Ammonium ions wastewater pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems
today. The treatment of ammonium ions is a special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for ammonium ion removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat ammonium ion wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include ion exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused
aeration, nitrification and denitrification methods. About 75 published studies (1979-2015) are reviewed in this paper.
It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion exchange, adsorption and biological technology are the most frequently studied for the treatment of ammonium ion wastewater.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of C...Jacsonline.Org
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II), for more information visit our website http://jacsonline.org/
Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM)
Application of amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite in fixed-bed column for phosphate removal from water.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Use of iron oxide magnetic nanosorbents for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solu...IJERA Editor
This review paper focuses on the use of iron oxide nanosorbents for the removal of hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)], from aqueous media. Cr(VI) is a well-known toxic heavy metal, which can cause severe damages to the human health even with the presence of trace levels. Chromium continuously enters into water streams from different sources. Several methods are available for Cr(VI) removal and some of them are well established in industrial scale whilst some are still in laboratory scale. Reduction followed by chemical precipitation, adsorption, electro-kinetic remediation, membrane separation processes and bioremediation are some of the removal techniques. Each method is associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the use of nanosorbents for the aqueous chromium removal is popular among researchers and iron oxide nanoparticles are the most frequently used nanosorbents. This review paper summarizes the performance of different iron oxide nanosorbents studied on the last decade. The direct comparison of these results is difficult due to different experimental conditions used in each study. Adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics models are also discussed in this review paper. The effect of solution pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and other coexisting ions are also briefly discussed. From the results it is evident that, more attention needs to be paid on the industrial application of the technologies which were successful in the laboratory scale.
A model HA-type polymer of para-benzoquinone synthetic humic acid (SHA) and its complexes with copper, iron and manganese metal ions were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Natural humic acids (HA) and synthetic humic acids (SHA) were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated similarity of SHA and HA spectra. The AFM images of SHA and its complexes revealed variable morphologies, such as small spheres, aggregates and a sponge-like structure. The SHA complexes displayed morphologies similar to those of natural HA. The presence of copper, iron and manganese ions led to the formation of aggregate-type structures in an apparent arrangement of smaller SHA particles.
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of C...Jacsonline.Org
Synthesis and Application of C-Phenylcalix[4]resorcinarene in Adsorption of Cr(III) and Pb(II), for more information visit our website http://jacsonline.org/
Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM)
Application of amorphous zirconium (hydr)oxide/MgFe layered double hydroxides composite in fixed-bed column for phosphate removal from water.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Use of iron oxide magnetic nanosorbents for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solu...IJERA Editor
This review paper focuses on the use of iron oxide nanosorbents for the removal of hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)], from aqueous media. Cr(VI) is a well-known toxic heavy metal, which can cause severe damages to the human health even with the presence of trace levels. Chromium continuously enters into water streams from different sources. Several methods are available for Cr(VI) removal and some of them are well established in industrial scale whilst some are still in laboratory scale. Reduction followed by chemical precipitation, adsorption, electro-kinetic remediation, membrane separation processes and bioremediation are some of the removal techniques. Each method is associated with both advantages and disadvantages. Currently, the use of nanosorbents for the aqueous chromium removal is popular among researchers and iron oxide nanoparticles are the most frequently used nanosorbents. This review paper summarizes the performance of different iron oxide nanosorbents studied on the last decade. The direct comparison of these results is difficult due to different experimental conditions used in each study. Adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics models are also discussed in this review paper. The effect of solution pH, temperature, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dosage and other coexisting ions are also briefly discussed. From the results it is evident that, more attention needs to be paid on the industrial application of the technologies which were successful in the laboratory scale.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Kinetics of Substituted Bis- and Mono-azo Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors for Al...Al Baha University
This investigation is designed to apply an advanced kinetic^thermodynamic model on the data obtained from acidic and alkaline corrosion of aluminium using bis- and mono-azo dyes as corrosion inhibitors.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Formation of chlorinated breakdown products during degradation of sunscreen a...Maciej Przybyłek
In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.
Arsenic and radium and radiumnameinstitute of Affi.docxjesuslightbody
Arsenic and radium and radium
name
institute of Affiliation
course
date
Introduction
The United States and Argentina are among the countries that have naturally occurring arsenic and radium contaminated groundwater. There are a number of methods that can be used to reduce the levels of arsenic and radium in aqueous solutions, including: coagulation/precipitation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and adsorption (Alfonso Tobón, & Branda, 2019). The treatment of water by using metal ions such as aluminum or ferric salts to coagulate and soften it requires the use of large-scale facilities for the purpose of implementing the process. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of various elements as adsorbents for the removal of arsenic and radium, including activated alumina, fly ash, pyrite fines, manganese green sand, amino-functionalized mesoporous silicas, aluminum loaded Shirasu zeolite, clinoptilolite, and others (Babaee, Mulliga & Rahaman, 2017). In spite of this, there is still a lot of work that needs to be done in order to develop bio-sorbents that are both economical and widely available.
