Hypothyroidism in children
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This document discusses hypothyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid hormone level decreases. It can be congenital or acquired after age 1. Congenital hypothyroidism can lead to cretinism if untreated. Clinical manifestations include poor growth, feeding issues, constipation, dry skin, jaundice, and delayed development. Diagnosis involves tests of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment is lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy to normalize thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Nursing care involves early identification, assisting with testing and treatment, educating parents, and ensuring proper follow up.
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Nephrotic syndrome in children
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most common in children ages 1.5-6 years and affects boys more than girls. Causes include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Treatment involves managing edema, infections, and proteinuria with corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis is generally good for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome but poorer for steroid-resistant cases. Complications can include infections, thrombotic events, and renal failure.
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This document discusses leukemia, a cancer of the blood characterized by abnormal production of white blood cells. It defines leukemia and its types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. The causes of leukemia are unclear but include genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapies to induce remission and prevent relapse or progression of the disease. Complications can include bleeding, infection, organ failure, and other issues.
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile or a significant decrease from an established growth curve. FTT can be organic, due to medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, inorganic, due to non-medical causes like neglect or poor parenting, or mixed. Clinical features include low weight and height compared to standards, as well as decreased developmental milestones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests to identify underlying causes. Management focuses on optimizing nutrition, providing a nurturing environment, parental education, and treating any medical issues contributing to FTT.
Pneumonia in children
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition most common in young children. It is caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like Streptococcus. Symptoms include fever, cough, rapid breathing, and lung consolidation seen on chest x-ray. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, fever control, and nutrition support. Timely treatment can resolve pneumonia, but it remains a major cause of death in children worldwide due to lack of access to care.
Seizure in children
1) Seizures in children can be caused by factors like birth injuries, head trauma, infections, genetic conditions, and tumors. They are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain.
2) Generalized seizures involve the entire brain and include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, clonic, and atonic seizures. Partial seizures originate in one area of the brain and can be simple, with retained awareness, or complex, with impaired awareness.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exams, blood tests, EEGs, and brain imaging. Treatment includes medications, dietary therapies, surgery, and management of acute seizures. The prognosis depends on factors like
Hypothyroidism in children 2021
Hypothyroidism in children can be congenital or acquired. Congenital hypothyroidism is present from birth and is usually caused by thyroid dysgenesis or iodine deficiency in high-risk areas. It presents with poor feeding, constipation, large tongue, and delayed development. If not treated early with thyroxine replacement, it can cause intellectual disability. Acquired hypothyroidism develops later in childhood and may be caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or rare genetic disorders. Hypothyroidism is diagnosed through clinical features, low thyroid hormone levels, and high TSH. Treatment involves lifelong thyroxine replacement to prevent complications of delayed growth and intellectual development
Meningitis In Children
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
Anemia in child
Here are some key preventive measures to control the incidence of anemia among children:
- Promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months as breastmilk provides optimal nutrition including iron.
- Introduce iron-rich complementary foods like eggs, meat, fish, lentils and green leafy vegetables along with breastmilk after 6 months of age.
- Provide iron supplements to children between 6 months to 5 years as recommended.
- Treat and prevent intestinal worm infections as they cause blood loss and reduce iron absorption.
- Educate caregivers about a balanced diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 and importance of hygiene.
- Screen children regularly for anemia and provide
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Nephrotic syndrome in children
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Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile or a significant decrease from an established growth curve. FTT can be organic, due to medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, inorganic, due to non-medical causes like neglect or poor parenting, or mixed. Clinical features include low weight and height compared to standards, as well as decreased developmental milestones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests to identify underlying causes. Management focuses on optimizing nutrition, providing a nurturing environment, parental education, and treating any medical issues contributing to FTT.
Pneumonia in children
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition most common in young children. It is caused by viruses like RSV or bacteria like Streptococcus. Symptoms include fever, cough, rapid breathing, and lung consolidation seen on chest x-ray. Treatment involves antibiotics, oxygen, fever control, and nutrition support. Timely treatment can resolve pneumonia, but it remains a major cause of death in children worldwide due to lack of access to care.
Seizure in children
1) Seizures in children can be caused by factors like birth injuries, head trauma, infections, genetic conditions, and tumors. They are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain.
