emiision standards

1. EMISSION STANDARDS IN
LIGHT AND HEAVY
VEHICLES

2. INTRODUCTION
• Emission requirements in Europe since 1970
• US and some European countries (Sweden,
Norway and Austria) introduced first
• Current emission regulate NOX,HC,CO & PM
• Standards are represent by Euro & followed
by no.
• For motorcycles & mopeds and for
engines of non road machinery

3. ROAD TRAFFIC’S SHARE OF EMISSION

4. EMISSION STANDARDS

5. EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES

6. TEST CYCLES
• Emissions measured by standardized test
cycles
• For light vehicles in g/Km
• For heavy vehicles in g/kWh
• For light vehicles transient cycle
• Heavy vehicles both transient and
stationary cycle
• ETC,ESC,European load response
(ELR), Enhanced Environmentally
vehicles(EEV)

7. EUROPEAN TRANSIENT CYCLE(ETC)
• FIGE transient cycle
• Road cycle measurement of heavy duty
vehicles
• 3 parts – urban , rural , motorway driving –
total 1800s – each 600s
1. city driving max speed 50 km/hr, frequent
starts, stops, and idling
2. rural driving starting with a steep
acceleration segment (avg-72km/hr)

8. CONTD…
3. Motorway driving with average speed of
about 88 km/h
• The cycle in two variants:
a) As a chassis and
b) An engine dynamometer
test.

9. EUROPEAN STATIONARY CYCLE(ESC)
• Emission certification of heavy duty diesel
engine
• Engine is tested on dynamometer over
steady state modes
• The specified speed held
within ±50 rpm and the
specified torque held within
±2% of max torque
• final results in g/kWh

10. LIGHT VEHICLES
• Road vehicles under 3.5 tonne (both
passenger cars & commercial vehicles)
• Auto-oil-program
• Emission control increased the quality of fuel
(eg; sulphur-150ppm to 10ppm
within 2009)
• NOX is controlled in PV
• Particulates are controlled in DV

11. EU STANDARDS FOR LIGHT VEHICLES

12. HEAVY VEHICLES
• Vehicles heavier than 3.5tonnes
• EuroI-1992,EuroII-1995,EuroIII-2000, EuroIV-
2005,EuroV-2008
• Main difference b/w Euro IV and Euro V
• Environmentally friendly vehicles
as well as for on-board
diagnostic systems (OBD)
enhanced it

13. EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES

14. FUTURE EMISSION STANDARDS
• Motor Vehicle Emissions Group Commission
• German Environment agency (UBA)
published new proposal for ES:-
Passenger cars:
1. Emission requirements should be fuel-
neutral
2. Particulate requirement should be
strengthen by a factor 10
3. NOX strengthen by a factor of 3
4. Summation value for NOx + HC replaced
with an HC limit

15. CONTD…
Heavy vehicles:-
1. Fuel-neutral requirements
2. Particulate standards for 2008
3. NOx requirement for 2008 are halved & then
halved again in 2010
• Current weight-based standards with
maximum no of particles within size range
• Tax incentives to vehicles that comply with
requirements

16. FACTFILE:EMISSION CONTROL
Petrol-driven passenger cars
• Emission consist of NOX and unburnt HC
• Three-way catalytic convertor
• 300-400’C to start the catalytic convertor
Diesel-driven cars
• Nitrogen oxides
• Particulates
• Combined methods

17. POPULAR EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES
• HC as a result of vaporization of gasoline
• Clean air act in 1977
• Feedback fuel control system
• Oxygen sensors in exhaust
• Some of the popular
emission control system
are explained

18. CATALYTIC CONVERTOR
Flash
• It oxidize CO & HC using palladium & platinum
as catalyst separating oxygen than adding
• It cannot operate in presence of lead
• Industrial application to avoid harmful emissions
• Ideal byproducts of automobile engine are CO2,
H2O, and some N2
• Standard subcomponents of catalytic oxidizers
include a line burner, catalyst bed, and heat
exchanger.

19. PCV VALVE
• Take vapors from crankcase
• Recirculation of air through crankcase
• Dilute air/fuel mixture
• Increase life of oil and
engine
• life of valve and filter is
around 30000 to 50000
miles
• If the valve or system is
clogged, it will create
engine oil leak

20. EGR VALVE
• Reduce emissions of oxides of N2 (1972)
• How oxides of nitrogen formed?
• Thought of a fire extinguisher to cool the
combustion chamber
• How CO2 & water (plus zillion other noxious
chemicals) cool combustion chamber & prevent
the formation of NOX
• External EGR and Internal EGR valve

21. EVAPORATIVE CONTROLS
• To dispose of fuel vapors created in fuel system
• Improper operation may cause rich driveability
• Maintain stable fuel tank pressure
• Due to evaporation fuel vapors are created
• Stored vapor fuel is added to the incoming
air/fuel mixture
•

22. AIR INJECTION
• The air injection system supplies air to the
exhaust stream to promote additional burning of
exhaust gases such as hydrocarbons
(abbreviated as HC) and carbon monoxide
(abbreviated as CO).
• catalytic converter to
further reduce HC, CO and
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a
major contributor to
photochemical smog
AIR INJECTION

23. TURBOCHARGER

24. TURBOCHARGER
• It’s a part of advanced clean diesel system
• Increase diesel efficiency
• What is a turbocharger?
• How common rail direct injection and
turbocharging increases
efficiency
• Turbochargers and
advanced

25. ABOUT BHARAT STANDARDS
• Automotive Research Association of India
(ARAI) decided to implement Bha-III
• The gasoline vehicles were being tested for idle
carbon monoxide emission and diesel vehicles
for free acceleration smoke.
• Four metros— Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, New
Delhi — and the mini metros — Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur
and Agra.

26. EURO STANDARDS FOR PETROL CARS

27. EURO STANDARDS FOR DIESEL CARS

28. EURO vs.US/JAPAN STANDARDS

29. MERCEDES-BENZ BIONIC CAR

30. TECHNICAL DATA
• Vehicle Type: Mercedes-Benz concept car
• Intake system: Common-rail direct injection,
particulate filter, Selective catalytic reduction
(SCR)
• Engine: 4-cylinder Diesel engine
• Horsepower: 140 hp
• Torque: 300 Nm @ 1,600 – 3,000 rpm
• Transmission: AUTOTRONIC continuously
variable automatic transmission

31. DISCUSSION