Despite its natural abundance, arsenic and radium is a very mobile metalloid in the environment (Cheng,Zhang, & Ni, 2019). The mobility of a mineral is dependent on its parent mineral, its oxidation state, and its mechanisms of mobilization (Choudhury, 2014). The four forms of arsenic, depending on their oxidation state, are arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), arsenic (As(0)), and arsine (As(III)). Inorganic arsenite and arsenate are the two most common forms of arsenic in water among these four species (Chowdhury, & Yanful, 2013).
In both reduced and oxidized environments, arsenite and arsenate can be found due to slow redox reactions (Chowdhury, & Yanful, 2013). However, arsenic occurs primarily as arsenate in aerobic oxidizing environments, like surface waters, whereas arsenite is more prevalent in anoxic reducing environments (e.g., subsurface waters, reduced sediments) (Choudhury, 2014). The Eh-pH diagram below shows how arsenic species react with pH in the system As-O2-H2O at 25 oC and 101.3 kPa, with a temperature of 25 oC. Through this diagram, we can determine the speciation and oxidation state of arsenic and radium for a particular pH and redox potential (Halim, Hoque, , Hossain, , Saadat, , Goni, & Islam, 2018).
As the different arsenic and radium oxidation states have different toxicities, this information is especially useful in determining arsenic and radium toxicity (Kocabaş, , & Yürüm, 2017). The occurrence of a negatively charged substance such as arsenate has the additional advantage of being considerably easier to remove than that of an uncharged substance such as arsenite (Sun, Hu, Hu, Qu, J & Yang, 2012). Arsenic and radium can be removed from water if there are optimal environmental conditions for it to do so, as shown on the Eh-pH diagram (Kocabaş, , & Yürüm, 2017).Nanofiber method
Arsenic and rad.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Zinc (II) Ion Adsorption from Aqueous Solu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Water used in industries creates a wastewater that has potential hazards for our environment, because of introducing various contaminates such as heavy metals in to soil and water resources. In this study, a modification method was adopted to enhance metal ion adsorption on soybean hulls using NaOH and citric acid. The batch experiments were carried out to optimize parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetic data were adequately fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. At optimum conditions of the parameters investigated, 99% removal of Zn (II) was achieved. On the basis of experimental results MSH was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the Zn (II) removal from wastewater.
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of p-nitrophenol by adsorption onto olive cake based activated carbon having a BET surface area of 672 m²/g. The batch adsorption experimental results indicated that the equilibrium time for nitrophenol adsorption by olive cake-based activated carbon was 120min. The adsorption data was modeled by equilibrium and kinetic models. The pseudo- first and second order as well as the Elovichkinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data and the intraparticle diffusion model was assessed for describing the mechanism of adsorption. The data were found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second order model with a correlation coefficient (R2=0.986). The intraparticle diffusion mechanism also showed a good fit to the experimental data, showing two distinct linear parts assuming that more than one step could be involved in the adsorption of nitrophenol by the activated carbon. The equilibrium study was performed using three models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the Temkin equilibrium model is the best model fitting the experimental data (R2=0.944). The results of the present study proved the efficiency of using olive cake based activated carbon as a novel adsorbent for the removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
In recent decades, necessity to protect environment has been a serious concern for all people and international communities. In appropriate development of human economic activities, subsistence dependence of the growing world population on nature decreases the natural diversity of ecosystems and habitats day by day and provides additional constraints for life and survival of wildlife. As a result, implementation of programs to protect species and ecosystems is of great importance. The current study was carried out to implement a comprehensive strategic environmental management plan in the Mond protected area in southern Iran. Accordingly, the protected area was zoned using multi criteria decision method. According to the numerical models, fifteen data layer were obtained on a scale of 1:50,000. The results revealed that 28.35% out of the entire study area belongs to nature conservation zone. In the following step, in order to offer the strategic planning using strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats method, a total number of 154 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the relevant experts. For this purpose, after identifying the internal and external factors, they were weighted in the form of matrices as; internal factor evaluation and external factor evaluation. Analytical hierarchy process and expert choice software were applied to weight the factors. At the end, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental issues, the strategy of using protective strategies in line with international standards as well as a strong support of governmental national execution with a score of 6.05 was chosen as the final approach.
The major aim of the present study was to investigate element (Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) concentrations in sediment and different tissues of Phragmities australis and Typha latifolia in Hor al-Azim Wetland Southwest Iran. Sampling of sediments and aquatic plants was carried out during spring and summer 2014. Results showed that the mean concentrations of elements in Phragmities australis in root and stem-leaf were as follows: Iron:4448 mg/kg, Nickel: 28 mg/kg, Lead:8 mg/kg, Vanadium:10 mg/kg and Zinc 15.5 mg/kg in root and: Fe:645 mg/kg, Ni:15 mg/kg, Pb:4 mg/kg, V:4 mg/kg and Zinc 16 mg/kg respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in roots of Typha latifolia were 8696 mg/kg, 34 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 19 mg/kg and 27 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb, Zn in stem-leaves of Typha latifolia were as follows: 321 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb and zinc were as: 40991 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg respectively in surface sediment of study area. Concentration pattern of elements in sediment were as: Fe>Ni>Zn>V>Pb. The highest concentration of elements in the plant was seen in the roots. Also, Typha latifolia can uptake more concentration of elements than Phragmities australis. Based on the enrichment factor, Ni in summer had the highest EF values among the elements studied and it has a moderate enrichment.