2) Generalized seizures involve the entire brain and include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, clonic, and atonic seizures. Partial seizures originate in one area of the brain and can be simple, with retained awareness, or complex, with impaired awareness.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exams, blood tests, EEGs, and brain imaging. Treatment includes medications, dietary therapies, surgery, and management of acute seizures. The prognosis depends on factors like
Hypothyroidism in children 2021
Hypothyroidism in children can be congenital or acquired. Congenital hypothyroidism is present from birth and is usually caused by thyroid dysgenesis or iodine deficiency in high-risk areas. It presents with poor feeding, constipation, large tongue, and delayed development. If not treated early with thyroxine replacement, it can cause intellectual disability. Acquired hypothyroidism develops later in childhood and may be caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or rare genetic disorders. Hypothyroidism is diagnosed through clinical features, low thyroid hormone levels, and high TSH. Treatment involves lifelong thyroxine replacement to prevent complications of delayed growth and intellectual development
Meningitis In Children
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
Anemia in child
Here are some key preventive measures to control the incidence of anemia among children:
- Promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months as breastmilk provides optimal nutrition including iron.
- Introduce iron-rich complementary foods like eggs, meat, fish, lentils and green leafy vegetables along with breastmilk after 6 months of age.
- Provide iron supplements to children between 6 months to 5 years as recommended.
- Treat and prevent intestinal worm infections as they cause blood loss and reduce iron absorption.
- Educate caregivers about a balanced diet rich in iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 and importance of hygiene.
- Screen children regularly for anemia and provide
Convulsive disorder
- Convulsive disorders involve involuntary muscle spasms or jerking that can cause loss of consciousness. They include epilepsy, where seizures are recurrent and unprovoked. Status epilepticus refers to prolonged or repeated seizures.
- Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
- Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low protein levels in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol levels. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which leads to increased permeability of proteins in the kidneys and their loss in the urine. Treatment involves medications like steroids to reduce protein in the urine, a low-sodium diet to control swelling, and monitoring for infections which patients are at higher risk for due to low immune function. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, preventing infections, providing emotional support, and educating patients and families on treatment and self-care at home.
diabetes mellitus in children
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as a lack of appropriate weight gain or a persistent weight loss from a child's normal growth curve. It can be classified as organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychosocial factors. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the etiology and develop an appropriate treatment plan focused on nutritional rehabilitation and addressing the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the etiology, with FTT in the first year generally having a poorer outcome. Prevention efforts include exclusive breastfeeding, parental education, and early detection and intervention.
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This document provides information on neonatal jaundice, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, complications, and management. The key points are:
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- It can be physiological, due to increased red blood cell breakdown and immature liver function in newborns, or pathological, due to excessive hemolysis or liver/gallbladder issues.
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This document defines convulsion disorder and provides information on its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Convulsions are involuntary muscle contractions caused by abnormal brain electrical activity. They can be caused by various early life factors like birth asphyxia or infections. Febrile seizures are the most common type in young children and are associated with fever. Epilepsy is recurrent seizures and is classified based on seizure type. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests. Treatment includes anticonvulsant drugs, dietary therapy, and sometimes surgery.
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This document provides information on type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile diabetes). It discusses that type 1 diabetes results from the body's failure to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells. It is treated through insulin therapy, nutritional modification, glucose monitoring, and physical activity. The nurse's role includes educating patients and families on diabetes management and monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
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This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
Tonsillitis.in children
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by bacteria or viruses. It is most common in children ages 3-7 years old. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and swollen tonsils. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a throat exam. Treatment involves pain relievers, antibiotics if bacterial, and adequate fluid intake. For recurrent cases, tonsillectomy may be recommended to remove the tonsils. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, preventing complications, and a return to normal activities.
Neonatal seizures
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
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This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
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Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive is defined as sustained weight loss or failure to gain weight resulting in a child's weight falling below normal growth curves. It can be caused by inadequate nutrition intake, increased calorie needs, or issues with absorption. Evaluation involves assessing growth charts, nutrition intake, physical exam for signs of organic disease, and laboratory tests if indicated. Management goals are nutritional rehabilitation, treating any underlying medical causes, and addressing psychosocial factors. The prognosis depends on the etiology, with psychosocial causes having risks of developmental delays and organic causes having variable outcomes based on the specific condition.
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This document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. It defines nephrotic syndrome and outlines its causes, which include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. The pathophysiology involves disturbances in the immune system and mutations affecting glomerular filtration. Clinical features and laboratory findings are provided for different types. Management involves treating symptoms, infections, and relapses with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Complications include edema, infections, thrombosis, and renal failure. Prognosis depends on response to steroids, with minimal change disease having a good prognosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis having poorer outcomes.
