowded in a small jaw
• Teeth may erupt late.
• Face appears infantile , because the
mandible is recessed and immature.
• The nose is usually small.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. General view :
• Child remain short.
• Childs voice may be high pitched.
• There is delayed onset of genital growth.
Therapeutic management :
• GH is administrated in a dose of 0.07-0.1
IU/kg/day (sc) until appropriate growth is attained.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. PITUITARY GIGANTISM
• Is an overproduction of GH before the
epiphyseal lines of the long bones have
closed may cause excessive growth.
• Caused by anterior pituitary tumor.
(adenoma)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Assessment :
Dental point of view :
• Spacing of teeth & large lower jaw.
• Mandibular prognathism.
• Enlargement of nasal & condylar cartilages.
• Scalloping of the lateral margins of the tongue.
• Tongue may enlarge disproportionatly.
• Thickening of skin with accentuation of skin falls.
• Roots may be longer than normal.
• Mandibular teeth usually tipped to buccal /labial
side – enlargement of tongue.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Tests :
• Skull radiographs confirm enlargement of
the sella turcica .
• Oral radiographs- hypercementosis &
increase in size of jaw.
• Glucose tolerance test & growth hormone
levels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Treatment :
• Tumor- surgery to remove tumor or cryosurgery is
the primary treatment.
• If no tumor is present- irradiation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. DISORDERS OF POSTERIOR
PITUITARY GLAND
Diabetes insipidus
• Types- neurogenic DI & nephrogenic DI.
Neurogenic DI :
• Results from hyposecretion of ADH.
• Usually caused by a brain tumor , head
trauma or brain surgery that damage the
post.piutuitary gland the hypothalamic para
ventricular & supra optic nuclei.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Nephrogenic DI :
• Kidneys don’t respond to ADH or
• The ADH receptors may be non functional.
Symptoms :
• Bed wetting is common in affected children.
• Excretion of large volume of urine with resulting
dehydration & thirst.
• Dry mouth.
• In severe cases- patient may die of dehydration.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Treatment :
Neurogenic DI :-
Treated by hormone replacement either sc injection
or nasal spray application of ADH analogues
(desmopressin / hypressin) is effective.
Nephrogenic DI :-
• Treatment difficult & complex .
• Restriction of salt in the diet & paradoxically
some diuretic drugs are helpful.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. DISORDERS OF THYROID
GLAND
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
(CRETINISM) :
• Thyroid hypofunction causes reduced production
of both T4 & T3 occurs as a result of an absent or
nonfunctioning thyroid gland.
• Prevalence- 1: 4,000 births.
• This condition may not be noticeable initially ,
because the mother’s thyroid hormone maintain
adequate level in fetus during pregnancy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Assessment :
Dental point of view :
• Dentition is delayed.
• Teeth may be defective when they erupt.
• Protruding tongue in children.
• Enlarged lips.
• Flattened bridge of nose.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. General view :
• Parents may report as child sleeps
excessively.
• Overall body temperature is subnormal
because of slow metabolism.
• Child’s neck becomes short & thick.
• Extremities are short with hypotonic
muscles.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Diagnostic investigations :
• X –ray studies for bone age & presence of
epiphyseal dysgenesis , numerous fragmented foci
of ossification mostly in the head of femur.
• Serum cholesterol is elevated esp children beyond
2 yrs.
• Neonates – 50- 100mg/dl , infants-100-
125mg/dl.;1-5 yrs of age- 150-200 mg/dl.
• Plasma TSH levels are high.
• T3 &T4 levels are decreased.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. Treatment :
• Drug of choice :- synthetic levothyroxin
(eltroxin ).
• Dose :- 5- 10 micro gram/kg/day in case of
patient beyond 1 yr of age.
• In case of neonates & infants – 10-
15microgm/kg/day.
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31. Precautions :
• Periodic monitoring of T4 & T3 will help to
ensure an appropriate medication dosage.if
the dose is too high , the T4 level will rise
& the child will show signs of
hyperthyroidism.
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32. • Is the most common form of acquired
hypothyroidism in childhood.
• Age of onset- 10- 11 yrs & there may be family
history of thyroid disease.
Assessment :
• In infants , congenital goiter can lead to airway
obstruction.
• In children the condition leads to obesity , lethargy
, and delayed sexual development .
• In childhood- nodular thyroid is usually benign &
there is possibility to thyroid malignancy.
THYROIDITIS (Hashimotos disease)
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33. Diagnosis :
• For diagnosis , children are administered
radioactive iodine .
• If the nodes are benign , there is generally a rapid
uptake of radioactive iodine (hot nodes).
• If there is no uptake (cold nodes ) ,carcinoma is
more likely diagnosis,rare at this age.
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34. Therapeutic management :
• Sodium levothyroxin .
• With adequate dosage the obesity will
diminish & growth will begin again.
• It is important that the disease be
recognised as early as possible so that there
is time to stimulate growth before the
epiphyseal lines close at puberty.