In recent years managing solid wastes has been one of the burning problems in front of state and local municipal authorities. This is mainly due to scarcity of lands for landfill sites. In this context experts suggest that conversion of solid waste to energy and useful component is the best approach to reduce space and public health related problems. The entire process has to be managed by technologies that prevent pollution and protect the environment and at the same time minimize the cost through recovery of energy. Energy recovery in the form of electricity, heat and fuel from the waste using different technologies is possible through a variety of processes, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. These processes are often grouped under “Waste to Energy technologies”. The objective of the study is twofold. First authors assessed the current status of solid waste management practices in India. Secondly the leading barriers are identified and Interpretive structural modeling technique and MICMAC analysis is performed to identify the contextual interrelationships between leading barriers influencing the solid waste to energy programs in the country. Finally the conclusions are drawn which will assist policy makers in designing sustainable waste management programs.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
gricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Methylene blue is widely used in various industrial branches. Due to insufficient treatment, its occurrence in wastewater is frequently detected, which may result in serious environment problems to aquatic organisms. Hydroponic experiments were conducted with rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) exposed to methylene blue to determine the effective concentration using relative growth rate and water use efficiency as response endpoints. Results showed that acute toxicity of methylene blue to rice seedlings was evident. Although a linear decrease in relative growth rate and water use efficiency was observed in rice seedlings with increasing methylene blue concentrations, relative growth rate of rice seedlings was more sensitive to change of methylene blue than water use efficiency. Using non-linear regression, EC-48 h values for 10%, 20% and 50% inhibition of the relative growth rate were estimated to be 1.54, 3.22 and 10.13 mg MB/L for rice seedlings exposed to methylene blue, respectively, while smaller EC were obtained for 96 h exposure. In conclusion, the toxic response of young rice seedlings to methylene blue is obvious and inhibitory effects are highly dependent on response endpoints and the duration of exposure period.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed (Phyllanthus acidus) was used as an adsorbent to determine its feasibility for the removal of Cr(VI). Various parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated to determine the biosorption performance. Equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes and maximum removal of 96% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 2. The adsorption phenomenon demonstrated here was monolayer represented by Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.992 and the Langmuir constants k and q0 was found to be 0.0061 (L/mg) and 19.23 (mg/g). The adsorption system obeyed Pseudo second order kinetics with R2 value of 0.999. The results of the present study indicated that gooseberry seed powder can be employed as adsorbent for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium economically.
Effect of the chemical nature of fixed bed reactor support materials onGJESM Publication
This study investigated the effect, on reactor performance and biomass retention inside the bed, of the material used to make the supports of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors. Three inert supports of similar shape but made of three different materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene were manufactured and used. All three supports had the same specific surface area but different relative densities. Three identical 10 L lab-scale upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors were filled (80% of the working volume) each respectively with polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene support, and fed with vinasse (44 g total COD/L) for 140 days at 35 °C. The organic loading rates were increased from 0.5 g/L.d to the maximum acceptable by each reactor. Fairly similar maximum organic loading rates were reached for each type of support, with values above 20 g of COD/L.d and more than 80 % soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency. A very large amount of biomass was entrapped and attached in all the supports and represented more than 95% of the total biomass inside the reactors. In terms of performance and biomass accumulation, this study demonstrated quite similar behavior for anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with supports made of different materials, which suggests that the nature of the material used to make the supports has no major influence. The chemical nature of the support material clearly has negligible effect and thus the size, shape, and porosity of the support must be more influential.
Deposition of carbon nanotubes in commonly used sample filter mediaGJESM Publication
There is no single standard technique or methodology to characterize the size, structure, number, and chemical composition of airborne carbon nanotubes. Existing analytical instruments and analytical techniques for evaluating nanoparticle concentrations cannot simultaneously provide morphology, state of agglomeration, surface area, mass, size distribution and chemical composition data critical to making occupational health assessments. This research utilized scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to assess the morphology and mass of carbon nanotubes collected using various commercial sample filters. It illustrated carbon nanotube agglomeration, deposition and distribution in commonly used sample filter media. It also illustrated that a sufficient mass for carbon nanotube analysis by thermogravimetric analysis is uncommon under most current research and production uses of carbon nanotubes. Individual carbon nanotubes were found to readily agglomerate with diameters ranging from 1 – 63 µm. They were collected at the face of or within the filter. They were not evenly distributed across the face of the filters.
