Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2, temperature at 25 0C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387 %/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The field of thermoelectrics has been growing steadily due to its ability to convert heat directly into electricity and to develop cost
effective, pollution free forms of energy conversion, aiming at efficiencies as high as possible. Low-dimensional structures have proved to be promising candidates for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of semiconductors. Here, we discuss the idea of implementation of dense arrays of armchair graphene nanoribbons in microfabricated structures to develop planar unileg thermoelectric microgenerators to convert heat fl ow into electrical energy. This paper is a discussion on energy scavenging to provide power autonomy to devices on a human body i.e., thermoelectric conversion of human heat and thereby summarizes the advantages of this material for commercial use because of its extra ordinary thermo electric performance.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The field of thermoelectrics has been growing steadily due to its ability to convert heat directly into electricity and to develop cost
effective, pollution free forms of energy conversion, aiming at efficiencies as high as possible. Low-dimensional structures have proved to be promising candidates for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of semiconductors. Here, we discuss the idea of implementation of dense arrays of armchair graphene nanoribbons in microfabricated structures to develop planar unileg thermoelectric microgenerators to convert heat fl ow into electrical energy. This paper is a discussion on energy scavenging to provide power autonomy to devices on a human body i.e., thermoelectric conversion of human heat and thereby summarizes the advantages of this material for commercial use because of its extra ordinary thermo electric performance.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM USING THERMOELECTRIC...IAEME Publication
The hybrid solar system assumed to be consist of thermoelectric generator (TEG) and evacuated tube with efficiency extracted under standard condition of 1000 w/m2and ambient temperature 25 C, then the efficiency of hybrid system measured at different solar radiation and temperature. In addition the thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are extracted. The study was done with different figure of merit (ZT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4) of thermoelectric generator (TEG). The heat transfer coefficient of evacuated tube 0.89 W/k.m and temperature dependent that transfer coefficient 0.001w/k2. m the calculation and graphs were done by MATLAB program
Generating Thermo-electricity using Graphit and Aluminum moduleCharith Suriyakula
This presentation is on the research work I have conducted in generating thermo-electricity. The work was published to the WinC (Wayamba International Conference) in 2014
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
The electrical and thermal energy generated by a Photo-voltaic (PV) module is based on the
amount of the solar radiation directed on the PV module. In this study, a Photo-voltaic Thermal (PVT)
system is constructed to maximize the electrical energy generation through the fast removal of heat
through a new phase layered topology. The combinations of aluminum plate and heatsinks are used to
transfer heat generated by sunlight radiation on PV modules to heat transfer thermal container. The
aluminum plate is attached beneath the PV module and heatsinks welded beneath the alumni plate
making it as a phase layered heat removal. The heat transfer on each layer of the photovoltaic thermal
system is investigated with the phase changing topology and also investigated for its performance with a
heat removal agent. In both cases, with and without water as coolant in the thermal container, the
experimental outcome is analysed for performance analysis. It is found the PV temperature reduced by
about 10 degrees which is cirtical for the PV performance reducing the wasted thermal energy and thereby
increases the electrical energy conversion.
A theoretical analysis on the performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented in this paper. The effect of different performance parameters such as output voltage, output current, output power, maximum power output, open circuit voltage, Seebeck co-efficient, electrical resistance, thermal conductance, figure of merit, efficiency, heat absorbed and heat removed based on maximum conversion and power efficiency have been analyzed by varying the hot side temperature up to 350oC and by varying the cold side temperature from 30oC to 150oC. The results showed that a maximum power output of 21.7 W has been obtained with the use of one hybrid thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of 320oC between the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator at matched load resistance. The figure of merit was found to be around 1.28 which makes its usage possible in the intermediate temperature (250oC to 350oC) applications such as heating of Biomass waste, heat from Biomass cook stoves or waste heat recovery etc. It is also observed that the hybrid thermoelectric generator offers superior performance over 250oC of the hot side temperature, compared to standard Bi2Te3 modules.
