Encryption is a fundamental concept in cryptography that involves the process of converting plaintext (readable and understandable data) into ciphertext (encoded and unintelligible data) using a mathematical algorithm and an encryption key. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information during transmission or storage.
In the encryption process:
1. **Plaintext:** This is the original, readable data that is to be protected. It could be a message, a file, or any form of digital information.
2. **Encryption Algorithm:** An encryption algorithm is a set of mathematical rules and procedures that transform the plaintext into ciphertext. Common encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RSA, and Triple DES.
3. **Encryption Key:** The encryption key is a piece of information used by the encryption algorithm to perform the transformation. The key determines the specific pattern and method by which the plaintext is converted into ciphertext. The strength of the encryption often depends on the length and randomness of the key.
4. **Ciphertext:** This is the result of the encryption process—the transformed and encoded data that appears random and is indecipherable without the corresponding decryption key.
Encryption serves several important purposes in the field of cryptography:
- **Confidentiality:** The primary goal of encryption is to keep information confidential and secure from unauthorized access. Even if an unauthorized party intercepts the ciphertext, they should be unable to understand or decipher it without the correct decryption key.
- **Integrity:** Encryption helps ensure the integrity of data by providing a means to detect any unauthorized modifications. If the ciphertext is altered, the decryption process will produce incorrect results, alerting the recipient to potential tampering.
- **Authentication:** In some encryption scenarios, the use of digital signatures or authenticated encryption helps verify the origin and authenticity of the encrypted data.
- **Secure Communication:** Encryption is widely used to secure communication over networks, such as the internet. Protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) use encryption to protect the confidentiality of data transmitted between a web browser and a web server.
- **Data-at-Rest Protection:** Encryption is applied to data stored on devices or servers, ensuring that even if physical access is gained, the data remains protected from unauthorized viewing.
In summary, encryption is a crucial tool in the field of cryptography, providing a means to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of sensitive information in various digital environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Cryptography is a technique used today hiding any confidential information from the attack of an intruder. Today data communication mainly depends upon digital data communication, where prior requirement is data security, so that data should reach to the intended user. The protection of multimedia data, sensitive information like credit cards, banking transactions and social security numbers is becoming very important. The protection of these confidential data from unauthorized access can be done with many encryption techniques. So for providing data security many cryptography techniques are employed, such as symmetric and asymmetric techniques. In this review paper different asymmetric cryptography techniques, such as RSA (Rivest Shamir and Adleman), Diffie-Hellman, DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm), ECC (Elliptic curve cryptography) are analyzed. Also in this paper, a survey on existing work which uses different techniques for image encryption is done and a general introduction about cryptography is also given. This study extends the performance parameters used in encryption processes and analyzing on their security issues.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
Cryptography plays a major role in securing data. It is used to ensure that the contents of a message are confidentially
transmitted and would not be altered. Network security is most vital component in information security as it refers to all hardware and
software function, characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, access control, and administrative and management
policy. Cryptography is central to IT security challenges, since it underpins privacy, confidentiality and identity, which together
provide the fundamentals for trusted e-commerce and secure communication. There is a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that
are used for securing networks and presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on for evolving
more advanced techniques for secures communication.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE USING RSA ALGORITHM AND SCHEDULING CONCEPTSIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round-robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man-in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of information security, ensuring more efficiency.
Data security for any organization by using public key infrastructure compone...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Digital world all type of information are moved around the whole world in the digital form. Securities of these digital data are very necessary from the intruder, enemies, and unauthorized individuals for any government and non-government organizations. Security is the protection against danger, criminals and loss. There are many features to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography is one essential feature for secure communications. There are two techniques are used in cryptography one is secret key cryptography and another is public key cryptography. A PKI does not a particular business function; it is providing a foundation for other security services. The primary function of a PKI is to allow the distribution and use of public keys and certificates with security and integrity. The components of public key infrastructure are certification authority (CA), certificate revocation, registration authority (RA) and digital certificate. PKI contain complete information and identifications of there sender and receiver for authentication. In the basis of these identities PKI provide certificates and authentication for secure communication. In this paper study different components of PKI and there uses for secure any type of data. This paper presents the performance of a secure application for private organizations that offers services to both owner and other members of the same organization. The primary focus of this paper is better implementation of PKI with the help of there algorithms. Index Terms: Security, Cryptography, Encryption, Decryption, Public key, Private key, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Digital Certificate, Certification Authority (CA), Revocation, Registration Authority (RA).