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 β-estradiol, 17 α – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 β- estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Removal of ammonium ions from wastewater A short review in development of efficient methods
1. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
Removal of ammonium ions from wastewater
A short review in development of efficient methods
1,2
V.K. Gupta; 3*
H. Sadegh; 4
M. Yari; 3
R. Shahryari Ghoshekandi; 5
B. Maazinejad; 6
M. Chahardori
1
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
2
Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Chemistry, Safadasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Safadasht, Iran
5
Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
6
Department of Toxicology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
ABSTRACT: Ammonium ions wastewater pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems
today. The treatment of ammonium ions is a special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment.
In recent years, various methods for ammonium ion removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This
paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat ammonium ion wastewater and evaluates these
techniques. These technologies include ion exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused
aeration, nitrification and denitrification methods. About 75 published studies (1979-2015) are reviewed in this paper.
It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion exchange, adsorption and biological technology are the most
frequently studied for the treatment of ammonium ion wastewater.
Keywords: Ammonium wastewater, Removal methods, Review, Toxicity, Treatment
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
ISSN 2383 - 3572
*Corresponding Author Email: h.sadegh@chemist.com
Tel.: +9821- 65933288 ; Fax: +9821- 65933439
INTRODUCTION
Ammonium ions are the primary form of widespread
nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and caused a
remarkable increase of oxygen demand and biological
eutrophication in local by aquatic sources (Sprynskyy
et al., 2005) and results proved that increased in
concentration of this beyond a permissible cause
damage to aquatic life (For example, ammonia is toxic
to fish and other forms of aquatic life in very low
concentration, about 0.2 mg/L) (Randall and Tsui, 2002;
Haralambous et al., 1992).Thus the major concern
regarding ammonia toxicity must be in aquatic systems,
particularly in regions of high human habitation and/
or large numbers of farm animals (Ip et al., 2001).
Hence, the removal of ammonium from municipal
and industrial wastewater prior to discharge is now
Received 7 December 2014; revised 23 December 2014; accepted 5 January 2015; available online 1 March 2015
obligatory. Many methods are being used to remove
ammonium ions. The present review article deals with
the current techniques for the ammonium ions removal
from wastewater (Fig. 1). Their advantages and
limitations in application are also evaluated.
Toxicity and source of ammonium ions
Molecular nitrogen (N2
) present in the earth
atmosphere has to be reduced to ammonia (NH3
) by
nitrogen-fixing bacteria living independently in the soil
or in the root of leguminous plants before it is utilized
by humans. Ammonia dissolves in water to form
ammoniumions (NH4
+
) and thisformof reduced nitrogen
is assimilated into amino acids and other nitrogen-
containing molecules. In aqueous solutions, ammonia
is a base (any compound accepting hydrogen ions)
forming a conjugated pair with the ammonium ion,
according to the reversible reaction:
Review Paper
2. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015V. K. Gupta et al.
150
The pKa
of the reaction is 9.3, which indicated that
at this pH value, the concentration of the ionized
(NH4
+
) and unionized (NH3
) forms is equal. When the
pH of the solution is less than 9.3, hydrogen ions are
incorporated to ammonia to yield ammonium ions.
Therefore, at physiological plasma and intracellular
pH values, virtually only the protonated moiety (NH4
+
)
is present in aqueous solutions (Graham and
MacLean, 1992; Katz et al., 1986;Adeva et al., 2012).
Ammonia has a hazardous and toxic effect on
human health and biotic resources also, only if the
intake becomes higher than the capacity to detoxify
and predefined permissible limits. If ammonia is
administered in the form of its ammonium salts, the
effects of the anion must also be taken into account.
With ammonium chloride, the acidotic effects of the
chloride ion seem to be of greater importance than
those of the ammonium ion (Ryer Powder, 1991).At a
dose of more than 100 mg/kg of body weight per day
(33.7 mg of ammonium ion per kg of body weight per
day), ammonium chloride influences metabolism by
shifting the acid–base equilibrium, disturbing the
glucose tolerance, and reducing the tissue sensitivity
to insulin (Lamm et al., 1999; Sadegh et al., 2014a).
So, Ammonium ion and various ammonium product
based azo dyes compounds are toxic and hazardous
to both the environment and human body, hence to
remove these toxic pollutants and dyes several
adsorbents are developed and these adsorbents has
an excellent removal capacity (Gupta et al., 2015).