This application note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is an expensive technique and its application is generally limited to the heating of products with high added value, or to products that cannot be heated by other means.
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM USING THERMOELECTRIC...IAEME Publication
The hybrid solar system assumed to be consist of thermoelectric generator (TEG) and evacuated tube with efficiency extracted under standard condition of 1000 w/m2and ambient temperature 25 C, then the efficiency of hybrid system measured at different solar radiation and temperature. In addition the thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are extracted. The study was done with different figure of merit (ZT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4) of thermoelectric generator (TEG). The heat transfer coefficient of evacuated tube 0.89 W/k.m and temperature dependent that transfer coefficient 0.001w/k2. m the calculation and graphs were done by MATLAB program
Generating Thermo-electricity using Graphit and Aluminum moduleCharith Suriyakula
This presentation is on the research work I have conducted in generating thermo-electricity. The work was published to the WinC (Wayamba International Conference) in 2014
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
The electrical and thermal energy generated by a Photo-voltaic (PV) module is based on the
amount of the solar radiation directed on the PV module. In this study, a Photo-voltaic Thermal (PVT)
system is constructed to maximize the electrical energy generation through the fast removal of heat
through a new phase layered topology. The combinations of aluminum plate and heatsinks are used to
transfer heat generated by sunlight radiation on PV modules to heat transfer thermal container. The
aluminum plate is attached beneath the PV module and heatsinks welded beneath the alumni plate
making it as a phase layered heat removal. The heat transfer on each layer of the photovoltaic thermal
system is investigated with the phase changing topology and also investigated for its performance with a
heat removal agent. In both cases, with and without water as coolant in the thermal container, the
experimental outcome is analysed for performance analysis. It is found the PV temperature reduced by
about 10 degrees which is cirtical for the PV performance reducing the wasted thermal energy and thereby
increases the electrical energy conversion.
A theoretical analysis on the performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented in this paper. The effect of different performance parameters such as output voltage, output current, output power, maximum power output, open circuit voltage, Seebeck co-efficient, electrical resistance, thermal conductance, figure of merit, efficiency, heat absorbed and heat removed based on maximum conversion and power efficiency have been analyzed by varying the hot side temperature up to 350oC and by varying the cold side temperature from 30oC to 150oC. The results showed that a maximum power output of 21.7 W has been obtained with the use of one hybrid thermoelectric module for a temperature difference of 320oC between the hot and cold side of the thermoelectric generator at matched load resistance. The figure of merit was found to be around 1.28 which makes its usage possible in the intermediate temperature (250oC to 350oC) applications such as heating of Biomass waste, heat from Biomass cook stoves or waste heat recovery etc. It is also observed that the hybrid thermoelectric generator offers superior performance over 250oC of the hot side temperature, compared to standard Bi2Te3 modules.
This application note illustrates the use and advantages of dielectric heating, which as the name implies, is used for materials that are non-conducting. The essential advantage of dielectric heating is that the heat is generated within the material to be heated. In comparison with more conventional heating techniques (hot air, infrared, et cetera) in which the material is heated via the outer surface, dielectric heating is much more rapid. This is because electrical insulating materials, i.e. the domain of dielectric heating, are usually also poor conductors of heat.
Other interesting characteristics of radio frequency and microwave heating are the high power density and the potential for selectively heating materials. However, dielectric heating is an expensive technique and its application is generally limited to the heating of products with high added value, or to products that cannot be heated by other means.
A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-B...IJERA Editor
This paper discusses controlling of cascaded H-bridge multi inverter with sinusoidal modulation based PWM methods. Multi-level inverters are used to reduce the THD in the output wave form without reduction in power output of inverter. Increase in voltage level in the output voltage of an inverter increases numbers of components to be used in inverter configuration. This in turn increases the switching loss. But results in good harmonic distortion and provide better quality fundamental wave. Carrier based PWM schemes are used for control of switching operation of multi-level inverters. Many kinds of PWM schemes are available to control inverter switches. In this paper uniploar carrier based PWM, bipolar carrier based PWM schemes are considered for generation of carrier signals. The carrier signals thus generated are compared with sinusoidal and third harmonic based sinusoidal modulating signals for production of switching Pulses. Switching schemes are designed for a 3 Phase 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 Level inverters. The proposed switching schemes are applied to Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level inverters. The circuit is simulated with MATLAB Simulink environment for verification of total harmonic distortion.
