Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Neurodynamics, mobilization of nervous system, neural mobilizationSaurab Sharma
This is the presentation which was delivered to third year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), Dhulikhel, Nepal. Different schools of thoughts in manual therapy are the part of curriculum for the undergraduate students at KUSMS.
Comprises of assessment and diagnostic techniques of neurodynamics.
it includes both the mechnaical interface and neurological aspect, along with the level of application of diagnostic as well as treatment part of neurodynamics
The voluntary contraction of the patient muscle in a precisely controlled direction, at varying level of intensity against a distinctly executed counter force applied by the operator. It is a active techniques in which the patient contributes the corrective force
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
Comprises of assessment and diagnostic techniques of neurodynamics.
it includes both the mechnaical interface and neurological aspect, along with the level of application of diagnostic as well as treatment part of neurodynamics
The voluntary contraction of the patient muscle in a precisely controlled direction, at varying level of intensity against a distinctly executed counter force applied by the operator. It is a active techniques in which the patient contributes the corrective force
Brian Mulligan described novel concept of the simultaneous application of therapist applied accessory mobilizations and patient generated active movements
This paper will review the works on Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signal acquisition and controlling as well as the uses of SEMG signals analysis for Transfemoral amputee's people. In the beginning, this paper will briefly go through the basic theory of myoelectric signal generation. Next, the signal acquisition & filtering techniques applied for SEMG signal will be explained. Then after this EMG signal control or actuate the myoelectric leg who was suffering from Transfemoral amputee using microcontroller. This paper gives the better controlling SEMG signal and also very smooth and easy controlling of the Prosthetic leg motor using Myoelectric Controller.
Electromyography Analysis for Person IdentificationCSCJournals
Physiological descriptions of the electromyography signal and other literature say that when we make a motion, the motor neurons of respective muscle get activated and all the innervated motor units in that zone produce motor unit action potential. These motor unit action potentials travel through the muscle fibers with conduction velocity and superimposed signal gets recorded at the electrode site. Here we have taken an analogy from the speech production system model as the excitation signal travels through vocal tract to produce speech; similarly, an impulse train of firing rate frequency goes through the system with impulse response of motor unit action potentials and travels along the muscle fiber of that person. As the vocal tract contains the speaker information, we can also separate the muscle fiber pattern part and motor unit discharge pattern through proper selection of features and its classification to identify the respective person. Cepstral and non uniform filter bank features models the variation in the spectrum of the signals. Vector quantization and Gaussian mixture model are the two techniques of pattern matching have been applied.
A traditional manual therapy technique developed by John Upledger, involving bare hands and stretching the tension membrane so as to ease the tension within
Its a compilation of both traditional and recent advance techniques of not only assessing musculoskeletal but also cardiovascular and respiratory endurance as well as strength
Traction: a basic physiotherapy modality used for inducing space between the joints. this slideshow deals with various types of traction and its application to cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine.
the PPT Describes about various types of dysfunction in mechanical pattern as described by Janda's. it also describes about normal muscle slings prresent within the body and its compensation and decompensation patterns towards the adaptations of the body
this slideshow describes about the hip joint anatomy, biomechanics and its pathomechanics along with angles of hip joint. the slide show also briefs about the pelvic femoral rhythm in daily activities
Thoracic and rib cage anatomy, biomechanics, and pathomechanicsRadhika Chintamani
This slide show describes about thoracic and rib cage in detail with its anatomy, kinetics and kinematics along with force couple. the slideshow also describes about the pathology and pathomechanics related to the topic
Knee joint anatomy, biomechanics, pathomechanics and assessmentRadhika Chintamani
the knee complex complete anatomy, biomechanics, pathomechanics and its physical assessment in one single slideshow.a brief table given for easy understanding of what special test to be performed in which condition along with evidences of each special test.
small correction in slide number: 10
during flexion of tibia over femur in OKC; tibia glides and rolls posteriorly
during extension of tibia over femur in OKC: tibia glides and rolls anteriorly
A very old school of manual therapy which comprises of two main principle centralization and peripheralization thought given by Robin McKenzie. The slideshow explain theoretical and practical part of both entire spine and extremities as well
this is a slide show which gives in brief about anatomy and detailed description about biomechanics as well as pathomechanics of shoulder joint. various rhythms of shoulder complex are discussed as well along with the stability factors
Muscle energy technique, a manual therapy technique with a long term history and 8 variations which can be used in various condition to treat muscle as well as joints. This slide show consists of detailed history, variations/types and summary of MET in detail.
