The document discusses the mechanics of electromyography (EMG) during muscle contraction and fatigue, outlining observable changes in normal versus pathological conditions. It emphasizes clinical applications of EMG in diagnosing neuromuscular diseases, guiding injections, and controlling prosthetic devices, as well as its use in various fields such as gait analysis, posture studies, and rehabilitation. Additionally, it references the role of EMG in sports science and provides a list of academic references for further reading.

1. Muscle Mechanics
(EMG changes during Fatigue &
Contraction:clinical application

2. EMG changes during Muscle contraction
Patient is asked to relax and the needle is inserted.
• Observable changes in
normal muscle:
• Resting activity
• Insertional activity
• MUAP
• Recruitment
• https
://youtu.be/T81Z4PrxR
TM
Observable changes in
case of pathology -
abnormal potentials like:
• Fibrillation,
• Positive sharp waves
• Fasciculation potential,
• Myokimia
• Neuromyotonia,cramp
potential etc.

10. EMG CHANGES DURING MUSCLE
FATIGUE
• Muscle fatigue can be identified by a decrease in
the frequency components of the EMG signal,
(represented by a fall in the center frequency (fc).)
• In addition, changes in muscle length have been
demonstrated to independently alter the EMG fc.
• https://youtu.be/PzSnVyf_dkU

11. Clinical application
1.Needle EMG is used as a diagnostics tool for identifying
neuromuscular diseases,
• As a research tool for studying kinesiology, and disorders of
motor control.
2.EMG signals are sometimes used to guide botulinum toxin or
phenol injections into muscles.
3. Surface EMG is used for functional diagnosis and during
instrumental motion analysis.
4. EMG signals are also used as a control signal for prosthetic
devices such as prosthetic hands, arms and lower limbs.(EMG
signals can be used to develop EHW chip for prosthetic hand
control. Grasp recognition is an advanced application of the
prosthetic hand control.)

12. In GAIT
1. Evaluating the Electromyographical Signal During
Symmetrical Load Lifting.
2.EMG Analysis Methods on Robotic Gait Machines
3.Electromyography in the Study of
Muscle Reactions to Vibration Treatment
https://youtu.be/Im_oRa7tYZ4

14. In Posture, Prevention of Falls and
Robotics
1. The Role of Electromyography (EMG) in the study
of Anticipatory Postural Adjustments.
2 Application of Surface electromyograph signals to
Control Exoskeleton Robots.
3. EMG in People with Different Heel Height
Condition.
4.Muscle Activation Patterns During Level Walking
and Stair Ambulation

15. In Back Care &
Gynecology/Urology
• Assessment of Low Back Muscle by Surface EMG
• EMG Analysis of a Pilates Exercise
• Electromyography Monitoring for Complete &
incomplete Transections of the Spinal Cord in
Humans.
• An Uterine Electromyographic Activity as a
Measure of Labor Progression
• The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in
Reproductive and Excretory Functions

16. • Electromyography Usefulness in Diagnosis Of
Functional Status of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Women
with Urinary Incontinence.
• Orofacial Function (Includes Dysphagia).
• 1.Electromyography as a Biofeedback Tool for
Rehabilitating Swallowing Muscle Function
• 2.Electromyography and Facial Paralysis
• 3.Relating Surface Electromyograms of the Facial
Muscles During Mastication to the Mechanical and
Sensory Properties of Foodstuffs.
• EMG in sports science https
://youtu.be/gHsZ0bwxMsg

17. List of References
• J R Doud et al.List "Muscle fatigue and muscle
length interaction: effect on the EMG frequency
components"1995 Oct;35(6):331-9. [Pubmed]
• Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection,
processing, classification and applications
[Pubmed].
• APPLICATIONS OF EMG IN CLINICAL AND SPORTS
MEDICINE by Catriona Steele