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son PixelIJERA Editor
The classical non-local means image denoising approach, the value of a pixel is determined based on the weighted average of other pixels, where the weights are determined based on a fixed isotropic ally weighted similarity function between the local neighbourhoods. It is demonstrate that noticeably improved perceptual quality can be achieved through the use of adaptive anisotropic ally weighted similarity functions between local neighbourhoods. This is accomplished by adapting the similarity weighing function in an anisotropic manner based on the perceptual characteristics of the underlying image content derived efficiently based on the Mexican Hat wavelet. Experimental results show that the it can be used to provide improved perceptual quality in the denoised image both quantitatively and qualitatively when compared to existing methods.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovolt...IJERA Editor
This work presents an intelligent approach to the improvement and optimization of control performance of a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking based on fuzzy logic control. This control was compared with the conventional control based on Perturb &Observe algorithm. The results obtained in Matlab/Simulink under different conditions show a marked improvement in the performance of fuzzy control MPPT of the PV system.
A Simulated Behavioral Study of DSR Routing Protocol Using NS-2IJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS) consists of wireless nodes communicating without any centralized administration .thus each node acts as a host and a router. There are many routing protocols designed for MANETS. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient Routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless mobile nodes. This paper describes the design the implementation of DSR protocol in NS-2 simulator environment. We also analyze the performance of the DSR for various performance matrixes such as average end to- end delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio. The analysis was made for different number of nodes using the NS-2 simulator.
Electronic bands structure and gap in mid-infrared detector InAs/GaSb type II...IJERA Editor
We present here theoretical study of the electronic bands structure E (d1) of InAs (d1=25 Å)/GaSb (d2=25 Å) type
II superlattice at 4.2 K performed in the envelope function formalism. We study the effect of d1 and the offset ,
between heavy holes bands edges of InAs and GaSb, on the band gap Eg (), at the center of the first Brillouin
zone, and the semiconductor-to-semimetal transition. Eg (, T) decreases from 288.7 meV at 4.2 K to 230 meV
at 300K. In the investigated temperature range, the cut-off wavelength 4.3 m ≤ c ≤ 5.4 m situates this sample
as mid-wavelength infrared detector (MWIR). Our results are in good agreement with the experimental data
realized by C. Cervera et al.
Standard radar detection process requires that the sensor output is compared to a predetermined threshold. The
threshold is selected based on a-priori knowledge available and/or certain assumptions. However, any
knowledge and/or assumptions become in adequate due to the presence of multiple targets with varying signal
return and usually non stationary background. Thus, any predetermined threshold may result in either increased
false alarm rate or increased track loss. Even approaches where the threshold is adaptively varied will not
perform well in situations when the signal return from the target of interest is too low compared to the average
level of the background .Track-before-detect techniques eliminate the need for a detection threshold and provide
detecting and tracking targets with lower signal-to-noise ratios than standard methods. However, although trackbefore-
detect techniques eliminate
the need for detection threshold at sensor's signal processing stage, they often use tuning thresholds at the output
of the filtering stage .This paper presents a computerized simulation model for target detection process.
Moreover, the proposed model method is based on the target motion models, the output of the detection
process can easily be employed for maneuvering target tracking.
A review paper on Optimization of process parameter of EDM for air hardening ...IJERA Editor
EDM is now more economical non convectional machining process. It is used widely used on small scale as well major industries. EDM process is affect by so many process parameter which are electrical and non electrical. In this project work the rotating tool is used to improve the Metal removal rate (MRR) and to observe its effect on surface finish. I am using Taguchi’s method as a design of experiments and response surface methodology for analysis and optimization. The machining parameters selected as a variables are pulse off time, pulse on time, servo voltage. The output measurement include MRR and surface roughness.