A type of manual therapy in which the muscle or the joint is altered and placed in a position of comfort for certain duration after which the pain disappears completely or gets reduced. this slide show explains about the principles, mechanism and Phases of PRT
Massage of therapeutic form is beneficial in many conditions like stroke, flaccidity, muscle tightness, spasm etc.
it has many physiological effects along with many types for different conditions as well as different body areas.
it is another taping technique which inhibits or control the movement. it is helpful in postural correction and movement pattern correction as well. usually used clinically
Sacroiliac joint biomechanics, dysfunctions, assessment and its manual therapyRadhika Chintamani
Sacroiliac joint: mostly commonly affected joint due to its smaller articular surfaces. this slideshow briefs about its anatomy, biomechanics i.e. movements and axis, muscles, ligaments around it, types of dysfunction of SI joints, its special test and manual therapy management of the dysfunctions.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Electromyography: Dr. Anand Heggannavar,
1. Electromyography
By: Radhika Chintamani
Luig; Galvini in 1971 presented the first report on electrical properties of muscle and
nerves. He demonstrated muscle activity followed by stimulation of nerves and recorded
potentials from muscle fibers in frog.
It was accepted in early past century, when instrumentation was developed to make
recording of such activity.
EMG form the basis to evaluate the scope of neuromuscular disease or trauma and as
kinesiologic tool to study muscle function. EMG involves the detection and recording of
electrical potentials from skeletal muscle fibers.
EMG is the study of motor unit activity. Together with other clinical assessment EMG
can provide information about the extent of nerve injury or muscle disease and the
prognosis of surgical intervention and rehabilitation. It compares the electrical activity of
skeletal muscle fibers at rest and during voluntary activities of muscle.
Motor units are composed of:
i) One Anterior horn cell (AHC)
ii) One axon
iii) All muscle fiber innervated by that axon
Axon conducts an impulse to the fibers causing them to depolarize at the same time
producing an electrical activity known as Motor Unit Action Potential (MUAP) and
recorded graphically as EMG.
Recording EMG requires 3 phases:
i) An input phase: electrodes to pick electrical activities from muscle.
ii) A processor phase: where small signal is amplified
iii) An output phase: where electrical signals are converted into audio or visual
signals and are displayed and analyzed.
Instrumentation:
i) Electrodes
ii) Amplifier/pre-amplifier
iii) Fillers
iv) Display unit. (Oscilloscope, speaker, tape recorder, computer)
Electrodes
An electrode is a transducer, a devise for converting one form of energy into another.
Types of electrodes are:
i) Surface electrodes: used to test NCV, and EMG. Picks up the signals from
superficial muscle and group of muscles.
ii) Fine wire dwelling electrodes: for study of small and deep muscle.
2. iii) Needle electrodes: are necessary to record single motor unit potential.
iv) Ground electrode: It is a surface electrode, important electrode which must be
applied to provide mechanism of cancelling out the interference effect of external
electrical noise.
Surface electrodes: These electrodes applied over skin, consists of small metal disc
commonly made of silver/silver chloride (3 to 5mm in diameter) skin resistance to be
reduced before applying surface electrodes by the emollient. These electrodes are
secured to the skin by tapes or straps.
Fine wire indwelling electrodes: made with two strands of small diameter wire (100μm).
Inserted into the muscle belly with help of needle and then after insertion the needle is
removed out. Capable of picking up single motor unit potentials.