Removal of ammonium ions methods
Ion-exchange process has been used in various fields
in recent years (see Table 1), including the ammonium
ions removal from wastewater due to their many unique
properties, suchas high treatment capacity, high removal
efficiency, low cost and fast kinetics (Cooney et al.,
1999; Kanget al.,2004).One ofthemostused compound
as ion-exchanger in removal ammonium was zeolites
(Ćurković et al., 1997). Zeolites are highly porous
alumino-silicates with different cavity structures that
consistofathreedimensionalframeworkand anegatively
charged lattice(Bekkumetal.,1991).Thenegativecharge
is balanced by cations which are exchangeable with
certain cations in solutions. High ion-exchange capacity
and relatively high specific surface areas, and more
importantly their relatively low prices, make zeolites
attractive adsorbents in the removal of ammonium ions
(Sprynskyyetal.,2005;Haralambousetal.,1992;Blocki,
1993; Ning et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2007). The general
formula of a zeolite is:
Where M+
and M2+
are monavalent and divalent
cations such as Na+
, K+
, and Ca2+
,Mg2+
, Ba2+
,
Fig. 1: Flowchart of ammonium ions removal from wastewater
NH3
+ H+
NH4
+ (1)
(2)(Mx
+
, My
2+
) (Al(x+2y)
Sin - (x+2y)
O2n
). mH2
O
3. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
151
Table1: The summary of reports on ammonium ions removal by ion exchange method
Natural Turkish
zeolite
Natural zeolite
Natural zeolite
Natural Iranian
zeolite
Natural
Australian zeolite
Clinoptilolie
zeolite
Zeolites namely
strong
Yemeni natural
zeolite
Zeolite mesolite
Zeolite mesolite
pH: 4-9, C0
: 60 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.4 g
shaking time: 60 min.
temperature: 21 o
C
pH: 7-7.5, C0
: 80 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 10 g
shaking time: 20 min.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: NA; C0
: 100 mg/L
shaking time: 45 min.
adsorbent dosage: 0.5 g
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 0.3 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 90 min.
temperature: 25±1 o
C
pH: to 11, C0
:8.79 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1g
shaking time: 65 min.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: 7, C0
:101 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 30 g
shaking time: 25 min.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: 7.35–7.77,
C0
: 580 mg/L
adsorbent dosage:
0.7-27.3 g
temperature: 20 o
C
shaking time: 80 min
pH: 8, C0
: 80 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1.2 g
shaking time: 30 min.
temperature: 80 o
C
pH: 6-7, C0
: 400 mg/L
adsorbent dosage:1-5 g
shaking time: 25 min.
temperature: o
C
pH: 6-8, C0
: 50 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 120 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
Saltali et al., (2007)
Demir et al., (2002)
Sprynskyy et al., (2005)
Malekian et al., (2011)
Cooney et al., (1999)
Rahmani et al., (2004)
Malovanyy et al., (2013)
Alshameri et al., (2014)
Thornton et al., (2007a)
Thornton et al., (2007b)
NA
0.38
1.64
NA
1.5
1.05
74.7
11
49
55
NA
2.0+1.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
35.85
NA
NA
75-83
NA
NA
91.5
75-95.6
95-98
88-99.9
99
70
95
Adsorbent Maximum adsorption
capacity (mg/g)
surface area
(m2
/g)
Removal percentage
(%)
Conditions Report by
NA: not available, C0
: initial concentration (mg/L)
respectively. They are called exchangeable cations.
Al3+
and Si4+
are known as structural cations, and they
make up the framework of the structure with O (Saltalý
et al., 2007).
4. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
152
Removal of ammonium ions
Natural zeolite is the most abundant and frequently
zeolite, which shows a very high specific selectivity
for certain pollutants (Erdem et al., 2004; Meshko et
al., 2001; Perić et al., 2004; Sarioglu, 2005; Kesraoui-
Ouki et al., 1994). Demir et al., (2002) studied the
ammonium removal from aqueous solution by
ionexchange using packed bed natural zeolite and
reported that the resin column was exhausted by down
flowat10,25,50and75bed volume(BV)/h,untileffluent
ammonium concentration of more than 10 mg/L NH4
+
was achieved. The results indicate that conditioning
of the zeolite improves the ion-exchange capacity and
the smaller particlesizealso causesa higher ion-exchange
capacity due to greater available surface area. The
actual ion-exchange capacity of the conditioned
fine (-1.00+0.125) and coarse (-2.00+1.00) mm
clinoptilolitewasfoundtobe0.57and0.38meq/gzeolite,
respectively. Sprynskyyet al., (2005) studied ammonium
ions removal from synthetic aqueous solutions by raw
and pretreated natural zeolite. Sprynskyy et al. assessed
the ability of zeolitic tuffs such as mordenite to remove
1000 ppmaqueousammonia.Malekianetal.,(2001) used
the natural Iranian zeolite is a suitable ion-exchange for
NH4
+
ion removal and consequently has potential as a
controlled-release NH4
+
fertilizer. Cooney et al., (1999)
revealed that the highest percentage ammonium removal
efficiency and high removal rate using naturalAustralian
zeolite. Rahmani et al., (2004) studied the efficiency of
an ammoniumions removal by Clinoptilolite zeolite and
reported Clinoptilolite may be effectively applied in
ammonium ions. Malovanyy et al., (2013) studied the
application of four types of ion-exchange materials in
packed bed columns, namelystrong and weak acid cation
exchange resins and natural and synthetic zeolites.