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This document discusses dehydration in pediatrics. It defines dehydration and explains its pathophysiology and types based on severity and fluid/electrolyte loss. Causes of dehydration include diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes and burns. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to check electrolyte levels. Signs and symptoms range from mild thirst to severe complications depending on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, providing skin care and educating families on prevention.
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Hypothyroidism in children can be either congenital or acquired. The document discusses the various causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of hypothyroidism in newborns, infants, and older children. A key point is that early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism is important to prevent mental handicap. Treatment involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine. Monitoring of treatment includes clinical exams and testing of thyroid hormone levels every 3-6 months. Prevention strategies focus on iodine supplementation, newborn screening programs, and increasing awareness of acquired causes.
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Convulsive disorder
- Convulsive disorders involve involuntary muscle spasms or jerking that can cause loss of consciousness. They include epilepsy, where seizures are recurrent and unprovoked. Status epilepticus refers to prolonged or repeated seizures.
- Risk factors for seizures in infants and children include age under 1 year, fever, infections, preterm birth, and family history of seizures or epilepsy. Causes may be non-recurrent like fever or infections, or recurrent like genetic factors, injuries, or metabolic disorders.
- Diagnosis involves history, exam, blood tests, imaging, and EEG to evaluate for underlying conditions and rule out other causes. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing complications and recurrence.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low protein levels in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol levels. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which leads to increased permeability of proteins in the kidneys and their loss in the urine. Treatment involves medications like steroids to reduce protein in the urine, a low-sodium diet to control swelling, and monitoring for infections which patients are at higher risk for due to low immune function. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, preventing infections, providing emotional support, and educating patients and families on treatment and self-care at home.
diabetes mellitus in children
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as a lack of appropriate weight gain or a persistent weight loss from a child's normal growth curve. It can be classified as organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychosocial factors. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the etiology and develop an appropriate treatment plan focused on nutritional rehabilitation and addressing the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the etiology, with FTT in the first year generally having a poorer outcome. Prevention efforts include exclusive breastfeeding, parental education, and early detection and intervention.
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This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), specifically in children. It defines DM as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. Type 1 DM is described as an autoimmune disease resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 DM is associated with insulin resistance. Signs and symptoms, classification, incidence rates, diagnosis, treatment involving insulin therapy, nutrition management, and exercise are covered. Nursing care focuses on education, emotional support, and ensuring safety.
Neonatal Jaundice
This document provides information on neonatal jaundice, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, complications, and management. The key points are:
- Neonatal jaundice is the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to high bilirubin levels in newborns.
- It can be physiological, due to increased red blood cell breakdown and immature liver function in newborns, or pathological, due to excessive hemolysis or liver/gallbladder issues.
- Assessment involves history, physical exam, and lab tests to determine bilirubin levels and underlying cause. High bilirubin levels can cause the serious complication of
Convulsion disorder
This document defines convulsion disorder and provides information on its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Convulsions are involuntary muscle contractions caused by abnormal brain electrical activity. They can be caused by various early life factors like birth asphyxia or infections. Febrile seizures are the most common type in young children and are associated with fever. Epilepsy is recurrent seizures and is classified based on seizure type. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and tests. Treatment includes anticonvulsant drugs, dietary therapy, and sometimes surgery.
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This document provides information on type 1 diabetes mellitus (juvenile diabetes). It discusses that type 1 diabetes results from the body's failure to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells. It is treated through insulin therapy, nutritional modification, glucose monitoring, and physical activity. The nurse's role includes educating patients and families on diabetes management and monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
disorders of Endocrine in Children
This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
Tonsillitis.in children
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils caused by bacteria or viruses. It is most common in children ages 3-7 years old. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and swollen tonsils. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a throat exam. Treatment involves pain relievers, antibiotics if bacterial, and adequate fluid intake. For recurrent cases, tonsillectomy may be recommended to remove the tonsils. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, preventing complications, and a return to normal activities.
Neonatal seizures
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their classification, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines neonatal seizures as clinical manifestations of underlying neurological dysfunction in newborns. Seizures are classified as subtle, tonic, clonic, or myoclonic. Common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, infections, and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and investigations like blood tests, imaging, EEG, and CSF examination. Initial management focuses on stabilization, treating correctable causes like hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, and anti-seizure medications if needed. Nursing care includes emergency response, psychosocial support for family members, and
Anaemia in children
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children. It begins by defining anemia and listing the WHO thresholds used to define anemia in different age groups. It then covers the etiological, morphological and pathophysiological classifications of anemia. Under the etiological classification, it describes anemias caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell formation, and excessive red blood cell destruction. It also discusses the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, complications and prevention of IDA in children.
