1) The EMMY trial investigated whether early initiation of empagliflozin following myocardial infarction improved cardiac function and reduced heart failure biomarkers.
2) Patients receiving empagliflozin had a significantly greater reduction in NT-proBNP levels and greater improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction compared to placebo.
3) Empagliflozin treatment also resulted in smaller increases in left ventricular volumes and improved diastolic function versus placebo with no difference in safety events between the groups.
EMPA-REG: un punto de inflexión en el tratamiento de la diabetes
18/11/15 20:00h Casa del Corazón (Madrid)
http://empareg.secardiologia.es
#EMPAREG
Resultados del estudio EMPA-REG
Dr. Domingo Marzal Martín, Complejo Hospitalario de Mérida (Badajoz)
@domingomarzal
EMPA-REG: un punto de inflexión en el tratamiento de la diabetes
18/11/15 20:00h Casa del Corazón (Madrid)
http://empareg.secardiologia.es
#EMPAREG
Resultados del estudio EMPA-REG
Dr. Domingo Marzal Martín, Complejo Hospitalario de Mérida (Badajoz)
@domingomarzal
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Chan Wan Xian
Cardiologist, Echocardiologist
Heart Failure Intensivist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Effects of Sodium Glucose contransporter (SGLT2) inhibition on renal outcomes in patients with (diabetic) chronic kidney disease.
Presentation given during the East by Southwest, Annual Update in Nephrology, September 17th 2017, Santa Fe, NM
http://medicine.unm.edu/academic-divisions/nephrology/east-by-southwest.html
SGLT2 inhibitors in Heart failure: A prized addition to HF treatment optionsahvc0858
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Chan Wan Xian
Cardiologist, Echocardiologist
Heart Failure Intensivist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Effects of Sodium Glucose contransporter (SGLT2) inhibition on renal outcomes in patients with (diabetic) chronic kidney disease.
Presentation given during the East by Southwest, Annual Update in Nephrology, September 17th 2017, Santa Fe, NM
http://medicine.unm.edu/academic-divisions/nephrology/east-by-southwest.html
New class of therapeutic agents called soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators.
Impairment of NO synthesis and signaling through the NO-sGC–cGMP pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Dual mode of action,
Directly stimulating sGC independently of NO, and
Increasing the sensitivity of sGC to NO.
vasorelaxation , antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects
Hypertension is a major concern & dreaded complication. It is known as the silent killer and responsible for a large number of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There are many antihypertensive drugs . Calcium channel blockers were the oldest one and widely used in the management. Azeldipine is the recent addition to this.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction.pptx
1. Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction:
the EMMY trial
Presentor: Dr. Sameer Shah Purra
Published in European Heart Journal (2022)
2.
3. BACKGROUND
• SGLT2i reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) as well
as all cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality
• Beneficial in heart failure patients with mildly reduced (HFmrEF) or
preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
• Exhibit cardioprotective effects attributable to metabolic and anti-
inflammatory mechanisms, as well as modification of myocardial
signal transduction by inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange
4. • MI is a major cause of incident heart failure with a 15% event rate
(symptomatic heart failure and/or reduced ejection fraction) within
12 months
• Whether early SGLT2i initiation following myocardial infarction (MI) is
effective and safe?
• EMMY trial investigated whether empagliflozin treatment initiated
within 72 h after (PCI) in people with a large acute MI, with or
without diabetes, would result in a larger decline in NT-proBNP and
larger improvement in EF.
5. METHODOLOGY
• Prospective, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trial
• Effect of empagliflozin: 10 mg once daily (p.o.) for 26 weeks on
cardiac function and heart failure biomarkers in patients with acute
MI.
• Conducted in 11 Austrian cities between May 2017 to May 2022.
• The study was funded by an unrestricted grant of Boehringer
Ingelheim . NT-proBNP Elecsys kits were kindly provided by Roche
Diagnostics.
6.
7. • Inclusion criteria
• Acute myocardial infarction with evidence of significant myocardial necrosis
defined as a rise in creatine kinase >800 U/L and a troponin T-level (or troponin I-
level) >10× ULN. In addition, at least 1 of the following criteria must be the met:
- Symptoms of ischemia
- ECG changes indicative of new ischemia (new ST-T changes or new LBBB)
- Imaging evidence of new regional wall motion abnormality
• 18–80 years of age
• Informed consent has to be given in written form
• eGFR >45 mL/min per 1.73m2
• Blood pressure before first drug dosing: RRsystolic >110 mmHg
• Blood pressure before first drug dosing: RRdiastolic >70 mmHg
• First intake of study medication ≤72 h after myocardial infarction after performance
of a coronary angiography
8. • Exclusion criteria
1) Any other form of diabetes mellitus than type 2 diabetes mellitus, history of
diabetic ketoacidosis
2) Blood pH <7.32
3) Known allergy to SGLT-2 inhibitors
4) Hemodynamic instability as defined by intravenous administration of
catecholamine, calcium sensitizers or phosphodiesterase inhibitors
5) >1 episode of severe hypoglycemia within the last 6 months under treatment with
insulin or sulfonylurea
6) Females of childbearing potential without adequate contraceptive methods
7) Acute symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) or genital infection
8) Patients currently being treated with any SGLT-2 inhibitor or having received
treatment with any SGLT-2 inhibitor within the 4 weeks prior to the screening visit
9. Trial procedure
• Eligible patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to oral empagliflozin
10 mg day or matching placebo once daily via Randomizer Software.