Needle electrodes:
i) Concentric electrode: stainless steel, single wire platinum or silver threaded.
ii) Bipolar concentric: with two wires threaded through cannula.
iii) Monoploar needle electrode: composed of single fine needle, second electrode placed
on the skin as reference electrode.
Amplifier and Pre-amplifier.
Amplifier: converts the electrical potentials picked up by electrode to a voltage large
enough to be display.
Differential amplifier: are preferred as they control unwanted part of signals to be
amplified.
Amplified signals have Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMMR), which is a measure of
how much the desired signal voltage is amplified relative to unwanted signal. CMMR is
expressed in decibels. A good amplifier should have a CMMR exceeding 100,000:1.
Even signal to noise ratio limit the noise.
Filters.
Low filters-limit high frequency artifacts.
High filters-limit low frequency artifacts.
Displaying the EMG signal.
Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Computer monitor for analysis
Graph records.
Magnetic tape recorder.
Audio signals.
These are the various instrument used for displaying EMG signals.
3. EMG examination:
Normal Motor Unit Potential.
Represents the sum of action potential supplied by an anterior horn cell.
Motor unit potential is also characterized by its duration, number of phases, amplitude,
turn phase and rate of rise of fast component.
Duration:
- The duration of MUAP is measured from initial take off to the point of return to the
baseline.
- It normally varies from 5-15ms.
- Short in children, longer in adults, and still longer in elderly person.
Rise time:
- Duration form initial positive to subsequent negative peak.
- Indication of distance of needle from the muscle fiber.
- Rise less than 500µs acceptable, a greater rise time is attributed to resistance and
capacitance of the investing tissue.
Amplitude:
- Measured peak to peak.
- Depends upon size and density of muscle fibers, synchrony of firing, proximity of
needle to the muscle fiber, age of the subject, muscle examined and muscle
temperature.
- Normally it lies between 200Mv-3Mv.
Phase of motor unit potential:
- The portion of MUP from departure and return to the baseline.
- Biphasic or inphasic or triphasic.
Frequency
5-15per second (<60/sec)
Evaluation of EMG
Done at four stages:
i) Insertional activity.
ii) Rest
iii) Minimum muscle contraction.
iv) Maximum muscle contraction with resistance.
Insertional activity:
Patient is asked to relax the muscle.
Needle inserted into the muscle.
4. At this time the electromyographer observes a spontaneous onset of potential which is
possibly caused by needle breaking through muscle fiber membrane.
This is called insertional activity.
Lasts less than 300ms.
Stops when needle stops moving.
It is rapid, spiky and biphasic activity.
It is described as normal, reduced or increased.
It is a measure of muscle excitability and markedly decreased in fibrotic muscle or
increased when denervation or inflammation is present.
Clinical relevance:
When EMG is done on the gluteus minimus muscle in a standing position of the patient,
the insertional activity is never lasts upto 300ms, as any individual can not stand without
swaying in antero-posterior and medio-lateral direction, leading to shifting of line of
gravity accordingly, which describes high level of action of muscel and sometimes low
level of action of muscle. Hence when EMG study should be done the individual must be
completely resting the part undergoing study, or necessary procedures must be done to
avoid such errors in the study.
The muscle at rest:
After cessation of insertional activity a normal relaxed muscle exhibits electrical silence,
which is absence of electrical potential.
Potential arising spontaneously during this period are significant abnormal findings.
Clinical relevance:
When EMG is done on the gluteus minimus muscle in a standing position of the patient,
the insertional activity is never lasts upto 300ms, as any individual can not stand without
swaying in antero-posterior and medio-lateral direction, leading to shifting of line of
gravity accordingly, which describes high level of action of muscel and sometimes low
level of action of muscle. Hence when EMG study should be done the individual must be
completely resting the part undergoing study, or necessary procedures must be done to
avoid such errors in the study.
Minimum muscle contraction:
Here the patient is asked to contract the muscle minimally.
This causes individual motor unit to fire.
These motor unit potentials are assessed with respect to amplitude, duration, shape, sound
and frequency.