Data security for any organization by using public key infrastructure compone...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
Why React Native as a Strategic Advantage for Startup Innovation.pdfayushiqss
Do you know that React Native is being increasingly adopted by startups as well as big companies in the mobile app development industry? Big names like Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest have already integrated this robust open-source framework.
In fact, according to a report by Statista, the number of React Native developers has been steadily increasing over the years, reaching an estimated 1.9 million by the end of 2024. This means that the demand for this framework in the job market has been growing making it a valuable skill.
But what makes React Native so popular for mobile application development? It offers excellent cross-platform capabilities among other benefits. This way, with React Native, developers can write code once and run it on both iOS and Android devices thus saving time and resources leading to shorter development cycles hence faster time-to-market for your app.
Let’s take the example of a startup, which wanted to release their app on both iOS and Android at once. Through the use of React Native they managed to create an app and bring it into the market within a very short period. This helped them gain an advantage over their competitors because they had access to a large user base who were able to generate revenue quickly for them.
Cryptography is a technique used today hiding any confidential information from the attack of an intruder. Today data communication mainly depends upon digital data communication, where prior requirement is data security, so that data should reach to the intended user. The protection of multimedia data, sensitive information like credit cards, banking transactions and social security numbers is becoming very important. The protection of these confidential data from unauthorized access can be done with many encryption techniques. So for providing data security many cryptography techniques are employed, such as symmetric and asymmetric techniques. In this review paper different asymmetric cryptography techniques, such as RSA (Rivest Shamir and Adleman), Diffie-Hellman, DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm), ECC (Elliptic curve cryptography) are analyzed. Also in this paper, a survey on existing work which uses different techniques for image encryption is done and a general introduction about cryptography is also given. This study extends the performance parameters used in encryption processes and analyzing on their security issues.
Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network SecurityEditor IJCATR
Cryptography plays a major role in securing data. It is used to ensure that the contents of a message are confidentially
transmitted and would not be altered. Network security is most vital component in information security as it refers to all hardware and
software function, characteristics, features, operational procedures, accountability, access control, and administrative and management
policy. Cryptography is central to IT security challenges, since it underpins privacy, confidentiality and identity, which together
provide the fundamentals for trusted e-commerce and secure communication. There is a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that
are used for securing networks and presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on for evolving
more advanced techniques for secures communication.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE USING RSA ALGORITHM AND SCHEDULING CONCEPTSIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round-robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man-in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of information security, ensuring more efficiency.
Data security for any organization by using public key infrastructure compone...eSAT Journals
Abstract In Digital world all type of information are moved around the whole world in the digital form. Securities of these digital data are very necessary from the intruder, enemies, and unauthorized individuals for any government and non-government organizations. Security is the protection against danger, criminals and loss. There are many features to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography is one essential feature for secure communications. There are two techniques are used in cryptography one is secret key cryptography and another is public key cryptography. A PKI does not a particular business function; it is providing a foundation for other security services. The primary function of a PKI is to allow the distribution and use of public keys and certificates with security and integrity. The components of public key infrastructure are certification authority (CA), certificate revocation, registration authority (RA) and digital certificate. PKI contain complete information and identifications of there sender and receiver for authentication. In the basis of these identities PKI provide certificates and authentication for secure communication. In this paper study different components of PKI and there uses for secure any type of data. This paper presents the performance of a secure application for private organizations that offers services to both owner and other members of the same organization. The primary focus of this paper is better implementation of PKI with the help of there algorithms. Index Terms: Security, Cryptography, Encryption, Decryption, Public key, Private key, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Digital Certificate, Certification Authority (CA), Revocation, Registration Authority (RA).
Data security for any organization by using public key infrastructure compone...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
Why React Native as a Strategic Advantage for Startup Innovation.pdfayushiqss
Do you know that React Native is being increasingly adopted by startups as well as big companies in the mobile app development industry? Big names like Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest have already integrated this robust open-source framework.
In fact, according to a report by Statista, the number of React Native developers has been steadily increasing over the years, reaching an estimated 1.9 million by the end of 2024. This means that the demand for this framework in the job market has been growing making it a valuable skill.
But what makes React Native so popular for mobile application development? It offers excellent cross-platform capabilities among other benefits. This way, with React Native, developers can write code once and run it on both iOS and Android devices thus saving time and resources leading to shorter development cycles hence faster time-to-market for your app.
Let’s take the example of a startup, which wanted to release their app on both iOS and Android at once. Through the use of React Native they managed to create an app and bring it into the market within a very short period. This helped them gain an advantage over their competitors because they had access to a large user base who were able to generate revenue quickly for them.