Malovanyy et al., (2013) reported that ammonium ions
removal efficiency in most cases was higher than
95%which allows using ion-exchange processes.
RecentlyAlshameri et al., (2014) reported the potential
use of Yemeni (Al-Ahyuq) natural zeolite on the
effectiveness of ammonium ion (NH4
+
) removal and this
research indicates that the modified Yemeni zeolite has
significant potential as an economic and effective
adsorbent material for ammoniumremoval from aqueous
solutions.
Thornton et al., (2007a, b) reported that using
Mesolite ion exchange media for ammonium (NH4
+
)
removal from solution gives an excellent result and high
removal rate also. Zhao et al., (2007) reported that
magnetic zeolite could be used for the removal of
ammonium due to the good adsorption performance
and easy separation method from aqueous solution.
According to Table 2, adsorption is now recognized
as an effective and economic method for ammonium
ions removal (Moradi, 2011). The adsorption process
offers flexibility in design and operation; in fact it will
produce high-quality treated effluent in many cases.
In addition, since adsorption is sometimes reversible,
adsorbents can be regenerated by suitable desorption
process (Rosenfeld, 1979). Recently Moradi and Zare,
(2013) reported an attempt to examine the feasibility of
removing ammonium ions from aqueous solutions by
using multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and
reported removal percentage and adsorption of
ammonium ions on to CNTs was highly efficient. Wang
etal.,(2014) reportedpalygorskite (PGS) nanocomposite
as adsorbent were highly efficient, the results suggests
that the novel composite hydrogel (PGS) was suitable
to the adsorption of NH4
+
from aqueous solution,
especiallyin theagricultural sector where nitrogen-laden
carrier material can be reused as a multifunctional slow-
release fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and help the
amelioration of soils. Searching for low-cost and easily
available adsorbents to remove ammonium ions has
become a main research focus, Hence till date, many of
studies on the use of low-cost adsorbents have been
published, for example, Maranon et al., (2006)
investigated theRomanian volcanic tuff is able to uptake
ammonium ions from an aqueous solution, showing high
specific selectivity for this cation and conclude that
Romanian volcanic tuff may be used successfully as an
alternative adsorbent in the treatment of wastewater
containing ammonium at concentrations of up to 100
mg/L.Maetal.,(2011)studiedtheremovalofammonium
ion from water by fertilizer controlled release agent
prepared from wheat straw.
In recent years, another adsorbent used in
adsorption processes is natural adsorbent and the
most efforts of researchers have been made to find the
adsorbents with higher efficiency and lower cost
(Sartape et al., 2010; González et al., 2011; Sadegh et
al., 2014b). Natural adsorbent such as natural clays
are one of the considerable and applicable sorbents
due to their low-cost, availabilities and easy
applications in the removal of ammonia contaminants
from environment (Wang et al., 2014).Another Natural
adsorbent used in adsorption was zeolite (Balci and
Dinçel, 2002; Otal et al., 2013; Huo et al., 2012; Huang
et al., 2010; Vassileva and Voikova, 2009; Arslan and
5. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
75
Table 2: The summary of reports on ammonium ions removal by adsorption method
Carbon
nanotubes
Nano-
palygorskitenano
composite
Low cost -
Romanian
volcanic tuff
Low cost -wheat
straw
Zeolite
Zeolite
clinoptiloite
Zeolite natural
Chinese
Zeolite clinopilot
Zeolite 13X
Zeolite
Zeolite
Natural zeolite
Polymer-
hydrogel PVA
Aerobic granular
sludge activated
aerobic granules
pH: 7-11, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.05g
shaking time: 35 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 4-8, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.2 g
shaking time: 15 min.
temperature: 20-30 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time:180 min.
temperature: 22 o
C
pH: 4-8, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 4h.
temperature: 22 o
C
pH: 8.2, C0
: 18.5 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 3g
shaking time: 25 min.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: 8.2, C0
: 18.5 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: NA
shaking time: 3h.
temperature: 30 o
C
pH: 8, C0
: 80 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 24g
shaking time: 180 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH:6,C0
: 175 mg/L
adsorbent dosage 0.25g
shaking time : 60 min.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 25 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.5g
shaking time: 200 min.
temperature: 23 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 150 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 50g
shaking time: 2000 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 5.23, C0
: 30 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1g
shaking time: 480 min.
temperature: 95-100 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 30 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.05g
shaking time: 30 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 3-8, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 & 1.8g
shaking time: 35 min.
temperature: 30 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 30 mg/L
Moradi and Zare, (2013)
Wang et al., (2014)
Maranon et al., (2006)
Ma et al., (2011)
Otalet al., (2013)
Huo et al., (2012)
Huang et al., (2010)
Vassileva and Voikova,
(2009)
Arslan and Veli, (2012)
Cincotti et al., (2001)
Zheng et al., (2008)
Alshameri et al., (2014)
Zheng et al., (2011)
Bassin et al., (2011)
17.05
237.6
19
148.7
13.73
NA
9.41
12.29
4.80
12
9.479
3.11
42.74
40
24.5
NA
NA
52.02±0.28
NA
NA
NA
NA
26.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
97
60
83
75
70
98.8
95
85
90
NA
89
90
70
65
NA
Adsorbent Maximum adsorption
capacity (mg/g)
surface area
(m2
/g)
Removal percentage
(%)
Conditions Report by
153
6. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
154
Veli, 2012; Cincotti et al., 2001; Zheng et al., 2008;
Alshameri et al., 2014).