• Randomization was stratified by site, presence of Type 2 diabetes
(yes/no) and by sex. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6, 12, and 26
weeks
• The primary endpoint was the change in NT-proBNP levels from
randomization to Week 26
10. SECONDARY ENDPOINTS:
changes in NT-proBNP levels from randomization to Week 6
changes in LVEF from randomization to Weeks 6 and 26
Echocardiographic parameters for diastolic dysfunction, left-ventricular end-systolic
(LVESV) and end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and
changes in ketone body and glycated haemoglobin concentrations and body weight.
SAFETY OUTCOMES
incidence of serious adverse events(SAEs),
severe hypoglycaemic events,
number of genital infections,
number of ketoacidosis events, and acute liver or renal injury
11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• Sample size: Study was powered to 80% and an alpha level of 0.05%.
The estimated sample size was 432 participants (216 per group).
To allow for a potential 10% dropout rate, the recruitment target was
set at 476 participants (238 per group).
• Baseline characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics with mean
and standard deviation for continuous measures and frequency tables for
categorical variables.
• Categorical variables were compared using χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests, and
continuous variables using an unpaired t-test or its non-parametric equivalent
(Wilcoxon rank-sum test),
12. • The primary endpoint (change in NT-proBNP from baseline to Week 26) was
analysed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population using a robust linear mixed
effect model (LMEM) in which the dependent variable was log-transformed NT-
proBNP and the fixed effects were treatment, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction,
the stratification factors sex and presence/absence of Type 2 diabetes, and baseline
NT-proBNP concentration. Secondary endpoints including LVEF, E/e′, LVESV, or
LVEDV were analysed using the same statistical methods as described for the
primary efficacy analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using R software
version 4.1.0
• To claim superiority of empagliflozin over placebo, the primary efficacy analysis was
required to demonstrate a statistically significant treatment at Week 26 at a 5%
alpha level with a two-sided test
13. RESULTS
• A total of 476 patients were enrolled and randomized to
empagliflozin 10 mg/day (n=237) or matching placebo (n=239).
• The median age [interquartile range (IQR)] was 57 (52–64) years,
body mass index 27.6 kg/m2 (25.1–30.3) with 18% females, and 63
(13%) with established Type 2 diabetes.
• Baseline characteristics were similar between treatment groups with
a median (IQR) baseline creatine kinase of 1673 (1202–2456) IU/L
and troponin T of 3039 (2037–4856) ng/L, providing an indirect
measure of infarct size
14. • At randomization, baseline median (IQR) NT-proBNP was 1294 (757–
2246) pg/mL, median systolic blood pressure was 125 (117–131)
mmHg.
• Guideline-recommended post-MI medical therapy was initiated
before randomization with >96% of patients receiving
angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor
blocker/angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor, beta-blocker and
statins, and ∼40% receiving mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
15. Primary Efficacy Outcome
• Mean NT-proBNP concentrations decreased in both groups during
the study, but to a significantly greater extent in the empagliflozin
group compared with placebo.
• Mean 26-week NT-proBNP was 15% (95%CI −4.4 to −23.6%) lower in
the empagliflozin group compared with placebo, after adjusting for
baseline NT-proBNP concentration, sex, and diabetes status
(P=0.026).
16.
17. Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes
• Left-ventricular systolic and diastolic function improved in both groups over the
course of the trial. Left-ventricular ejection fraction increased by absolute 1.5%
(95% CI 0.2–2.9%; P=0.029) more in the empagliflozin than in the placebo group.
The greater increase was already significant by 6 weeks (1.7%, 95% CI 0.35–3.05%;
P= 0.014).
• Left-ventricular diastolic function, as assessed by E/e′, also changed during the trial
with significantly greater improvement in the empagliflozin group at 26 weeks,
being 6.8% (95% CI 1.3–11.3%, P=0.015) lower compared with placebo
18.
19. • Echocardiographic parameters reflecting structural cardiac changes
were significantly improved in the empagliflozin group compared
with the placebo group: LVESV (−7.5 mL; 95% CI −11.5 to −3.4 mL,
P=0.0003) and LVEDV (−9.7 mL; 95% CI −15.7 to −3.7 mL, P= 0.0015)
were smaller in the empagliflozin group compared with the placebo
group.
• Ketone body (beta-hydroxybutyrate) concentrations showed a
significantly greater increase in the empagliflozin group, compared
with placebo (Δ=23.4%; 95%CI 5.9–42.4%, P=0.0066), that was more
pronounced at 26 weeks (Δ=41.9%; 95% CI 21.8–63.8%, P<0.0001)
20. • Body weight decreased more in the empagliflozin group (Δ=−1.76 kg;
95% CI −3.27 to −0.25 kg, P=0.022).