The impact of high temperature and irradiance source on the efficiency of po...IJECEIAES
Solar cells are highly sensitive to temperature, which affects its operating parameters. The study has its aim in accessing the impact of temperature (in excess above the maximum operating cell temperature) and irradiance source on the efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in an environment where the temperature and irradiance level can be fully controlled. For the study to achieve its aim, a solar box and tungsten light bulbs were used to create an environment where the irradiance level and the temperature can be controlled. The solar panel was placed inside the solar box facing the light source while the irradiance level and temperature were measured and held constant. Results show a steady decrease in voltage with increasing temperature while the performance ratio and efficiency of the photovoltaic module followed a similar trend as that of voltage once the temperature exceeds the maximum operating cell temperature. Results also show the output voltage of the photovoltaic to be higher under the tungsten light than the sun, but the efficiency achieved by the photovoltaic under the sun far exceeds that obtained under the tungsten light.
Passive Cooling on the Performance of Photovoltaic Solar Panels Operating in ...ijmech
The peak power output of Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels is typically rated at 25°C, but in hot weather, their operating temperature rises significantly, reducing energy efficiency and power output. This study investigates a passive air convection cooling method to enhance PV panel performance. It examines the impact of adding fins for improved convective heat transfer on the efficiency and power production of PV polycrystalline solar panels in high-temperature environments. Numerical evaluations using one- dimensional thermal models were conducted to predict the panel's hourly average temperature, efficiency, and power output with and without fins. Without fins, the panel had a yearly average temperature of 35°C, efficiency of 15.0%, and total annual power output of 340 kWh/m². Simulations with rectangular pin fins resulted in a yearly average panel temperature of 28°C, efficiency of 16.1%, and total annual power output of 365 kWh/m², a 7.3% increase with an additional weight of 5.3 kg/m². Triangular pin fins yielded a yearly average panel temperature of 30°C, efficiency of 15.8%, and total annual power output of 358 kWh/m², a 5.2% increase with an additional weight of 1.8 kg/m². In conclusion, passive air cooling improves PV panel power output by 5 to 7% in extremely hot and dry climates, with additional fin material weighing 1.8 to 5.3 kg/m². One-dimensional heat transfer models effectively provide hourly simulation results for a full year.
Performance of Grid-connected Photovoltaic System in Equatorial Rainforest Fu...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper presents a result obtained from a comparative study among three different photovoltaic (PV) module technologies for grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPV) under Malaysia’s real operating conditions. The obtained results were slightly different from the performance ratio (PR) investigation which showed the average annual performance of 78.2% for polycrystalline, 94.6% for a-Si thin-film and 81% for monocrystalline PV technologies over four years monitored period. The outdoor evaluation results showed that a-Si thin-film PV modules demonstrate the highest and better in terms of final yield, performance ratio and PV array/system efficiency over the entire monitored period. In other hands, a-Si thin-film demonstrated the reliability and better in system performance
Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV ...ijtsrd
Many factors affect the performance of a PV module. In this experiment, we will use the factorial experimental design method to investigate these factors. Several factors are studied in this experiment such as phase change martial type, PCM thickness, fin length thickness, fin count and the wind speed. A factorial design is often used by scientists wishing to understand the effect of two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable so applying factorial design in PV parameters will give us the most significant parameter on the temperature of the cells. The statistical results showed that the most significant factors affected on the temperature of the cells are PCM thickness and wind speed. Malik Al-Abed Allah | Mahdy Migdady "Using Design of Experiments Approach to analysis Factors Effecting on the PV Cells" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33065.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33065/using-design-of-experiments-approach-to-analysis-factors-effecting-on-the-pv-cells/malik-alabed-allah
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar TopicKaran Prajapati
Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website.
