Electrical basics of Switch yard Protection Relays and Electrical basics and Safety
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This PPT contains electrical switch yard protective relay basics. switch yard-relay basic working-SOTF protection-50LBB protection-PT fuse failure protection-vector surge protection-distance protection-TCS relay protection-electrical safety-basic electrical equipment workings
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This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
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1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
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This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
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The document discusses various electrical protections for a generator transformer, including:
1. Transformer biased differential protection (87GT) that detects internal faults but not through faults.
2. Overhang differential protection (87L) that provides backup protection for the HV side.
3. Backup earth fault protection (51NGT) that operates for inside and outside zone faults if other protections fail.
4. Overall differential protection (87OA) that protects multiple components using multiple current transformer inputs.
5. Over-fluxing protection (99GT) that monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent insulation damage.
6. HV overcurrent protection (51GT) that protects against overloads and phase-to
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A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
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https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
47526172-DIFFERENTIAL-PROTECTION-8.pptx
1) Differential protection compares currents flowing into and out of a protected zone. A difference indicates an internal fault. Modern relays use microprocessors to compare currents.
2) Differential protection is applied to transformers by taking the transformation ratio into account. Ratios of current transformers (CTs) on the high voltage and low voltage sides must match the transformer ratio.
3) Restricted earth fault protection monitors residual current to protect transformer windings against earth faults, providing coverage where overcurrent protection is insufficient.
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This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontroller
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
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This document provides an overview of the electrical equipment found in a switchyard at an NTPC power plant, including transformers, conductors, insulators, isolators, busbars, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, relays, and capacitor banks. It describes the purpose and basic functioning of each type of equipment, such as how transformers change voltage levels, current transformers reduce current readings, conductors transmit power, and relays and circuit breakers disconnect faulty circuits. The document also notes that new technologies like SCADA allow remote control and monitoring of substations.
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This document discusses transformer protection. Transformers are critical and expensive components that require protection to limit damage from faults. Protection methods include Buchholz relays, which detect gases from arcing; pressure relays, which detect pressure waves from arcing; and thermal relays, which monitor hot spot temperatures. Protection aims to quickly isolate transformers under abnormal conditions like faults, overloads, or overvoltages to prevent failures and simplify repairs.
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This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
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This document provides an overview of switchgear equipment used in the Amberkhana substation in Sylhet, Bangladesh. It discusses key components like current transformers, potential transformers, circuit breakers including vacuum and SF6 types, air break switches, isolators, oil switches, relays, surge arresters, and fuses. The substation transforms electricity from 33kV to 11kV and distributes power to surrounding areas. Protective devices are necessary to safely transfer power and protect electrical equipment from faults and abnormal conditions.
Generator Transformer Protections.
The document discusses various electrical protections for a generator transformer, including:
1. Transformer biased differential protection (87GT) that detects internal faults but not through faults.
2. Overhang differential protection (87L) that provides backup protection for the HV side.
3. Backup earth fault protection (51NGT) that operates for inside and outside zone faults if other protections fail.
4. Overall differential protection (87OA) that protects multiple components using multiple current transformer inputs.
5. Over-fluxing protection (99GT) that monitors the voltage-to-frequency ratio to prevent insulation damage.
6. HV overcurrent protection (51GT) that protects against overloads and phase-to
33kv substation
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
47526172-DIFFERENTIAL-PROTECTION-8.pptx
1) Differential protection compares currents flowing into and out of a protected zone. A difference indicates an internal fault. Modern relays use microprocessors to compare currents.
2) Differential protection is applied to transformers by taking the transformation ratio into account. Ratios of current transformers (CTs) on the high voltage and low voltage sides must match the transformer ratio.
3) Restricted earth fault protection monitors residual current to protect transformer windings against earth faults, providing coverage where overcurrent protection is insufficient.
Reactors
The document discusses shunt reactors used in power systems. Shunt reactors are installed to reduce grid voltage during off-peak periods when excess reactive power leads to high voltages. They absorb reactive power through magnetizing currents, thereby reducing voltage. The document recommends installing 25 additional shunt reactors of 63 MVAR each in the southern grid to maintain voltages between 416-420 kV during off-peak hours. It provides background on why reactors are needed and describes the basic operating principles and components of shunt reactors.
