Different emission standards and whats new in BS4 vehicles

2. Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to
the amount of pollutants that can be released into the
environment. Many emissions standards focus on regulating
pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars) and other
powered vehicles but they can also regulate emissions
from industry, power plants, small equipment such as lawn
mowers and diesel generators.
Vehicle emission performance standard: An emission
performance standard is a limit that sets thresholds above which
a different type of emission control technology might be
needed.

3. •In the United States, emissions standards are managed by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The state of California has special dispensation to
promulgate more stringent vehicle emissions standards, and other states may
choose to follow either the national or California standards.
•California's emissions standards are set by the California Air Resources Board,
known locally by its acronym "CARB". Given that California's automotive
market is one of the largest in the world, CARB wields enormous influence over
the emissions requirements that major automakers must meet if they wish to sell
into that market. In addition, several other U.S. states also choose to follow the
CARB standards, so their rulemaking has broader implications within the U.S.

4. •European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust
emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states.
•Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NOx), total
hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon
monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle
types, including cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, but
excluding seagoing ships and aero planes.
For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by
running the engine at a standardised test cycle. Non-compliant vehicles
cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already
on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the
standards, though available technology is considered when setting the
standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards,
CO2 emission

5. •Within the European Union, road transport is responsible for about 20%
of all CO2 emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
•The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an 8% reduction of emissions in
all sectors of the economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
•Relative CO2 emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years,
from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in 2004,
•The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and
Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of
standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic
numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.) The following is a summary list of the
standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU
directives provide the definition of the standard.

6. •Euro 1 (1993):
–For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC.
–Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.
•Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
–For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row A) - 2006/120/EC
•Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC
–For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row B) - 2006/120/EC
•Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
•Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial
vehicles - 715/2007/EC

8. Bharat stage emission standards (BSES) are emission standards
instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air
pollutants from internal combustion engines and Spark-ignition
engines equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the
timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control
Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests and climate
change
The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in
2000. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the
norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October 2010,
Bharat Stage (BS) III norms have been enforced across the country. In
13 major cities, Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been in place
since April 2010and It's enforced for whole country from April 2017. In
2016, the Indian government announced that the country would skip
the BS-V norms altogether and adopt BS-VI norms by 2020

9. •The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for petrol and 1992 for
diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory
for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market.
•On April 29, 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have
to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by June 1, 1999 and Euro II will be mandatory
in the NCR by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for this transition and in
a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II was not enforced...
•In 2002, the Indian government accepted the report submitted by
the Mashelkar committee. The committee proposed a road map for the roll out
of Euro based emission norms for India. It also recommended a phased
implementation of future norms with the regulations being implemented in major
cities first and extended to the rest of the country after a few years.
•Based on the recommendations of the committee, the National Auto Fuel policy
was announced officially in 2003. The roadmap for implementation of the Bharat
Stage norms were laid out till 2010. The policy also created guidelines for auto
fuels, reduction of pollution from older vehicles and R&D for air quality data
creation and health administration

10. •The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in
2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then.
All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms
have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat
stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In 13 major
cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place since April 2010.
•The phasing out of 2 stroke engine for two wheelers, the stoppage of
production of Maruti 800 & introduction of electronic controls have
been due to the regulations related to vehicular emissions.
•While the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it invariably
results in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology &
higher fuel prices. However, this increase in private cost is offset by
savings in health costs for the public, as there is lesser amount of
disease causing particulate matter and pollution in the air.

11. The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for petrol
and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making
the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the
introduction of unleaded petrol in the market
1991 – Idle CO Limits for Petrol Vehicles and Free Acceleration Smoke
for Diesel Vehicles, Mass Emission Norms for Petrol Vehicles.
1992 – Mass Emission Norms for Diesel Vehicles.
1996 – Revision of Mass Emission Norms for Petrol and Diesel
Vehicles, mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for Cars in Metros
on Unleaded Petrol.
1998 – Cold Start Norms Introduced.
2000 – India 2000 (Equivalent to Euro I) Norms, Modified IDC (Indian
Driving Cycle), Bharat Stage II Norms for Delhi.
2001 – Bharat Stage II (Equivalent to Euro II) Norms for All Metros,
Emission Norms for CNG & LPG Vehicles.
2003 – Bharat Stage II (Equivalent to Euro II) Norms for 13 major cities.
2005 – From 1 April Bharat Stage III (Equivalent to Euro III) Norms for
13 major cities.

12. 2010 – Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and
4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage – IV (Equivalent to
Euro IV) for 13 major cities for only 4-wheelers. Bharat Stage IV also has
norms on OBD (similar to Euro III but diluted)
2017 –Bharat Stage IV for entire country from 1 stApril 2017
2020 – Proposed date for country to adopt Bharat Stage VI norms for
cars, skipping Bharat Stage V

15. 2-wheelers - Major change in BS IV is the evaporative emission control.
In 2 wheelers, in order to comply with the norms, bikes will have to be
fitted with carbon canisters to control evaporative emissions.
The vapour from fuel has a higher amount of unburned hydrocarbons
(extremely harmful to environment). So when the vehicle is parked, these
vapours are formed. These escape out when refuelling and this has to be
limited according to BSIV norms.
This can be done by inclusion of carbon canisters which absorb these
vapours.
One more addition in the BS IV norm is to curb the amount of NOx
emissions (extremely harmful to environment) which requires
optimization of the combustion process and increasing the volume and
surface area of catalyst used in the catalytic convertor. This can be done by
adding three-way catalyst systems and oxygen sensors which is a bit tricky
in aftermarket

16. Passenger vehicles:
a. Petrol vehicles mandate the inclusion of Multi-Point Fuel Injection
(MPFi) and three way catalytic converter.
b. Diesel vehicles need to have Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) with
Turbocharger & EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). The exhaust system has to
have Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) which basically oxidises
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (harmful) to form carbon dioxide and
water
Commercial vehicles:
The commercial vehicles are mandated to have EGR and SCR as per BS IV
norms. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converts NOx molecules into
Nitrogen and water.
The major polluting factors among many are CO (carbon monoxide), HC
(hydrocarbons), NOx (Nitrous oxides) and other particulate matter (PM).
With the BS IV norms, the previous limits for these pollutants will be
reduced

18. India’s auto sector accounts for about 18 per cent of the total
CO2 emissions in the country. Relative CO2 emissions from transport
have risen rapidly in recent years, but like the EU, currently there are no
standards for CO2 emission limits for pollution from vehicles.