This document discusses the potential for supplementing livestock with nanominerals. It begins by defining nanotechnology and nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are classified and their properties explained, including higher bioavailability than conventional minerals due to increased surface area. Methods for synthesizing and characterizing nanominerals are described, including physical, chemical and biological techniques. Applications of nanomineral supplementation in livestock are explored, including enhancing growth, immunity and reproduction. Some studies demonstrating benefits are highlighted. Finally, cytotoxicity concerns are raised and the need for safety assessment before wide application is noted.

1. 1
Exploring Potentials of NanomineralExploring Potentials of Nanomineral
Supplementation in LivestockSupplementation in Livestock
Presented by : ALOK RANJAN
(M.V.Sc. SCHOLAR)
Department of Animal
Nutrition

2. Nanotechnology is defined as “utilization
of structure with at least one dimension
of nanometer (nm) size for the
construction of materials, devices or
systems with novel or significantly
improved properties due to their
nanosize”
Nano technologyNano technology
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National nanotechnology initiative (NNI)

3.  Nanoparticles are defined as particles with sizes
between 1 and 100 nm that show properties that
are not found in bulk samples of the same material
 (Auffan et al., 2009).
 It found in Nano scale range between 10 -7
to 10 -9
 Nanoparticles are entities some billionths of a meter in
size.
 Nanoparticles can be both natural and man-made
entities, and are widely found in the environment.
 (AMC, 2010).
Nano particlesNano particles
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4. Classification of Nano particlesClassification of Nano particles
1) Carbon based
2) Nanomaterial of metal & alloy
3) Nano polymer
4) Nano ceramics
5) Nano glasses
6) Nano composites
7) Biological nanomaterials
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5. Essentially having a particle size of 1-
100 nm.
At this scale, the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of materials differ
fundamentally and often unexpectedly.
The Nano-sized mineral particles are
having higher potential than their
conventional sources and thus reduce the
quantity required.
Nanominerals & its PropertiesNanominerals & its Properties
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6. Cont..Cont..
Stable under high temperature and
pressure (mostly at liquid state).
It Can be easily taken up by the
gastrointestinal tract & Can cross the
small intestine and further distribute into
the blood, brain, lung, heart, and kidneys.
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7. Does all gold glitters ?Does all gold glitters ?
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8.  The bioavailability of Nanominerals is higher than any
other conventional mineral source.
 Nano minerals improve bioavailability due to increase
in the surface area.
 (Rajendran et al., 2013)
 It can be affected by a number of factors including
animal species, physiological status, previous
nutrition, solubility of mineral element, interactions
with dietary nutrients and between minerals.
Bioavailability..Bioavailability..
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9. Cont..Cont..
 Interactions between and 2 or more components
may affect bioavailability of individual mineral
element.
 (Shuttle, 2010)
 Commonly encountered mineral interactions:
1) Cu-Mo-S, 2) Cu- S, 3) Cu-Fe, 4) Se- S
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10. Different sources of minerals and their bioavailability asDifferent sources of minerals and their bioavailability as
cited in literaturecited in literature
Source Mineral % mineral
in compound
Bioavailab
ility %
Reference
Bone meal Calcium 28 90 Harris (2003)
Limeastone Calcium 36 90 Ammerman et al. (1995)
Dicalcium
phosphate
Calcium
Phosphorus
20
18.5
110
85
Harris (2003)
Ammerman et al. (1995)
Tricalcium
phosphate
Phosphorus 18.0 - McDowell et al. (1983)
Diammonium
phosphate
Phosphorus 20 95 Harris (2003)
Copper
sulphate
Copper 25.5 100 Kegley and spears (1994)
Copper
chloride
Copper 37 115 Balakrishnan (2010)
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11.  The values of particle size should not be confused
with crystalline size, as determined from XRD.
 Here, crystalline size refers to set of atoms are
arranged in a particular way; which is periodically
repeated in three dimensions on a lattice. Whereas
particle size may and may not.
 (Rao and Biswas (2009).
Characterization of NanomineralsCharacterization of Nanominerals
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12. The crystalline size or grain size in
nanominerals can be determined with
several techniques that rely upon the peak
width in x-ray differentiation (XRD)
patterns.
Size & Shape :
 For Coarse Powder : SEM (Scanning
Electron Microscopy)
 For Fine Powder : TEM (Transmission
Electron Microscopy)
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13. Fig. 1. SEM Image of colloidal gold
Fig. 2. Transmission electron microscopy
images of Nano-Se. (a) 36 nm;
(b) 90 nm. The bar in each figure
represents 110 nm.
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14. A.Physical method
B.Chemical method
C.Biological method
Synthesis of Nano mineralSynthesis of Nano mineral
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15.  It is known as top down method.
1. Laser (Pulse) Ablation
2. Physical Vapour Deposition
3. Pulsed Wire Discharge (PWD)
4. Mechanical Milling (Ball mill
Physical methodPhysical method
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(Koch, 1997; Siegel, 1991; Schaffer and McCormick, 1992; Bakker et al., 1995).