There are several literature reported on the
adsorption of ammonium ion by other adsorbent.
Zheng et al., (2011) reported the application of
hydrogel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) surface in the
removal of ammonium ion. Bassin et al., (2011) used
aerobic granular sludge, activated sludge and
anammox granules as adsorbent in ammonium
adsorption. Yu et al., (2014) also use aerobic granules,
Suneetha and Ravindhranath, (2012) were used
adsorbents derived from powders of leaves, stems or
barks of some plants.Also Ismail et al., (2010) reported
adsorption ammonium on municipal sludge.
Biosorption of ammonium ions from aqueous
solutions is a relatively new process that has been
confirmed a very promising process in the removal of
ammonium ion contaminants. The major advantages
of biosorption are its high effectiveness in reducing
the ions and the use of inexpensive biosorbents.
Biosorption processes are particularly suitable to treat
dilute ammonium wastewater. Typical biosorbents can
be derived from three sources as follows (Apiratikul
and Pavasant, 2008): (1) non-living biomass such as
bark, lignin, shrimp, krill, squid, crab shell, etc.; (2)
algal biomass; (3) microbial biomass, e.g. bacteria,
fungi and yeast. Different forms of inexpensive, such
as Posidoniaoceanica (P. oceanica fibers) (Jellali et
al., 2011), activated sludge (Ren et al., 2011),
heterotrophic bacteria (Zhang et al., 2013). Jellali et
al., (2011) reported that the low-cost, availability
and high adsorption capability of the P. oceanica
fibers make them a promising and potentially
attractive biosorbents for removal of ammonium ion.
There is a large number of research works on the
ammonium biosorption using biological technology
(Bouwer and Crowe, 1988). Examples ofrecent reports
include the wet air oxidation (WAO) (Bernardi et al.,
2012), ozonation (Schroeder et al., 2011; Tanaka and
Matsumura, 2003), intermittent flow biofilter (IBF)
(Sabbahet al., 2013), biofiltration (Azmanet al.,2014),
nitrification and denitrification (Fenget al., 2012; Qiao
et al., 2010; Huangetal., 2013) (Table3).Thesummary
of reports on ammonium ions removal by Biosorption
method is indicated in Table 3.
Other methods of ammonia removal include:
ammonia volatilization (Valero and Mara, 2007),
sharonprocess (Hellinga et al., 1998), simultaneous
V. K. Gupta et al.
Zeolite
Natural zeolite
Polymer-
hydrogel PVA
Aerobic granular
sludge activated
Aerobic granules
Biosorbent
Municipal sludge
adsorbent dosage: 50g
shaking time: 2000 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 5.23, C0
: 30 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1g
shaking time: 480 min.
temperature: 95-100 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 30 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.05g
shaking time: 30 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 3-8, C0
: 100 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 & 1.8g
shaking time: 35 min.
temperature: 30 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 30 mg N/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.2mg
shaking time: 35 min.
temperature: 20-30 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 300 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1mg
shaking time: 60min.
temperature: 30 o
C
pH: 5,C0
: 300 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 5mg
shaking time: 360min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 10, C0
: 300 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 5
mgshaking time: 2min.
temperature: 25 o
C
Zheng et al., (2008)
Alshameri et al., (2014)
Zheng et al., (2011)
Bassin et al., (2011)
Yu et al., (2014)
Suneetha and
Ravindhranath, (2012)
Ismail et al., (2010)
9.479
3.11
42.74
40
24.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
89
90
70
65
NA
97.5
89
NA: not available, C0
: initial concentration (mg/L)
V. K. Gupta et al.
7. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
Posidoniaocean-
ica (L.) fibers
Activated sludge
Microbacterium
sp. strain SFA13
Supported Pt
catalysts
Ozone
Ozone and BAC
Ozone
Macro-algae
GAC-sand
dualmedia filter
Novel acryl
biofilm carrier
material
Ammonia
volatilization
pH: 6, C0
: 50 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 3g
shaking time: 40min.
temperature: 18± 02 o
C
pH: 6, C0
: 20 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 3 g
shaking time: 40 min.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 7, C0
: 80 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 10 g
shaking time: 60 min.
temperature: 5 o
C
pH: 8,
C0
: 1700, 1400, 60 mol /L
adsorbent dosage: … g
shaking time: 6 h.