These parameters are essential to distinguish normal and abnormal potentials.
5. In normal muscle:
Amplitude= may range from 300µv-5µv.
Duration = may range from 3-15ms.
Phase = may be biphasic or triphasic
Sometime polyphasic phase is observed which may be normal, but when these polyphasic
phase represent more than 10% of muscle output, they are considered as abnormal.
Maximum muscle contraction:
Ask patient to contract the muscle maximally.
With greater effort, increasing number of motor units fire at higher frequencies until the
individual potentials are summated and can no longer be recognized.
An influence pattern is seen.
This is normal finding with strong contraction.
Abnormal potentials:
I. Spontaneous activity: Muscle at rest exhibits electrical silence. Any activity seen during
relaxed state is called as spontaneous activity, because it is not produced by voluntary
contraction. There are four types of spontaneous activity; as follows;
a) Fibrillation potentials:
- Due to spontaneous depolarization of muscle fiber.
- Small amplitude and duration of potentials.
- Indicative of lower motor neuron disorders such as peripheral nerve, anterior horn
cell disease, radiculopathies and polyneuropathies.
- High pitched clicks.
- Triphasic (3 phases).
- Spikes may vary in amplitude from 10-300µV.
- Average duration of 2ms.
- Recorded at frequency up to 30per second.
b) Positive sharp waves:
- Observed in denervated muscle at rest.
- Usually accompanied by fibrillation.
- Dipahsic with sharp initial positive deflection (below baseline) followed by slow
negative phase.
- Low amplitude than positive phase.
- Much longer duration.
- Amplitude 1mV.
- Frequency ranges from 2-100/sec.
6. - Dull thread sound.
*In Upper motor neuron lesion fibrillation and positive sharp waves may be seen together.
c) Fasciculation:
- Seen with irritation or degeneration of anterior horn cell, nerve root compression,
muscle spasm and cramps.
- Represents involuntary asynchronous contraction of a bundle of muscle fibers
- Amplitude and duration similar to MUP.
- Diphaisc, Triphasic, Polyphasic.
- Frequency rate= 50/sec.
- Low pitched thump.
d) Repetitive discharge:
- Called bizarre high frequency discharge.
- Seen with anterior horn cell and peripheral nerve with myopathies.
- Extended terrain and potential of various forms.
- Frequency = 5-100 impulses/second.
- Amplitude = 50µV – 1 µV.
- Duration=100ms.
II. Abnormal Voluntary Potentials:
Polyphasic potentials occurring greater than 10%.
Elicited by voluntary contractions.
Seen in myopathies and peripheral nerve involvement.
Potentials of smaller amplitude than motor units.
Shorter durations.
III. Giant motor units:
Increased amplitude.
Increased durations.
Seen in post polio residual syndrome.
EMG used in evaluating entire motor system at various level:
Sr. No Area EMG
1. Cerebral cortex CNA,
Neoplasm
Trauma
2. Corticospinal tract
3 Anterior horn cells MND,
Polio,
7. SMA
4 Peripheral nerves Neuropathies
5 Neuromuscular
junction
Myasthenia gravis
6 Muscle membrane Myotonia,
Inflammation
7 Muscle
(contractile unit)
Dystrophies
Precautions: Aseptic techniques.
General Principles of EMG testing:
Examination of number of muscles, both above and below the suspected site of
pathology.
Examination of muscles innervated by other nerves in the same limb.
Sampling EMG activity of the full cross section of each muscle tested.
Examination of muscle in contralateral limbs or both upper and lower limbs may be
appropriate.
Examination should be performed at the appropriate time in the context of the suspected
disorders.
Contraindications/ Precautions in electrophysiological Testing.
Abnormal blood clotting factors/ anticoagulant therapy.
Extreme swelling.
Dermatitis.
Uncooeprative patient.
Recent myocardial infarction.
Blood transmittable disease.
Immune suppressed conditions.
Central going lines.
Pacemakers.
Hypersensitivity to stimulation.