diseases

1. M E L A N I O C I D I I I
EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING
DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK

2. Emerging and Re-Emerging
Infectious Diseases (EIDs and
REIDs) are infections that have newly
appeared in a population or have
existed previously but are rapidly
increasing in incidence or geographic
range.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are diseases
that have not occurred before; have occurred
previously but affected only small numbers of people
in isolated places; or have occurred throughout
history but have only recently been recognized as
distinct diseases or as a result of a new mutant
strains
• According to US CDC, the EIDs are defined as
diseases whose incidence numbers have increased
in the past two decades, causing public health
problems either locally or internationally

4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (REIDs) are
defined as diseases that were once major health
problems and then declined dramatically but are
recently reoccurring, leading to major health
complications
Although most control and prevention efforts have
been implemented, both EIDs and REIDs are still
onset intermittently and pose threats and burdens
to human and animal health.

5. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Epidemic- disease outbreak that is rapidly
spreading in a limited region
• Pandemic- an epidemic that is actively
spreading to multiple regions across the globe

6. INTRODUCTION
Emerging and reemerging infectious
diseases caused by virus, bacteria,
fungi and parasites are causing
-significant morbidity and mortality not
only in humans but also in various
livestock including cattle, horses,
birds, pigs, sheep, camels and others.
-these diseases are instigating
significant economy and trade losses
- disruption of global travel.

7. INTRODUCTION
The reasons for alarmingly raising
prevalence of emerging infectious
diseases are multifactorial
deforestation and increased
contact with wild animals and birds
climate changes,
increase in global travel
altered life cycle of vectors.

8. For infection to occur, all six elements
of the chain of infection must be
present, from the disease-causing
agent, to the mode of transmission, to
the susceptible host.

12. Development of Livestock and
Constraints
 Rapid increase of livestock production to
meet the strong demand from consumers,
especially in developing countries
 Expectation of further development of
livestock in future
 Animal diseases; a major obstacle for sound
development, especially
transboundary/emerging animal diseases
 Many emerging diseases in the world,
including the Asian and Pacific region

13. Factors for Emerging Diseases
 Globalization; Rapid increase of travelling &
international trade (including unrestricted trade of
animals; domestic and wild, and animal products)
borderless era
 Expansion of human population into areas not
previously inhabited
 Environmental changes; Vectors – Arbovirus
infections
 Changes of farming systems; BSE, Nipah Virus
Infection, etc.
 Microbiological adaptation; Avian Influenza, etc

14. Recent cases of Emerging
Diseases
-SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Avian
Influenza, Ebola virus, West Nile virus, Nipah virus,
Foot and Mouth Disease, BSE (Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy), etc.
-A wide variety of animal species; domestic and wild
-Most of them; Zoonosis caused by pathogens
originating from animals or from products of animal
origin

15. Recent Emerging Diseases
in Asia and the Pacific
 FMD; East Asia by O-Asian Topo type, Taipei China, RO
Korea, Japan, Eastern Russia and Mongolia (Great Britain,
Ireland, France, the Netherlands, etc.)
 BSE; Japan (UK, other European countries, Canada, USA,
etc.)
 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI);
Cambodia, PR China, RO Korea, PRD Korea, Indonesia,
Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam (in Asia)
 Koi (Carp) Herpes Virus Disease (KHVD);
Indonesia, Japan (USA, the Netherlands, etc.)
 Nipah Virus Infection; Malaysia

16. Transmission
 Pathogens;
Viruses, bacteria, parasites or prion
 Transmission;
a) Direct contact
or
b) Foodborne (consumption of animal
products)

17. Impacts of Emerging Diseases
 Strong negative impacts on animal productivity and
animal resources (deaths), and economic losses
(esp. smallholders)
 Trade in animals and animal products (animal health
status)
 Threats to human health (zoonoses)
 Socio-economic confusion

18. OIE for world animal health
 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) created in 1924 (Now 167
member countries)
 Activities of OIE
-To ensure transparency in global animal disease and zoonosis situation
-To collect, analyse and disseminate scientific veterinary information
- To provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of
animal diseases (high quality of technical support; OIE Reference
Laboratories and Collaborating Centres in the world)
- To safeguard world trade by providing international animal health
standards, within WTO SPS Agreement (OIE; International Standards
Setting Organization)
- To improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary
Services
- To provide a better guarantee of the safety of food of animal origin and to
promote animal welfare through a science-based approach

19. Preparedness for Appropriate
Responses (1)
 Nature of TAD/Emerging diseases
 Effective and challenging measures by
Veterinary Services for disease prevention,
control and eradication
 Credibility of the affected country - Transparent
and timely notification of animal disease
occurrences and animal health information by a
country– for country itself (disease control) and for
neighboring and trade partners (preparedness)
 Relationship between trading partners

20. Preparedness for Appropriate
Responses (2)
 Strengthen National and Regional/International
collaboration - for capacity building (diagnosis
and surveillance for rapid detection of a new
epidemiological event, set-up epidemiological
networks to detect, to organize control measures
on the effectiveness of domestic programmes, to
issue early warning and to reduce emerging
diseases/impacts) and also for preparedness
and response capacity

21. Preparedness for Appropriate
Responses (３)
 Strengthen/improve Legal framework
(legislation) for further effective prevention and
control measures
 Strengthen animal health/public health
infrastructure; e.g. laboratories, research
facilities,technology and communication links
(training of veterinary staff, and links with well-
trained producers, field veterinarians, etc.)

22. Preparedness for Appropriate
Responses (4)
 Strengthen international or regional research efforts on
emerging diseases; to avoid creation of an environment of
speculation, fear or mistrust due to lack of scientific
knowledge
 Strengthen linkages and collaboration between animal
health and public health authorities (many of emerging
diseases; zoonoses, to work closely to reduce health risks
in humans and animals)
 Develop better international standards, guidelines and
recommendations to effectively prevent and control animal
diseases/zoonoses, including commodities known to be
safe

23. DISEASES OF SWINE

24. EMERGING AND REEMERGING SWINE DISEASES IN
THE WORLD
PRRS
PCV2
ASF
PED
SVA
Infection
PCV-3
PDCoV SeACoV
TTSuV
Infection
PBoV
PToV
Infection
PLHV
Infection
2
4
China Animal Disease Control Center (CADC)
And more ……

25. SWINE
• 1) re-emerging swine viruses, such as porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV),
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pseudorabies
virus (PRV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which
cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas
others such as porcine enteroviruses, porcine
toroviruses (PToV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), porcine
bocavirus (PBoV), porcine kobuvirus (PKBV), and
porcine Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) are mostly
subclinical in swine herds;

26. SWINE
• 2) emerging novel swine viruses, such as APPV, Linda
virus, PCV3, PIV1, SADS-CoV, and SeAcoV, which are
found for the first time in the field of virology; and 3)
emerging swine viruses such as SVV, Influenza virus D,
and PIV5, which have recently been identified in pigs for
the first time, but which have already been shown to be
present in other animal species.

27. EMERGING DISEASES -SWINE
• porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
• African swine fever (ASF)
• porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)
• foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
• porcine circovirus disease (PCVD)
• porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection
• swine influenza (SI)
• other swine viral diseases

28. NIPAH VIRUS

29. DISEASES OF RUMINANTS

30. L
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31. LUMPY SKIN DISEASE

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33. T
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38. N
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40. D
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41. F
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42. S
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43. DISEASES OF POULTRY