The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This experimental work is looking at the properties of photovoltaic/thermal (PV-T) system, which had designed to increase the output power of the PV panel for the climate of Zarqa, Jordan. Operating temperature of the PV module has a significant impact on the performance of the PV module. However, most of the radiation energy absorbed by the PV panel is converted into heat, which is normally lost and provides no value. In order to decrease the operating temperature of the PV panel, a water cooling system with a control system had designed. Experimentally, when the PV module was operating under active water-cooling condition using the backside cooling technique, the temperature dropped significantly, which led to an increase in the electrical efficiency of solar cells by 6.86%.
31 9763 evaluation paper id 0032 (edit i)tyIAESIJEECS
This paper presents six months evaluation in determining Standard Reference Environment
(SRE) for Photovoltaic (PV) Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) testing of IEC61215 and
IEC61646 that suits Malaysian climate. The SRE is established based on the median environmental
conditions in Malaysia when solar PV is producing power. The site of the study is located at the Energy
and Environment Field Lab, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam (3.066239ºN, 101.491685ºE).
Three types of PV module technologies involved are monocrystalline, polycrystalline and copper indium
diselenide (CIS) thin film. The experimental setup is a test bed that meets the IEC61215, IEC61646 and
IEC61724 requirements. The measurements of module temperature (MT) and open circuit voltage (VOC)
are taken simultaneously for the three PV module technologies together with other ambient parameters of
solar irradiance (SI), ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (Ws) and wind direction
(Wd). The data set is taken for a six months period from February 2017 to July 2017. Based on the results
obtained, a new proposed SRE of NOCT testing for IEC61215 and IEC61646 has been established to suit
Malaysian climate. The SI and AT values for the SRE are 300W/m2 and 31°C respectively.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available Photovoltaic Modules
1. P K Dash Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 1), January 2015, pp.148-151
www.ijera.com 148 | P a g e
Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different
Commercially available Photovoltaic Modules
P K Dash*, N C Gupta**
*(Solar Energy Centre, MNRE, Block -14, CGO Complex, New Delhi, 110003,India )
** (School of Environmental Studies, GGSIP University, Dwaraka, New Delhi, 110075,India)
ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2
,
temperature at 25 0
C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field
varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in
output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar
module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar
modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi.
The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature
coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387
%/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the
temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline
silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the
variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
Keywords –Solar cell, photovoltaic module, STC, Temperature Coefficient, Power Output.
I. INTRODUCTION
PV module performance is rated under standard
test conditions (STC) i.e. irradiance of 1000 W/m²,
solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5 and module
temperature at 25°C. Manufacturers of photovoltaic
modules typically provide the ratings at only one
operating condition i.e. STC. However, PV module
operates over a large range of environmental
conditions at the field. So the manufacturer’s
information is not sufficient to determine the actual
performance of the module at field. The suitability
of a PV module technology for a particular site
depends on five major factors which includes annual
solar intensity distribution, variations in the
efficiency of PV module technology with intensity,
annual temperature distribution and module
temperature coefficient, variations in the solar
spectrum distribution and rate of power degradation
of the PV modules with time. The electrical
efficiency of the photovoltaic module depends on
ambient temperature and it reduces when the
temperature increases [1]. Increases in temperature
reduce the band gap of a semiconductor, thereby
effecting most of the semiconductor material
parameters. The decrease in the band gap of a
semiconductor with increasing temperature can be
viewed as increasing the energy of the electrons in
the material [2]. The parameter most affected by an
increase in temperature is the open circuit voltage
[2]. Temperature coefficient indicates how much
will be the decrement in power output if PV module
temperature varies from STC. It is also true that this
temperature coefficient varies from one type of solar
cell technology to another.