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36. HYPERTHYROIDISM (GRAVES
DISEASE)
• More frequently hyperthyroidism &
thyrotoxicosis in children are caused by an
autoimmune reaction that results in
production of IgG which stimulates the
thyroid gland.
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37. Assessment :
• Children experience nervousness.
• Loss of muscle strength.
• BP & pulse are increased.
• Alwys hungry & they eat constantly and do not
gain wt and may even lose wt because of increased
metabolic rate.
• Thyroid gland appears swollen on the anterior part
of neck in children confirmed by ultrasound.
• When the child protrudes tongue or extends the
hands – fine tremors.
• Lab tests- elevated T4 & T3 .
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38. Therapeutic management :
• 1st
course – beta adrergic blocking agents
(propranolol) to decrease antibody
response.
• After this antithyroid drugs – propyl
thiouracil /methemazole to suppress the
formation of thyroxin.
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39. GOITER
Etiologic factors :
• Grave’s disease , iodine deficiency ,
dyshormonogenesis , autoimmune or infiltrative
thyroid disease or neoplasia.etc.
*congenital goiter :
Ingestion of antithyroid drugs or iodine or other
goitrogens during pregnancy or due to an inborn
biosynthetic defects.
Treatment :
• Thyroid hormone is helpful & indicated to avoid
progression to a large multinodular goiter.
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42. Hypoparathyroidism :
History :
• Thyroid surgery with concurrent remaoval
of parathyroid gland.
• Radiation therapy to thyroid region .
• Idiopathy.
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43. Symptoms :
• Discoloured teeth & delayed eruption due to the
reduced serum calcium.
• Symptoms of tetany may occur ,with numbness &
tingling of the arms and legs together with facial
twitching.
• Severly mottled teeth due to enamel hypoplasia.
• Candidiasis.
• Radiographs reveals delayed eruption & shortened
roots.
• In hypoparathyroidism following surgery or
radiotherapy- no abnormal dental findings.
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45. Hyperparathyroidism :
History :-
• Primary- caused by an adenoma or rarely a
carcinoma of the parathyroid gland.
• Secondary- due to low serum calcium , the result
of renal disease.
• Tertiary- result of prolonged secondary disease.
Oral symptoms :
• Swellings on gums which are usually painless
(epulides).
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46. Diagnostic tests :
Primary & tertiary hyperparathyroidism:-
• Serum calcium levels are raised.
• Serum phosphate may be normal/ decreased.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism:-
• Serum calcium levels are normal / decreased.
• Serum phosphate levels are normal or increased in
renal failure.
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50. DISORDERS OF ADRENAL
GLANDS
Acute adrenocortical insuffiency
• In this case the entire cortical adrenal gland
function suddenly becomes insufficient.
• Generally it occurs in association with
infection in which there is hemorrhagic
destruction of the adrenal glands.
• Seen most commonly in meningococcemia.
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51. Assessment –
• Blood pressure drops to extremely low levels.
• Temperature is elevated.
• Dehydration and hypoglycemia are marked.
• Sodium and chloride blood levels will be very
low.
• But serum potassium will be elevated.
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52. TREATMENT-
• Immediate replacement of cortisol ( I/V) and
deoxycorticosterone acetate (D.O.C.A.).
• Vasopressor may be necessary to elevate the
blood pressure.
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53. CUSHING’S SYNDROME
• Caused by the over production of adrenal
hormone ( cortisol ) which may result from
benign increase ACTH production .
• But generally it is associated with the malignant
tumor of adrenal cortex.
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55. ASSESSMENT
• Elevated plasma cortisol and
• Increased urinary free-cortisol levels
THERAPEUTIC-MANAGEMENT
• Surgical removal- causative tumor
• Cortisol therapy indefinitely- if a major part of
adrenal gland is surgically removed.
PRECAUTION
• Following surgery,the child must be observed
carefully for signs of shock bcoz the adrenal gland
has been removed. Without epinephrine from the
adrenal gland,the body’s ability to maintain B.P. is
severely compromisedwww.indiandentalacademy.com
56. PINEAL GLAND
• It is attached to the roof of 3rd
ventricle.
• Secretes melatonin , which is thought to
promote sleepiness.
• Melatonin is secreted in a diurnal rhythm
that is linked to the dark –light cycle, with
highest secretion during darkness.
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57. REFERENCES
• PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY- TORTORA-8TH
EDITION.
• CHILD HEALTH NURSING,CARE OF THE
CHILD & FAMILY- ADELE PILLITTERI.
• BIRNBAUM, DUNNE ,-ORAL
DIAGNOSIS,THE CLINICIAN’S GUIDE –2ND
EDITION.
• IAP TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRICS-
PARTHASARATHY,MENON PSN , NARI
MKC- 2ND
EDITION.
• UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
HEUTHER & McANCE.www.indiandentalacademy.com