16. The major differences between conventional ball
milling and the HEBM include:
The impact energy of HEBM is typically 1000 times
higher than the conventional ball-milling energy.
The dominant events in the conventional ball milling
i.e. particle fracturing and size reductions, which
correspond to actually, only the first stage of the HEBM.
The HEBM requires the controls of milling atmosphere
and temperature which are crucial to create the desired
structural changes or chemical reactions.
High Energy Ball MillingHigh Energy Ball Milling
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17. 1) Chemical Reduction
2) Micro Emulsion (Colloidal) Techniques
3) Sono Chemical Decomposition
4) Electrochemical
 Stabilization by Ligands: Ligands such
as phosphines, thiols, amines, or
carbon monoxide have been invariably
used for the protection of various metal
nanoparticles
Chemical methodsChemical methods
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18.  Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a bottom-up technique.
 microbial enzymes or plant phytochemicals with antioxidant
or reducing properties are used.
 Green nanoparticles have been synthesized using various
plant species such as Avena sativa, Azadirachta indica, Aloe
vera, Alfalfa, papaya fruit extract, lemongrass, Sesbania
drummondii, latex of Jatropha cutcas (Shankar et al., 2004).
 However, Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes,
yeast and fungi are also used for synthesis.
Biological/ biosynthesis techniqueBiological/ biosynthesis technique
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19. Capping agentCapping agent
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 The biomolecules present in these plants acting as reducing agent
and also as capping agent which favor the synthesis of size
controlled nanoparticles. It Stabilizes & control the size of nano
particles
 polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
(EDTA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