Various researchers have done sufficient work to
understand which PV technology will be best
suitable in particular climatic conditions. Ronak et
al. study concluded that amorphous silicon performs
well under Malaysia’s tropical hot and humid
climate, due to favourable constant high solar
radiation in Malaysia and predominant diffuse nature
of solar radiation [3]. Adiyabat et al. analysed the
results of a long-term performance of two different
types of PV module based on actual data measured
over a period of more than six years in the Gobi
Desert of Mongolia [4]. This study observed that the
high output has been achieved due to the operating
condition in an extreme
low ambient temperature and the PV module
degradation rate indicated is only -1.5 %/yr after six
years of exposure test. In summary, this study
showed that a PV module with a
high temperature coefficient, such as crystalline
silicon, is advantageous for use in the Gobi Desert
area [4]. Lim et al. analyzed the temperature effect
on the PV module output and concluded that output
decreases 0.469 %/°C with the temperature variation
when other factors are controlled [5]. Makrides et al.
analysed the effect of temperature on different grid
connected PV technologies installed in Cyprus. The
results showed that over the evaluation period the
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. P K Dash Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 1), January 2015, pp.148-151
www.ijera.com 149 | P a g e
highest average thermal losses in annual DC energy
yield were 8% for mono crystalline silicon and 9%
for multi crystalline silicon technologies while for
thin film technologies, the average losses were 5%
[6]. Skoplaki and Palyvos observed that the
operating temperature plays a pivotal role in the
photovoltaic conversion process. Both the electrical
efficiency and hence the power output of a PV
module depends linearly on the operating
temperature and decreases with cell temperature [7].
George et al. evaluated the temperature behaviour of
13 different types of PV modules, which had been
exposed to real conditions in Stuttgart, Germany and
Nicosia, Cyprus. The temperature coefficient for
mono crystalline, multi crystalline and amorphous
silicon varied -0.353 to -0.456 %/0
C, -0.403 to -
0.502 %/0
C and -0.039 to - 0.461%/0
C respectively
[8]. Minemoto et al. analysed the impact of spectral
irradiance distribution and temperature on the
outdoor performance of amorphous silicon and multi
crystalline silicon modules and concluded that
the output energy of amorphous silicon modules
mainly depends on spectrum distribution and is
higher under blue-rich spectrum. In contrast,
the output energy of mono crystalline
silicon module is sensitive to module
temperature but not to spectrum distribution [9].
Kalogirou and Tripanagnostopoulos showed that for
mono crystalline and poly crystalline silicon solar
cells, the efficiency decreases by about 0.45% for
every degree rise in temperature, while for
amorphous silicon cells, the effect is less, with a
decrease of about 0.25% per degree rise in
temperature [10]. Vokas et al. showed the electrical
efficiency of the photovoltaic panel depends on its
temperature and it reduces when the temperature
increases [1]. Nelson concluded that the low
temperature operation is necessary for PV modules.
As temperature is increased, the dark saturation
current of the PV cell increases which leads to a
decrease in open circuit voltage. Also, the band gap
of the photovoltaic material decreases which leads to
an increase in photocurrent. The first effect is more
dominant than the second effect and thus there is a
net decrease in the solar conversion efficiency with
increasing temperature [2]. Nishioka et al. analysed
field test data from a 50 kW PV system installed at
Japan. It is found that the PV system operated in a
wide temperature range and was strongly affected by
the temperature coefficient on conversion efficiency
when the module temperature became high. The
results showed that annual output energy of the PV
system increased about 1% by an improvement of
0.1%/°C in the temperature coefficient [11].
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major
initiative of the Government of India to promote
solar energy while addressing India’s energy
security challenges [12]. The mission has set an
ambitious target of deploying 20 GW of grid
connected solar power by 2022 in the country. The
installed capacity of grid interactive PV based
electricity is 1648 MW as on 31st
March 2013[12].
Hence it is important to understand the performance
of modules at different ambient temperature of the
country. In this study temperature coefficient of
different types of commercially available solar
modules are evaluated. The testing has been carried
out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New
Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from
various manufactures.