Multiple Your Crypto Portfolio with the Innovative Features of Advanced Crypt...Hivelance Technology
Cryptocurrency trading bots are computer programs designed to automate buying, selling, and managing cryptocurrency transactions. These bots utilize advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to analyze market data, identify trading opportunities, and execute trades on behalf of their users. By automating the decision-making process, crypto trading bots can react to market changes faster than human traders
Hivelance, a leading provider of cryptocurrency trading bot development services, stands out as the premier choice for crypto traders and developers. Hivelance boasts a team of seasoned cryptocurrency experts and software engineers who deeply understand the crypto market and the latest trends in automated trading, Hivelance leverages the latest technologies and tools in the industry, including advanced AI and machine learning algorithms, to create highly efficient and adaptable crypto trading bots
Into the Box Keynote Day 2: Unveiling amazing updates and announcements for modern CFML developers! Get ready for exciting releases and updates on Ortus tools and products. Stay tuned for cutting-edge innovations designed to boost your productivity.
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
Globus Compute wth IRI Workflows - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
As part of the DOE Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) program, NERSC at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and ALCF at Argonne National Lab are working closely with General Atomics on accelerating the computing requirements of the DIII-D experiment. As part of the work the team is investigating ways to speedup the time to solution for many different parts of the DIII-D workflow including how they run jobs on HPC systems. One of these routes is looking at Globus Compute as a way to replace the current method for managing tasks and we describe a brief proof of concept showing how Globus Compute could help to schedule jobs and be a tool to connect compute at different facilities.
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
Games are powerful teaching tools, fostering hands-on engagement and fun. But they require careful consideration to succeed. Join me to explore factors in running and selecting games, ensuring they serve as effective teaching tools. Learn to maintain focus on learning objectives while playing, and how to measure the ROI of gaming in education. Discover strategies for pitching gaming to leadership. This session offers insights, tips, and examples for coaches, team leads, and enterprise leaders seeking to teach from simple to complex concepts.
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
Would you rather make your visitors feel burdened by making them wait? Or choose VizMan for a stress-free experience? VizMan is an automated visitor management system that works for any industries not limited to factories, societies, government institutes, and warehouses. A new age contactless way of logging information of visitors, employees, packages, and vehicles. VizMan is a digital logbook so it deters unnecessary use of paper or space since there is no requirement of bundles of registers that is left to collect dust in a corner of a room. Visitor’s essential details, helps in scheduling meetings for visitors and employees, and assists in supervising the attendance of the employees. With VizMan, visitors don’t need to wait for hours in long queues. VizMan handles visitors with the value they deserve because we know time is important to you.
Feasible Features
One Subscription, Four Modules – Admin, Employee, Receptionist, and Gatekeeper ensures confidentiality and prevents data from being manipulated
User Friendly – can be easily used on Android, iOS, and Web Interface
Multiple Accessibility – Log in through any device from any place at any time
One app for all industries – a Visitor Management System that works for any organisation.
Stress-free Sign-up
Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
Host gets a notification, where they opt to Approve the meeting
Host notifies the Receptionist of the end of the meeting
Visitor is checked-out by the Receptionist
Host enters notes and remarks of the meeting
Customizable Components
Scheduling Meetings – Host can invite visitors for meetings and also approve, reject and reschedule meetings
Single/Bulk invites – Invitations can be sent individually to a visitor or collectively to many visitors
VIP Visitors – Additional security of data for VIP visitors to avoid misuse of information
Courier Management – Keeps a check on deliveries like commodities being delivered in and out of establishments
Alerts & Notifications – Get notified on SMS, email, and application
Parking Management – Manage availability of parking space
Individual log-in – Every user has their own log-in id
Visitor/Meeting Analytics – Evaluate notes and remarks of the meeting stored in the system
Visitor Management System is a secure and user friendly database manager that records, filters, tracks the visitors to your organization.
"Secure Your Premises with VizMan (VMS) – Get It Now"
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
In this session we will cover:
- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
Paketo Buildpacks : la meilleure façon de construire des images OCI? DevopsDa...Anthony Dahanne
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Venez le découvrir lors de cette session ignite
Quarkus Hidden and Forbidden ExtensionsMax Andersen
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Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
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Traditional software testing methods are being challenged in retail, where customer expectations and technological advancements continually shape the landscape. Enter generative AI—a transformative subset of artificial intelligence technologies poised to revolutionize software testing.