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS. TESTING OF CURRENT TRANSF...
TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS. TESTING OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER. PREPARED BY: JOBIN ABRAHAM.
Buchholz relay
This document presents information about Buchholz relays. It discusses that Buchholz relays were first developed in 1921 and are installed in large power transformers to protect against internal faults. The relay contains an upper element that closes an alarm circuit during slow developing faults and a lower element that trips the circuit breaker during severe faults. It operates by detecting hydrogen gas generated from transformer oil decomposition during faults, with the gas causing floats that activate mercury switches to signal alarms or trip the transformer. Buchholz relays provide simple and effective protection for oil-immersed transformers while also detecting slow developing faults earlier than other methods.
Pilot protection
This document discusses pilot protection schemes for transmission lines. Pilot schemes use communication channels between line terminals to provide instantaneous clearing of faults over the entire line length. Common pilot schemes described include permissive overreaching transfer trip (POTT), directional comparison blocking (DCB), and directional comparison unblocking (DCUB). Redundant pilot channels and protection principles are recommended to improve the reliability and security of pilot schemes. Desirable relay features include integrated functions for weak infeed conditions as well as sensitive directional overcurrent elements to key the pilot communications.
Fault Level Calculation
This document discusses fault level calculations in electric power systems. It explains that fault level calculations are necessary to select protective devices, circuit breakers, and equipment that can withstand short circuit currents. The document outlines the procedure for calculating fault levels, which involves representing the system with a single line diagram, choosing a base MVA, calculating per unit reactances, determining the equivalent reactance to the fault point, and using formulas to calculate fault MVA and current. It also discusses how current limiting reactors can be used to insert additional reactance and reduce short circuit currents to match circuit breaker ratings.
Surge arrester ppt
Surge arrestors are protective devices that limit voltage spikes and surges from damaging electrical equipment. They work by diverting excess current during events like lightning strikes or power faults to ground. When voltage increases, the resistor inside the arrestor decreases in resistance, allowing extra current to drain out and prevent voltage from increasing in protected equipment. Surge arrestors are installed at substations and near transformers to shield sensitive equipment from voltage transients. They parallel arrangement allows surges to be discharged without propagating through the system.
Switch yard & Protection
This document provides information about the construction, components, testing, operation, protection and maintenance of a 132kV switchyard. It includes details about the bus bars, circuit breakers, current transformers, potential transformers, wave traps, isolators, control and protection schemes. The key components of the switchyard are described along with their ratings and testing procedures. The operational modes and protection philosophy are also summarized.
Instrument transformer CT & PT
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels.
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This document describes cascaded transformers which can be used to generate high AC voltages for testing purposes. It discusses introducing multiple transformer stages connected in series to step up the voltage. Each additional stage doubles the output voltage. For example, a three stage cascade could provide an output of 3V if the individual stages produced voltages of V, 2V, and 3V. Cascaded transformers provide a compact and cost-effective way to achieve high test voltages compared to a single large transformer. They are used to test equipment up to 1600kV and for experiments with transmission lines.
RTCC & AVR
The RTCC (Remote Tap Changer Control) panel controls the output voltage of a transformer through an OLTC (On Load Tap Changer) unit using control cables. The RTCC contains an AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) that maintains the output voltage at a set reference level by signaling the OLTC to adjust its tap position accordingly. The RTCC can operate in automatic mode, where the AVR controls the voltage, or manual mode, where an operator can raise or lower the voltage using buttons. The OLTC itself is located inside the transformer and changes tap positions to adjust the output voltage through a motorized mechanism that is controlled by the RTCC.
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This document discusses low voltage switchgear, including definitions and examples. It describes common types of low voltage switchgear like air circuit breakers, MCCBs, contactors, relays, and fuses. It provides information on their ratings and standards. The document focuses on contactors, explaining their operation, applications, selection parameters, and utilization categories. It also discusses motor protection concepts and thermal overload relays, including their operation and selection parameters.
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This document provides an overview of power semiconductor devices and their characteristics. It discusses various power devices including diodes, thyristors, transistors, and their construction and operating principles. Key points covered include:
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Here are the key methods for turning on a thyristor:
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Electrical basics of Switch yard Protection Relays and Electrical basics and Safety
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