The document outlines emission standards for air pollutants, focusing on various regulations such as the Bharat Stage emission standards in India and European Union directives. These standards are designed to regulate the output of emissions from vehicles, progressively tightening the permissible limits to enhance air quality and public health. It details the transition milestones and technical advancements to meet these standards, including significant reductions in harmful emissions like nitrogen oxides and particulates.

1. Emission
Standards

2. EMISSION
the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation:
Emission may refer to:
Emission of chemical products:
•Emission of air pollutants,
•Exhaust gas,
•Emission of greenhouse gases,
Chemical Products Electromagnetic Radiation
CO2
Carbon dioxide
SOx
Sulfur oxides
Nox
Nitrogen oxides
CO
Carbon monoxide
VOC
Volatile organic
compounds Particulates

3. Emission Standards
Legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Emission
standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount of specific air pollutants that may
be released from specific sources over specific timeframes. They are generally designed to
achieve air quality standards and to protect human health.
United States Emission Standards
Environmental Protection Agency
EuropeanEmissionStandards
European Union
Bharat Stage Emission Standards
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment &
Forests and climate change

4. European Emission Standards
European emission standards define
the acceptable limits for exhaust
emissions of new vehicles sold in EU and
EEA member states. The emission
standards are defined in a series of
European Union directives staging the
progressive introduction of increasingly
stringent standards.

5. Bharat Stage Emission Standards
Bharat stage emission standards (BSES) are emission
standards instituted by the Government of India to
regulate the output of air pollutants from IC engines.
The standards and the timeline for implementation are set
by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry
of Environment & Forests and climate change.
The standards, based on European regulations were
first introduced in 2000. Progressively severe norms have
been rolled out since then.

6. Standard Reference YEAR Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
Bharat Stage II Euro 2
2001
NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai
2003.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3
2005.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4
2010.04 NCR*, 13 Cities†
2017.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage V Euro 5 (to be skipped)
Bharat Stage VI Euro 6 2020.04 (proposed) Nationwide
Timeline

7. India 2000
Standard Reference YEAR Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
The first European legislation on exhaust emissions was
introduced in 1970, but the first European-wide standard,
called Euro 1, didn’t arrive until 1992. Approved in July 1992
and registration from 1993.
The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for
petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles.
These were followed by making the Catalytic converter
mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded
petrol in the market.
On 29 April 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all
vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by 1
June 1999(nation wide).

8. Bharat Stage II
Standard Reference YEAR Region
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2005 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III
Standard Reference YEAR Region
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2010 Nationwide
BS 2 standards introduced different
emissions limits for petrol and diesel
engines and reduced the acceptable
levels of all four major emissions
across the board.
Main reason for the reduction in the
emission limits is because of
increase in the number of vehicles.
Introduced separate limits for
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide
emissions for petrol engines, and a
separate nitrogen oxide limit for
diesel engines.
Exhaust emissions from diesel
power vehicles have comparatively
low carbon monoxide and unburned
hydrocarbons while nitrogen oxide is
present in high concentrations.

9. Bharat Stage IV Standard Reference YEAR Region
BSES IV Euro 4 2017 Nationwide
Significant reduction in the permissible limits for particulates and
nitrogen oxides in diesel engines. Some new diesel-engine cars
gained Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) that trap 99% of
particulates.
POLLUTION: The most basic and important difference is
BS(IV) emit less pollutants from the exhaust than BS(III).
SAFETY: AHO (Auto headlamp on) has been found
beneficial in reducing crashes involving two-wheelers.
FUEL INJECTION: EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) system is
a computer controlled fuel delivery system. With help of some
software, it control the amount of fuel that should be supplied
to the engine.

10. Bharat Stage VI
Standard Reference YEAR Region
BSES VI Euro 6 2020 Nationwide
• A 67% reduction in the permissible
levels of nitrogen oxides in diesels and
the introduction of a particle number
limit for petrol.
• Car makers are using two methods to
meet these strict diesel limits. The first is
selective catalytic reduction, which
involves a liquid that converts nitrogen
oxide into water and nitrogen being
squirted into the car’s exhaust.
• Alternatively, an exhaust gas
recirculation system is fitted, which
replaces some of the exhaust gas with
intake air to reduce the amount of
nitrogen that can be turned into NOx.

11. India To Skip BS-V
"Most car manufacturers in India are making Euro 6 compliant engines in India and exporting them.
They have the technology available and time till 2020," said transport minister Nitin Gadkari.
Bharat Stage-VI is equivalent to Euro 6 emission norms.
The Oil Ministry has assured the supply of Bharat Stage-
VI fuel to meet this promise. For this, two-thirds of
India's state-owned refineries will need upgradation and
the government says it will cost them ₹ 60,000 crores.
According to the Centre for Science and Environment,
the move to Bharat Stage-VI will bring down NOx
emissions from diesel cars by 68% and 25% from petrol
engine cars. Cancer causing particulate matter
emissions from diesel engine cars will also come down
by a phenomenal 80%.

12. Indianpetrolspecifications S No. Characteristics Unit BS II BS III BS IV BS V BS VI
1 Density 15 °C kg/m3 710–770 720–775 720–775
2 Distillation
3
a) Recovery up to 70 °C
b) Recovery up to 100 °C
c) Recovery up to 180 °C
d) Recovery up to 150 °C
e) Final Boiling Point (FBP), Max
f) Residue Max
% Volume
% Volume
% Volume
% Volume
°C
% Volume
10–45
40–70
90
-
210
2
10–45
40–70
-
75 min
210
2
10–45
40–70
-
75 min
210
2
4 Research Octane Number, Min 88 91 91
5 Anti Knock Index (AKI)/ MON, Min 84 (AKI) 81 (MON) 81 (MON)
6 Sulphur, Total, Max % mass 0.05 150 mg/kg 50 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 10 mg/kg
7 Lead Content (as Pb), Max g/l 0.013 0.005 0.005
8 Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), Max Kpa 35–60 60 60
9
Benzene, Content, Max
a) For Metros
b) For the rest
% Volume
-
3
5
1 1
10 Olefin content, Max % Volume - 21 21
11 Aromatic Content, Max % Volume - 42 35<

13. Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx
1991 – 14.3–27.1 2.0–2.9 –
1996 – 8.68–12.4 – 3.00–4.36
1998* – 4.34–6.20 – 1.50–2.18
2000 Euro 1 2.72–6.90 – 0.97–1.70
2005† Euro 2 2.2–5.0 – 0.5–0.7
2010† Euro 3
2.3
4.17
5.22
0.20
0.25
0.29
–
0.15
0.18
0.21
2010‡ Euro 4
1.0
1.81
2.27
0.1
0.13
0.16
–
0.08
0.10
0.11
Emission Standards for Petrol
Vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km

14. Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
1992 – 17.3–32.6 2.7–3.7 – – –
1996 – 5.0–9.0 – 2.0–4.0 – –
2000 Euro 1 2.72–6.90 – 0.97–1.70 0.14–0.25 –
2005† Euro 2 1.0–1.5 – 0.7–1.2 0.08–0.17 –
2010† Euro 3
0.64
0.80
0.95
–
0.56
0.72
0.86
0.50
0.65
0.78
0.05
0.07
0.10
2010‡ Euro 4
0.50
0.63
0.74
–
0.30
0.39
0.46
0.25
0.33
0.39
0.025
0.04
0.06
Emission Standards for Light-Duty
Diesel Vehicles, g/km

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