Meconium aspiration syndrome_
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a respiratory distress in infants born through meconium stained amniotic fluid. It occurs in 5% of infants delivered through meconium stained fluid and is caused by mechanical obstruction and chemical pneumonitis from inhaled meconium. Clinical features include respiratory distress, cyanosis, and chest retractions. Diagnosis is confirmed by chest x-ray showing infiltrates and management involves ventilatory support, surfactant therapy, inhaled nitric oxide, and potentially extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. With aggressive treatment, mortality from MAS has decreased to less than 5%.
Nephrotic Syndrome in Pediatrics
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
Pediatric burns
Burns and scalds account for 6% of pediatric injuries, with preschool children most commonly affected. House fires are a leading cause of fatal burns due to smoke inhalation. Scalds often involve hot drinks, baths, or cooking oils in toddlers. Children have a higher body surface area to weight ratio and thinner skin than adults, making them more susceptible to burns. Severity depends on temperature and duration of contact - even brief contact at high temperatures can cause full thickness burns. Wound management involves cooling, analgesia, fluid resuscitation, and consideration of escharotomy for circumferential burns. Inhalation injuries require 100% oxygen and monitoring of carboxyhemoglobin levels.
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive is defined as sustained weight loss or failure to gain weight resulting in a child's weight falling below normal growth curves. It can be caused by inadequate nutrition intake, increased calorie needs, or issues with absorption. Evaluation involves assessing growth charts, nutrition intake, physical exam for signs of organic disease, and laboratory tests if indicated. Management goals are nutritional rehabilitation, treating any underlying medical causes, and addressing psychosocial factors. The prognosis depends on the etiology, with psychosocial causes having risks of developmental delays and organic causes having variable outcomes based on the specific condition.
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia and infection in infants under 4 weeks of age. Common causes are E. coli, Group B Streptococcus, and Listeria. It can be early-onset from transmission during birth or late-onset from hospital-acquired infections. Symptoms are non-specific but include respiratory distress, feeding issues, and temperature instability. Diagnosis involves blood, urine and CSF cultures. Treatment is antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin for 10-14 days along with supportive care. Prevention includes good antenatal care, treating maternal infections, early breastfeeding and infection control policies in the NICU.
Nephrotic Syndrome
This document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. It defines nephrotic syndrome and outlines its causes, which include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. The pathophysiology involves disturbances in the immune system and mutations affecting glomerular filtration. Clinical features and laboratory findings are provided for different types. Management involves treating symptoms, infections, and relapses with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Complications include edema, infections, thrombosis, and renal failure. Prognosis depends on response to steroids, with minimal change disease having a good prognosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis having poorer outcomes.
Dehydration in children
This document discusses dehydration in pediatrics. It defines dehydration and explains its pathophysiology and types based on severity and fluid/electrolyte loss. Causes of dehydration include diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes and burns. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to check electrolyte levels. Signs and symptoms range from mild thirst to severe complications depending on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, providing skin care and educating families on prevention.
Breath Holding Spells
Breath-holding spells are a common psychosomatic disorder seen in children between 6 months and 6 years old. There are two main types - cyanotic spells which involve apnea and cyanosis, and pallid spells which cause hypotonia and loss of consciousness. Breath-holding spells are usually benign and result from an immature autonomic nervous system. A family history of spells is present in about 35% of cases. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and examination, with no additional testing needed. Management involves reassurance, placing the child on their side during spells, iron supplementation, and potentially atropine or piracetam for severe cases.
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This document discusses endocrine disorders and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [1] Endocrine disorders can be caused by issues with the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or hormone-producing glands and can result from congenital defects, infections, autoimmunity, tumors or unknown causes. [2] Too much or too little hormone production can occur due to failures in the feedback systems that control hormone levels or dysfunction of the endocrine glands themselves. [3] The document focuses on disorders of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism), adrenal gland (Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome) and their clinical presentations and management.