• no significant between-group difference in the degree of
haemoglobin A1c lowering at Week 26
• Duration of hospital stay due to acute MI did not differ between
groups with a median (IQR) duration of 6.0 (3–9) days in the
empagliflozin and 6.0 (3–9) days in the placebo group (P= 0.40).
21. Adverse events
• Serious adverse event rates did not differ between the empagliflozin
and the placebo groups.
• Total of 72 SAEs with 63 participants hospitalized,
• 7 participants were hospitalized for heart failure (3 in the empa
gliflozin group, 4 in placebo group).
22. • 3 deaths occurred during the study, all in the empagliflozin group. Two
participants died within 5 days after enrolment in the trial secondary to
large MIs and subsequent cardiogenic shock. One participant died 149 days
after enrolment due to lung cancer.
• Other safety endpoints such as the number of genital infections also did not
differ significantly between the empagliflozin and placebo groups.
• no amputations, no ketoacidosis, and no severe hypoglycaemic episodes
were reported throughout the follow up
23. DISCUSSION
• The EMMY trial evaluated for the first time the efficacy and safety of
empagliflozin therapy when initiated within 72 h after PCI for a large
acute MI
• A greater reduction in median NT-proBNP levels compared with
placebo without clinically relevant adverse events
• The only data available concerning the effect of SGLT2i on post-MI
NT-proBNP concentrations derives from the EMBODY trial which
analysed the impact of empagliflozin treatment on post-MI
sympathomimetic activity.
24. • This trial reported a decline of NT-proBNP concentrations in the
empagliflozin and the placebo group.
• No significant between-group difference was reported, potentially
due to the rather small number of participants
• Absolute NT-proBNP concentrations did not significantly differed in
EMPEROR-Preserved when analysed after 52 weeks, but a recent
analysis depicted 13% significantly lower NT-proBNP concentrations
in the empagliflozin group after 52 weeks when adjusted geometric
mean NT-proBNP values were calculated
25. • 10% of the HHF reduction has been attributed to the NT-proBNP
lowering seen with canagliflozin in the CANVAS trial. In line with this
finding, recent meta-analyses have shown highly significant
reductions in HHF for HFrEF and for HFpEF despite only moderate and
non-significant larger NT-proBNP reductions with SGLT2i treatment
• The EMMY trial was not powered for hard clinical endpoints but
there are two large outcome trials currently ongoing (EMPACT-MI and
DAPA-MI) which may provide definitive data
26. • The degree of LVEF recovery in the weeks after a MI has been shown
to complement and out-perform baseline LVEF alone when providing
prognostic information such as risk of sudden cardiac death and all
cause mortality.
• LVEF trajectories separated early in the EMMY trial with the mean
increase in the empagliflozin group being twice the size compared
with the placebo group by 6 weeks (+8.8 vs. +4.3%). The absolute
∼1.5% difference in the 26-week LVEF change seen in the EMMY trial
lis comparable with a recent analysis of the BEST trial
27. • Data in post-MI patients reveal comparable or even more favourable
outcome in patients with LVEF recovery compared with those with
unaltered LVEF at baseline whereas those patients without LVEF
recovery have significantly worse outcomes.
• Diastolic function also improved in EMMY, in line with data showing
SGLT2i to be the first pharmacological treatment to improve
prognosis in HFpEF. This finding is further supported by the smaller
increases in left ventricular volumes seen following MI in the
empagliflozin group.
28. • Increases in circulating ketone levels and ketone oxidation with SGLT2i have
been suggested to improve cardiac efficiency and/or the energy supply in
energy starved myocytes in heart failure.
• Beta-hydroxybutyrate, the commonest ketone body, was significantly
increased in the empagliflozin, compared with the placebo group, in EMMY
after 12 and 26 weeks
• In contrast to endogenously increased beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations
seen in the acute ischaemic phase, therapeutic application of
betahydroxybutyrate might have a role in stress defence mechanism by
ameliorating pathologic cardiac remodelling
29. Strengths and Limitations
• The EMMY is the first trial to present data on early SGLT2i treatment
after a large MI, predominately in patients without established
diabetes.
• EMMY demonstrates the significant benefit of SGLT2i with respect to
heart failure markers as well as left-ventricular functional and
structural parameters in the trial population.
• The sample size in this investigator-initiated trial was insufficient to
power it for hard clinical endpoints.
30. • The role of SGLT2i in acute MI patients will be clarified when the
robust outcome data from the two ongoing SGLT2i CVOTs [EMPACT-
MI (NCT04509674) and DAPA-MI (NCT04564742)], which are
powered for differences in the composite outcome of HHF and CV or
all-cause mortality, are reported
• In EMMY, the proportions of female patients and those with diabetes
were lower than anticipated. Of note, patients with diabetes more
often did not achieve the >800 IU/L creatine kinase threshold
31. CONCLUSION
Among patients who were hospitalized with an acute large
MI, early initiation of empagliflozin given in addition to
guideline-recommended post-MI treatment resulted in a
significantly greater median NT-proBNP reduction than with
placebo over 26 weeks. There were no significant differences
with regard to safety endpoints such as hospitalization,
alterations of glucose metabolism, renal, or liver function.