II. EXPERIMENTS
Temperature coefficients for different type of
PV technologies are evaluated at the test facility
established at Solar Energy Centre (SEC), New
Delhi for testing of modules under indoor laboratory
conditions. Figure1and 2 represents the large area
(2m × 2m) single pulse sun simulator (Model:
QuickSun 700A, Endeas, Finland) and
environmental test chamber (Model: BSC-ETC
1000, Make: Tenny incorporation USA). The
temperature of the module is increased at
environmental test chamber. Once the module has
reached the desired temperature, short circuit
current, open circuit voltage and power output are
measured. The module temperature has varied in
steps of approximately 5°C over a range of interest
and kept for 30 °C before the measurements.
Different types of module from various
manufacturers are tested which are selected
randomly. The module rated capacity varies from 3
Wp to 300 Wp. Four different solar cell technologies
i.e. single crystalline silicon, multi crystalline
silicon; amorphous silicon and CdTe are used for
evaluation of temperature coefficient. The
temperature coefficient is determined according to
IEC 61215 and 61646 standards at an irradiance of
1000 W/m2 [13,14]. The experimental
measurements of short circuit current with respect to
various temperature are plotted and the least square
fit curve is obtained. The slope of this least square fit
curve divided by the short circuit current at 25°C is
the temperature coefficient for current for this
particular module. Similar kinds of experiments are
conducted for open circuit voltage and power for
evaluation of temperature coefficients for open
circuit voltage and power respectively.
3. P K Dash Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 1), January 2015, pp.148-151
www.ijera.com 150 | P a g e
Figure 1 QuickSun 700A large area solar simulator
Figure 2 Environmental test chambers.
III. Results and Discussion
The temperature coefficient for short circuit
current, open circuit voltage and power are evaluated
for mono crystalline silicon, multi crystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon and CdTe based solar modules.
Figure 3-5 represent the variations in current,
voltage and power with respect to temperature for a
mono crystalline silicon module of 10 Wp rated
capacity. Similar kinds of profiles are obtained for
different rated capacity modules and also for
different types of module technologies. It can be
observed from these Figures that a linear best fitted
straight line has been drawn based on the
experimental measurements. The temperature
coefficient is the slope of this best fitted straight line
divided by the value of that parameter at 25°C. In
similar fashion, the temperature coefficients are
evaluated for different module technologies. Table 1
represents the average temperature coefficients of
power for mono crystalline silicon, multi crystalline
silicon, amorphous silicon and CdTe respectively.
The temperature coefficient of power in mono
crystalline silicon varies from -0.394%/°C to -
0.483%/°C with an average of -0.446%/°C. In case
of multi crystalline silicon, it varies from-0.329%/°C
to -0.506%/°C with an average of -0.387 %/°C. In
case of CdTe, only two samples are measured with
values -0.168%/°C and 0.176%/°C and an average of
-0.172%/°C. In case of amorphous silicon module,
only one sample is measured and the temperature
coefficient is -0.234%/°C. It is found from the study
that the average temperature coefficient of power for
CdTe technology is minimum (-0.17%/°C) and
maximum for mono crystalline silicon module (-
0.446%/°C). It also can be concluded that CdTe
module will perform better in high ambient
temperature region in compare to other types of
modules.