20. Sarsar et al. (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf
extract of Mangifera indica and evaluation of their antimicrobial
activity
Fig. Photographs of (A) Mangifera
indica leaf extract and (B) after addition
of silver nitrate
Fig. Antimicrobial activity shown
by silver nano particle against s.
aureus on mannitol salt agar
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21. 1) Nano mineral for animal production
2) Nano mineral for improving
immunity
3) Nano mineral for animal
reproduction
Application Of Nano Minerals InApplication Of Nano Minerals In
Livestock IndustryLivestock Industry
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22.  Enhanced growth performance, carcass traits and
feed conversion ratios of chickens.
 Mineral content of tissues, and the quality of the
meat is also increased.
 Improved rumen fermentation and feed utilization.
 Stimulate rumen microbial activity, enzyme
activity.
Nano mineral for animal productionNano mineral for animal production
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23. Cont..Cont..
Increases in milk production in cattle,
buffaloes.
Decreased serum concentrations of insulin
and cortisol
Enhanced the lympho proliferative
response, and phagocytic activity
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24.  Supplementation of nano zinc has drastically reduced SCC in
subclinical mastitis cow and improved mastitis conditioned with
increase in milk production than macro zinc oxide
 Rajendran et al.(2013)
 It is observed that glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in
carp’s plasma and liver of nano selenium group and
selenomethionine were significantly improved with that of the
control.
 Zhou et al. (2009)
 Nano-Se should be most effective as a chemo-preventive agent
at smaller particle size as it improves the activities of glutathione
S-transferase.
 Peng et al. (2007)
Nano mineral for improving immunityNano mineral for improving immunity
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25.  Nano anti-oxidant prevent retention of placenta
and other reproductive problems after calving and
also improves infertility problems.
 Can be used as semen extender to improve the
quality of the semen e.g., Nano- Se, Nano Zn.
 Nano-se Supplementation in goats enhanced the
testis Se content, testicular and semen GSH-Px
activity, protected the membrane system integrity
and the tight arrangement of the mid-piece of the
mitochondria (Shi et al., 2010).
Nano Mineral For Animal ReproductionNano Mineral For Animal Reproduction
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26. Cytotoxicity studies of mineral nanoCytotoxicity studies of mineral nano
particlesparticles
 As particle size decreases, some metal-based
nanoparticles are showing increased toxicity,
even if the same material is relatively inert in its
bulk form (e.g., Ag, Au, and Cu).
 nanoparticles also interact with proteins and
enzymes within mammalian cells.
 interfere with the antioxidant defence
mechanism
 Leads to initiation of an inflammatory response.
 Destruction of the mitochondria causing
apoptosis or necrosis.
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Scharand et al., 2010

27.  In general biological methods are safe to use and can be
efficiently exploited without further experiment on residual
effect.
 Studies so far have indicated that the application of nano
minerals in animal production, immunity and reproduction is
promising.
 Application of nano-minerals is immense but the safety in
application of nanominerals needs to be assessed before it
being applied in the livestock industry.
ConclusionConclusion
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28. ReferencesReferences
1. Rajendran, D., Thulasi, A., Jash, S., Selvaraju, S. and Rao, S.B.N. (2013) Synthesis and application of
nano minerals in livestock industry. In: Sampath, K.T., Ghosh, J.,Bhatta, R., editors. Animal Nutrition
and Reproductive Physiology (Recent Concepts). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, p517-530.
2. C.N.R. Rao1,2 and Kanishka Biswas1,2. (2012) Characterization ofNanomaterials by Physical Methods.
Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 2009.2:435-462
3. Shi Li-guanga, Yang Ru-jiea, Yue Wen-bina (2010). Effect of elemental nano-selenium on semen
quality, glutathione peroxidase activity, and testis ultrastructure in male Boer goats, Animal
Reproduction Science 118 (2010) 248–254
4. Liguang Shi, Wenjuan Xun, Wenbin Yue(2011). Effect of elemental nano-selenium on feed
digestibility, rumen fermentation, and purine derivatives in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology
163 (2011) 136–142
5. Liguang Shia, Wenjuan Xuna, Wenbin Yuea(2011). Effect of sodium selenite, Se-yeast and nano-
elemental selenium on growth performance, Se concentration and antioxidant status in growing male
goats. Small Ruminant Research 96 (2011) 49–52
6. K S Subramanian1 And J C Tarafdar2 (2011). Prospects of nanotechnology in Indian farming. Indian
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81 (10): 887–93, October 2011
7. Long-Ying Zha,a Jing-Wen Zeng,b Xin-Wei Chu(2009). Efficacy of trivalent chromium on growth∗
performance, carcass characteristics and tissue chromium in heat-stressed broiler chicks. J Sci Food
Agric 2009; 89: 1782–1786
8. X. Zhou * and Y. Wang(2011). Influence of dietary nano elemental selenium on growth performance,
tissue selenium distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase activity in Guangxi Yellow
chicken. Poultry Science 90 :680–686
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29. Thank You !! 
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