temperature: 200 o
C
pH: 6.5-8.5,
C0
: 1700, 1400, 0.06 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 6 h.
temperature: 27 o
C
pH: 7 – 7.5,
C0
: 35.5 & 181 mg/L
adsorbent dosage:1 g
shaking time: 3.5 Day.
temperature: 25 o
C
pH: 3,
C0
: 1700, 1400, 701 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 15 h.
temperature: 20 o
C
pH: 5-9, C0
: 1.8-2.2 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 1 g
shaking time: 60 and 120day.
temperature: 26-27 o
C
pH: 7.2, C0
: 1 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 3.06 mg
shaking time: 20min.
temperature: 10-30 o
C
pH: 6.8-7.8, C0
: 20 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 3.06 mg
shaking time: 20 min.
temperature: 5-30 o
C
pH: 10.1, C0
:6.13 mg/L
adsorbent dosage: 0.5 mg
shaking time: 36 h.
temperature: 17.1 o
C
1.8
88.4
NA
NA
NA
8
0.0009– 0.445
0.03
NA
NA
NA
NA
31.84
NA
NA
NA
NA
85
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
95
91.8
97.5
99
81.3
NA
70
35-42
98.7
90-99
Adsorbent Maximum adsorption
capacity (mg/g)
surface area
(m2
/g)
Removal percentage
(%)
Conditions Report by
NA: not available, C0
: initial concentration (mg/L)
Apiratikul and
Pavasant, (2008)
Ren et al., (2011)
Zhang et al., (2013)
Bernardi et al.,
(2012)
Schroeder et al.,
(2011)
Baozhenet al.,
(1989)
Tanaka and
Matsumura, (2003)
Sabbah et al., (2013)
Feng et al., (2012)
Qiao et al., (2010)
Valero and Mara,
(2007)
Table 3: The summary of reports on ammonium ions removal by Biosorption method
155
8. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158, Spring 2015
156
Removal of ammonium ions
removal (Rahimpour and Mottaghi, 2009;Lvetal.,2013;
Tang et al., 2014), and diffused aeration (Patoczka and
Wilson,1984).
Remarks of removal methods
Ion exchange has been widelyapplied for the removal
of ammonium ions from wastewater. However, ion-
exchange resins must be regenerated by chemical
reagents when they are exhausted. This can cause
serious secondary pollution; more over it is expensive,
especiallywhenitis treatinga largeamount ofwastewater
containing ammoniumions in lowconcentration, so they
cannot be used at large scale.Adsorption is a recognized
method for the removal of ammonium ions from low
concentration wastewater containing ammonium ions.
The high cost of CNTs limits its use in adsorption. A
variety of low-cost adsorbents have been developed
and tested to remove ammonium ions. However, the
adsorption efficiency depends on the type of
adsorbents. Biosorption of ammonium ion from aqueous
solutions is a relatively new process that has proved
very promising tool for the removal of ammonium ion
from aquatic sources.
Although all above techniques can be employed for
thetreatmentofammoniumionswastewater,itisimportant
to mentionthattheselectionof themostsuitable treatment
techniques and adsorbent depends on the initial metal
concentration, the component of the wastewater, capital
investment and operational cost, plant flexibility and
reliabilityand environmental impact, etc.
CONCLUSION
The presence of ammonium ions in wastewater is a
major concern for environment conservation and
human health. Until now, the process of removal of
these ions has not reached the optimum conditions.
To increase stringent environmental regulations more
and more, a wide range of treatment technologies
such as ion-exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet
air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused aeration,
nitrification and denitrification methods have been
developed for ammonium ions removal from
wastewater. It is evident from the literature survey of
75 articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and
biological technology are the most frequently studied
for the treatment of ammonium ions wastewater. Ion-
exchange processes have been widely used to remove
ammonium from wastewater.Adsorption by low-cost
adsorbents and biosorbents is recognized as an
effective and economic method for low concentration
ammonium wastewater treatment.
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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES
Gupta, V.K., Ph.D., Professor; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India / Department of
Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Email: vinodfcy@iitr.ac.in
Sadegh, H., M.Sc.; Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, IslamicAzad University, Tehran, Iran. Email: h.sadegh@chemist.com
Yari, M., Ph.D. Candidate; Department of Chemistry, Safadasht Branch, IslamicAzad University, Safadasht, Iran. Email: mousayari@yahoo.com
Shahryari Ghoshekandi, R.; M.Sc.; Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Email: r.shahreyari@chemist.com
Maazinejad, B., M.Sc; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Email: behnam.maazi@gmail.com
Chahardori, M., M.Sc.; Department of Toxicology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran. Email: milad.chahardori@gmail.com
How to cite this article: (Harvard style)
Gupta, V.K.; Sadegh, H.; Yari, M.; Shahryari Ghoshekandi, R.; Maazinejad, B.; Chahardori, M., (2015). Removal of ammonium ions from
wastewater. A short review in development of efficient methods, Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(2): 149-158.