Figure 3 Temperature coefficient of short circuit current
(mono C-Si sample : 10Wp)
Figure 4 Temperature coefficient of open circuit voltage
(mono C-Si sample : 10Wp)
Figure 5 Temperature coefficient of power (mono C-Si sample:
10Wp)
4. P K Dash Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 1), January 2015, pp.148-151
www.ijera.com 151 | P a g e
Table 1 Temperature coefficient for different PV module
technologies
Type
of PV
modul
e
Modul
e peak
output
(Wp)
Temperature coefficient
(%/°C)
Average
temperatu
re
coefficien
t of
power
(%/°C)
curren
t
voltag
e
Power
Mono
C-Si
10 0.044 -0.337 -0.440 -0.446
74 0.025 -0.336 -0.479
40 0.034 -0.336 -0.455
75 0.037 -0.323 -0.428
12 0.029 -0.359 -0.483
12 0.027 -0.295 -0.394
Multi
C-Si
75 0.031 -0.267 -0.356 -0.387
75 0.059 -0.369 -0.506
12 0.036 -0.291 -0.373
50 0.046 -0.264 -0.346
50 0.033 -0.291 -0.396
300 0.054 -0.306 -0.428
75 0.001 -0.058 -0.329
75 0.002 -0.075 -0.364
a-Si 3 0.098 -0.294 -0.234 -0.234
CdTe
80 0.071 -0.28 -0.176 -0.172
80 0.034 -0.197 -0.168
IV. Conclusion
This work helps in understanding the variation
in output from a particular PV technology due to
variation in operating temperature only. It is found
from the analysis that CdTe photovoltaic modules
seems to be better option in hot climates considering
the temperature loss to be minimum due to low
temperature coefficient. This study is planned to
extend for generating data with more number of
modules to predict the trend of temperature
coefficient of power with respect to different rated
module of a particular technology in the different
climatic zones of India. It is important to have a
technology mapping based on energy yield for each
PV technology for different climatic zones so as to
get maximum possible return from the project
investment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors sincerely acknowledge the
contribution of National Institute of Solar Energy
(formerly known as Solar Energy Centre) for
providing the experimental facility to carry out the
above research work..
REFERENCES
[1] Vokas G, Christandonis N, Skittides F. Hybrid
photovoltaic thermal systems for domestic
heating and cooling-a theoretical approach.
Solar Energy 2006; 80: 607–15.
[2] Nelson J. The physics of solar cells (Properties
of semiconductor materials). Imperial College
Press, London, 2003.
[3] Ronak D, Adnan I, Goh LJ, Ruslan MH,
Kamaruzzaman S. Predicting the performance of
amorphous and crystalline silicon based
photovoltaic solar thermal collectors. Energy
Conversion and Management 2011; 52: 1741-
47.
[4] Adiyabat A, et al. Evaluation of solar energy
potential and PV module performance in the
Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2006;
14:553-66.
[5] Lim JL, Woo SC, Jung TH, Min YK, Won CS,
Ahn HK. Analysis of factor on the temperature
effect on the output of PV module. Transactions
of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
2013; 62: 365-70.
[6] Makrides G, Zinsser B, Phinikarides
A, Schubert, M. and Georghiou, G.E.
Temperature and thermal annealing effects on
different photovoltaic technologies. Renewable
Energy 2012; 43: 407-17.
[7] Skoplaki E, Palyvos JA. On the temperature
dependence of photovoltaic module electrical
performance: A review of efficiency/power
correlations. Solar Energy 2009; 83: 614-24.
[8] Makrides G, Bastian Z, George EG, Markus S,
Jurgen HW. Temperature behaviour of different
photovoltaic systems installed in Cyprus and
Germany. Solar Energy Materials and Solar
Cells 2009; 93: 1095-99.
[9] Minemoto T, Nagae S, Takakura H. Impact of
spectral irradiance distribution
and temperature on the outdoor performance of
amorphous Si photovoltaic modules. Solar
Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2007; 91:
919-23.
[10] Kalogirou SA, Tripanagnostopoulos Y. Hybrid
PV/T solar systems for domestic hot water and
electricity production. Energy Conversion and
Management 2006; 47: 3368–82.
[11] Nishioka K, Hatayama T, Uraoka Y, Fuyuki
T, Hagihara R, Watanabe M. Field-test analysis
of PV system output characteristics focusing on
module temperature. Solar Energy Materials
and Solar Cells 2003; 75: 665-71.
[12] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Sources (MNRE); http://www.mnre.gov.in.
Accessed on 15 May, 2013.
[13] IEC 61215:2005 International Standard
Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic
Modules- Design Qualification and type
approval.
[14] IEC 61646: International Standard Thin Film
Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules- Design
Qualification and type approval.