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This document summarizes various endocrine disorders including dwarfism, acromegaly, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and tetany. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, and investigations for each condition. Dwarfism can be caused by growth hormone deficiency or panhypopituitarism. Acromegaly is characterized by enlarged extremities and is caused by excess growth hormone secretion in adults. Hyperthyroidism often results from Graves' disease and causes symptoms like increased sweating and heart rate. Hypothyroidism in children leads to cretinism and in adults leads to myxedema. Cushing's syndrome is characterized by obesity and is caused by excess cort
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition present at birth where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It can cause arrested physical and mental development. The most common cause is failure of the thyroid to grow before birth. Symptoms in newborns include jaundice, hypotonia, and large tongue. If not treated with levothyroxine replacement, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth impairment. Screening programs allow for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.NGRTCI Endocrine System Disorders Lecture
- Benign pituitary tumors are usually treated with hypophysectomy or radiation therapy. Preoperative care focuses on education and baseline assessments. Postoperative care involves neurological monitoring, checking for CSF leakage, restricting activities that increase intracranial pressure, and hormone replacement therapy. Nursing management aims to prevent complications and includes ongoing assessments, medication administration, skin care, and patient education.
Endocrinology
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Endocrinology/ dental crown & bridge courses
This document summarizes a seminar on endocrinology presented by the Indian Dental Academy. It provides an overview of the major endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands - including their structure, functions, hormone production and common disorders. For each endocrine gland, the presentation addresses developmental anatomy, location, hormones, and diseases or dysfunctions associated with abnormal hormone levels. Assessment findings, diagnostic tests and therapeutic management approaches are discussed for various endocrine-related conditions such as dwarfism, gigantism, hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome.
Hypothyroidism.pptx
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on hypothyroidism. The presentation contains slides on the etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic studies, screening, management, overdose, and treatment of myxedema coma related to hypothyroidism. Blank slides are included throughout to allow active learning by asking students questions before presenting information on subsequent slides. The presentation is meant for both teaching and self-study purposes. QR codes and links are also provided to access the presentation on mobile devices.
Disturbances in hormone metabolism
1. Hyperpituitarism and acromegaly result from excessive growth hormone production by a pituitary tumor, causing gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults with characteristic facial and body overgrowth.
2. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient thyroid hormone and presents as myxedema with non-pitting edema, while hyperthyroidism is caused by excessive thyroid hormone and presents with nervousness, tremors, and eye bulging.
3. Oral manifestations of these disorders include delayed or advanced tooth development, osteoporosis, and enlarged or reduced jaws and facial bones depending on the hormone imbalance.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder in which thyroid gland secrete more than normal thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism for MBBS first year students
Hypothyroidism is the condition resulting from insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormones.(T4;T3).
Congenital hypothyroidism: since birth if untreated results in CRETINISM.
Severe hypothyroidism if untreated results in Myxoedema due to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the skin and other tissues
CLINICAL FEATURES:
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Lethargy,
somnolence,
constipation,
poor feeding/ sucking,
cold to touch,
delayed dentition and mental retardation
Signs:
Dry, cool, mottled skin,
hoarse cry, coarse face,
broad flat nose,
large protruding tongue, puffy face.
Abdomen—Protuberant, umbilical hernia, hypotonia
Skull—Large posterior fontanelle.
Thyroid disorders
Based on the lab results provided:
- T3/T4 are high
- TSH is low
This pattern is seen in primary hyperthyroidism.
The diagnosis would be A) Primary hyperthyroidism.
Session 9: Chapter 11 PowerPoint Presentation
The document provides an overview of several common endocrine system diseases and disorders including their descriptions, etiologies, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, treatments, prognoses, and prevention methods. Specific endocrine diseases covered include hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, simple goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, Cushing disease, and diabetes mellitus.
Pituitary gland disorders
The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain and controls many other glands. Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone after growth plate closure, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Complications include joint and bone problems, high blood pressure, diabetes, and increased cancer risk. Treatment involves surgery, medication, or radiation. Dwarfism is defined as adult height under 4'10" and has many causes and health issues. The pituitary also regulates water balance, and disorders like SIADH cause inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion leading to hyponatremia.
Endocrine disorders
this seminar give details about general information on endocrine their disorders. it states their causes and symptoms
Endocrine lecture +spring+2012+student+copy
This document discusses various endocrine problems involving the pituitary gland and thyroid. It summarizes pituitary control of growth hormone and describes symptoms of growth hormone excess such as enlarged hands, feet, and tongue. It also discusses diagnostic studies and treatment for growth hormone excess. Transient diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone are described as potential postoperative complications. Diabetes insipidus, its causes and goals of treatment are summarized. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid storm, thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, and thyroidectomy are briefly described. Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytoma are also mentioned.