Software Engineering, Software Consulting, Tech Lead.
Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring JDBC, Spring Security,
Spring Transaction, Spring MVC,
Log4j, REST/SOAP WEB-SERVICES.
Strategies for Successful Data Migration Tools.pptxvarshanayak241
Data migration is a complex but essential task for organizations aiming to modernize their IT infrastructure and leverage new technologies. By understanding common challenges and implementing these strategies, businesses can achieve a successful migration with minimal disruption. Data Migration Tool like Ask On Data play a pivotal role in this journey, offering features that streamline the process, ensure data integrity, and maintain security. With the right approach and tools, organizations can turn the challenge of data migration into an opportunity for growth and innovation.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
2. Table Of Content
Introduction of Encryption.
Types of Encryption.
Symmetric Encryption.
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Asymmetric Encryption.
RSAAlgorithm.
Digital certificate management methods.
Public key infrastructure (PKI).
Conclusion
3. Introduction of Encryption
What is Encryption?
Encryption is a fundamental concept in computer security that involves the transformation of information or data
into a coded form to prevent unauthorized access or interception. The purpose of encryption is to ensure the
confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data as it is transmitted or stored. It is a crucial component in securing
communication channels and protecting information from being accessed by unauthorized parties.
In the process of encryption, the original data, known as plaintext, is transformed using an algorithm and an
encryption key to produce ciphertext. The ciphertext is a scrambled or unreadable version of the original data.
The encryption key is essential for the encryption process, and only individuals with the corresponding
decryption key can revert the ciphertext back to its original plaintext form.
4. Types of Encryption
There are mainly two types of Encryptions:
Encryption
Symmetric Encryption Asymmetric Encryption
5. Symmetric Encryption
Symmetric encryption is a type of encryption where only one key (a secret key) is used to both
encrypt and decrypt electronic data. The entities communicating via symmetric encryption must
exchange the key so that it can be used in the decryption process.
By using symmetric encryption algorithms, data is "scrambled" so that it can't be understood by
anyone who does not possess the secret key to decrypt it. Once the intended recipient who
possesses the key has the message, the algorithm reverses its action so that the message is returned
to its original readable form. The secret key that the sender and recipient both use could be a
specific password/code or it can be random string of letters or numbers that have been generated
by a secure random number generator (RNG). For banking-grade encryption, the symmetric keys
must be created using an RNG that is certified according to industry standards, such as FIPS 140-
2.
7. Disadvantage of Symmetric Encryption
Key Distribution: One of the significant challenges with symmetric encryption is key distribution.
Since the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, securely sharing the key between
the communicating parties becomes crucial. If an unauthorized party intercepts the key during
distribution, it compromises the security of the entire system.
Key Management: In addition to distribution, managing and securely storing symmetric keys can
be complex, especially in large-scale systems. As the number of users increases, the challenges
associated with key management also grow. Regularly changing and updating keys to enhance
security adds another layer of complexity.
Scalability: Symmetric encryption becomes less scalable as the number of users or devices
involved in communication increases. In a scenario where each pair of communicating entities
needs a unique symmetric key, the number of keys grows quadratically with the number of
participants, making key management more challenging.
9. Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public-key cryptography, is a process that uses a pair of
related keys -- one public key and one private key -- to encrypt and decrypt a message and protect
it from unauthorized access or use.
A public key is a cryptographic key that can be used by any person to encrypt a message so that it
can only be decrypted by the intended recipient with their private key. A private key -- also known
as a secret key -- is shared only with key's initiator.
When someone wants to send an encrypted message, they can pull the intended recipient's public
key from a public directory and use it to encrypt the message before sending it. The recipient of the
message can then decrypt the message using their related private key.
If the sender encrypts the message using their private key, the message can be decrypted only using
that sender's public key, thus authenticating the sender. These encryption and decryption processes
happen automatically; users do not need to physically lock and unlock the message.
Many protocols rely on asymmetric cryptography, including the transport layer security (TLS) and
secure sockets layer (SSL) protocols, which make HTTPS possible.
11. Advantage of Asymmetric Encryption
Key distribution: Eliminates the need for key exchange.
Security: Private keys are never sent or disclosed, making it difficult for unauthorized users to
access data.
Digital signatures: Enables recipients to confirm the origin of a message.
Authentication: Provides authentication and non-repudiation.
Key management: Simplifies key management because each party can keep their own private key
secure and share their public key freely.
Secure key exchange: Allows parties to use each other's public keys to encrypt and share their
symmetric keys.