Congenital malformations
The powerpoint presentation made to final year students of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery on the 20th of February 2015.
Endocrine Diseases and its Dental Management
Slides are amateur-produced and uploaded solely for education purposes.
Information may not be up-to-date.
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Hypothyroidism in children
- 1. HYPOTHYROIDISM DHANYA VJ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SUM NURSING COLLEGE
- 2. HYPOTHYROIDISM • It is a condition in which thyroxin hormone level is decreased. 2 types • 1.Congenital hypothyroidism- is a common type associated with down syndrome. • 2.Acquired hypothyroidism – occurs after the age of 1 year and late onset hypothyroidism.
- 3. INCIDENCE • World wide prevalence is 1: 4000 newborns • If untreated after birth severe congenital hypothyroidism can lead growth failure condition known as cretinism.
- 4. ETIOLOGY CONGENITAL • Gene mutation • Failure of CNS • Iodine deficiency ACQUIRED • Thyroid dysfunction • Deficiency of TSH
- 5. ETIOLOGY Primary hypothyroidism Congenital • Thyroid gland aplasia,hypoplasia • Inborn error of thyoid hormone • Inherited defect of thyroid hormone receptors • Maternal drugs like carbimazole, radioiodine acquired • Iodine deficiency • Autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis • Irradiation • Ingestion of goitrogen • Drug induced
- 6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The hypothyroid fetus does nit get maternal thyroid hormone to meet its metabolic requirement to protect from congenital hypothyroidsm Neonatal period thyroid functioning is completely independent from the mother At the 8th week gestation thyroid gland normally occupies its permanent anatomic site and at term reaches its maximum functioning
- 7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Baby of mother with hyperthyroidism is born with hypothyroidism and fetal goiter However allows the passage of antithyroid drugs if mother is taking them Placenta does not allow passage of maternal thyroid hormone
- 8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • One of the earliest signs is patent fontanels and widely opened cranial sutures due to utero lag in skeletal maturation • Another early indication of congenital hypothyroidism is prolonged physiologic jaundice due to delayed maturation of glucuronide conjugation • Birth weight more than average
- 9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Babies are dull ,flaccid and good natured as they cry less and sleep most of the time. • Pallor due to anemia • Feeding difficulties • constipation
- 10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION CONGENITAL (CRETINISM) • Thickened protruded tongue,thick lip • Anemia,rough and thick skin • Over sleeping • Hypotonia • Bradycardia,cool extrimities,wide posterior fontanel • Difficulty in feeding • Horse cry ACQUIRED • Decrease appetite,dry skin,coarse hair,depressed reflex • Constipation ,enlarged thyroid gland,Delayed bone age • Muscle weakness • Delayed puberty,bradycardia • Growth retardation ,short stature,short appearance with large heat.
- 11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Skin -yellow discoloration due to prolonged jaundice -skin is dry ,thick,coarse,cool and mottled
- 12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Head and face -puffy face -swollen eyelids -widely separated eyes -narrow palpebral fissures -broad nose with depressed bridge -open mouth with large protruding tongue -sparse ,coarse and brittle hair -delayed dentition and tooth decay -neck short -voice is hoarse
- 13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Trunk and extremities -retarded skeletal development and maturation -short stature -extremities appear short in relation to trunk -hands are broad and fingers are short -protruding abdomen -umbilical hernia may be present
- 14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • Vital signs -temperature is usually subnormal below 35 degree celsius because of decreased metabolic rate -pulse is slow with reduced pulse pressure -dyspnoea ,noisy breath ,nasal obstruction and apnoea -heart murmur and cardiomegaly
- 15. DIAGNOSIS • X ray study of bone age • Screening of thyroid hormone • Examination of serum T 3 ,T4 • Test for TSH level • Thyroid antibody study
- 16. MANAGEMENT • Normalize the level TSH • Thyroid hormone levothyroxin is prescribed • For neonate 10-15microgram /kg/day • Monitor the serum thyroid level regularly •
- 17. MANAGEMENT • Growth monitoring during therapies is important. • Educate the parents about the disease,and management • Adequacy of replacement therapy – control of constipation correction of feeding problem ,improvement in appetite.
- 18. NURSING MANAGEMENT • Early identification of infant having hypothyroidism • Collect the infant history and assist in lab test and radiographic examination • Administer the drug daily • Nurse must tell about the manifestation of overdose of drug • Parents are told to withhold the drug if pulse rate is high • Teach the importance of follow up