12. RSAAlgorithm
RSA algorithm is an asymmetric cryptography algorithm. Asymmetric actually means that it works
on two different keys i.e. Public Key and Private Key. As the name describes that the Public Key is
given to everyone and the Private key is kept private.
RSA is invented by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman of MIT.
It is most widely used for secure data transmission.
RSA algorithm is known as Public key Cryptography.
RSA algorithm consists of following steps:
Key generation.
Encryption
Decryption
13. RSAAlgorithm
Generating public key:
• Select two prime no's. Suppose P = 53 and Q = 59.
• Now First part of the Public key : n = P*Q = 3127.
• We also need a small exponent say e : But e Must be An integer. Not be a factor of Φ(n), 1<e<Φ(n).
• Our Public key is made of n and e.
Generating public key:
• We need to calculate Φ(n) : Such that Φ(n) = (P-1)(Q-1) so, Φ(n) = 3016
• Now calculate Private Key, d : d = (k*Φ(n) + 1) / e, for some integer k For k = 2, value of d is 2011.
Now we are ready with our – Public Key ( n = 3127 and e = 3) and Private Key(d = 2011) Now we will
encrypt “HI”:
• Convert letters to numbers : H = 8 and I = 9
• Thus Encrypted Data, c = (89e)mod * n
• Thus our Encrypted Data comes out to be 1394
• Now we will decrypt 1394 :
• Decrypted Data = (cd)mod * n
• Thus our Encrypted Data comes out to be 89
• 8 = H and I = 9 i.e. "HI".
14. RSAAlgorithm
Generating public key:
Very fast, very simple encryption and verification.
Easy to implement than elliptical Curve Cryptography.
Easier to Understand.
Widely deployed, better industry support.
Disadvantage:
Very slow key generation.
Slow decryption, which is slightly tricky to implement securely.
15. Digital Certificate Management Methods
A digital certificate is a file or electronic password that proves the authenticity of a device, server,
or user through the use of cryptography and the public key infrastructure (PKI). Digital certificate
authentication helps organizations ensure that only trusted devices and users can connect to their
networks.
Digital certificate management plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of digital
communications. There are several methods and standards employed in cryptography for digital
certificate management. Here are some key aspects and methods:
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
X.509 Standard
Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
Revocation
Key Pair Generation and Storage
Renewal
Automated Certificate Management
Multi-Factor Authentication
Containerized Environments
16. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
The Public key infrastructure (PKI) is the set of hardware, software, policies, processes, and
procedures required to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and
public-keys. PKIs are the foundation that enables the use of technologies, such as digital
signatures and encryption, across large user populations. PKIs deliver the elements essential for
a secure and trusted business environment for e-commerce and the growing Internet of Things
(IoT).
PKIs help establish the identity of people, devices, and services – enabling controlled access to
systems and resources, protection of data, and accountability in transactions. Next generation
business applications are becoming more reliant on PKI technology to guarantee high assurance,
because evolving business models are becoming more dependent on electronic interaction
requiring online authentication and compliance with stricter data security regulations.
Here are some key components and concepts associated with Public Key Infrastructure:
Public and Private Keys:
Each entity in a PKI system has a pair of cryptographic keys: a public key and a private key.
The public key is shared openly and is used for encryption and verifying digital signatures.
The private key is kept secret and is used for decryption and creating digital signatures.
17. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Here are some key components and concepts associated with Public Key Infrastructure:
Digital Certificates:
Digital certificates bind a public key to an individual, device, or service, providing a way to verify
the authenticity of the public key.
Certificates are issued by trusted entities known as Certificate Authorities (CAs). CAs verify the
identity of the certificate holder before issuing a certificate.
Certificate Authorities (CAs):
CAs are trusted third-party organizations responsible for issuing, revoking, and managing digital
certificates.
Registration Authorities (RAs):
RAs are entities that work with CAs to verify the identity of individuals or entities before a
certificate is issued.
Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs): CRLs are lists maintained by CAs that contain information about
certificates that have been revoked before their expiration date.
Public and Private Key Infrastructure: The public key infrastructure involves the
distribution and management of public keys and certificates. The private key infrastructure
involves the protection and secure management of private key.
18. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Here are some key components and concepts associated with Public Key Infrastructure:
Digital Signatures: Digital signatures are created using the private key and can be verified
using the corresponding public key. They ensure the authenticity and integrity of digital
messages.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS): SSL and TLS protocols use
PKI to secure communication over the internet, such as in web browsers for secure
transactions.