This document evaluates the performance of a commercially used polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A model of the PV module was implemented using MATLAB with daily temperature and solar irradiance data from Maiduguri over one year. Simulation results showed that power generated varied with seasons, with more power in the dry season compared to the rainy season. The sunniest month of April generated the maximum power of 315W, the manufacturer's specified maximum, while the least sunny month of August generated less power. The module performed well under the climatic conditions in Maiduguri.
Solar cells are a major alternate source of sustainable energy in the usual condition of depleting non- renewable energy sources. Nowadays, this source is getting more and more important due to its use in large and small-scale installations. One of the major causes of energy losses in photovoltaic (PV) modules is the shading. It can happen due to clouds passing, near trees, and/or neighboring structures. Generally, there are two types of PV module Shading which are either partial shading or complete shading. Both have a significant impact on the solar module output power. This paper is an attempt of carrying out a study of the electrical characteristics of a solar module with various percentages of simulated shading. The solar module tester (SMT) simulator was used in this study. The study approved the direct correlation between short-circuit current and solar irradiance. The advantage of using SMT is its stable irradiance in comparison to the practical unstable solar irradiance within the same period. The results of both methods of shading simulation show that shading has a significant impact on the performance of solar panel in terms of efficiency, fill factor and output power. For better performance, solar panels should install in shading free places as much as its possible.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
Solar cells are a major alternate source of sustainable energy in the usual condition of depleting non- renewable energy sources. Nowadays, this source is getting more and more important due to its use in large and small-scale installations. One of the major causes of energy losses in photovoltaic (PV) modules is the shading. It can happen due to clouds passing, near trees, and/or neighboring structures. Generally, there are two types of PV module Shading which are either partial shading or complete shading. Both have a significant impact on the solar module output power. This paper is an attempt of carrying out a study of the electrical characteristics of a solar module with various percentages of simulated shading. The solar module tester (SMT) simulator was used in this study. The study approved the direct correlation between short-circuit current and solar irradiance. The advantage of using SMT is its stable irradiance in comparison to the practical unstable solar irradiance within the same period. The results of both methods of shading simulation show that shading has a significant impact on the performance of solar panel in terms of efficiency, fill factor and output power. For better performance, solar panels should install in shading free places as much as its possible.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents a modeling of 185W Mono-crystalline Solar Panel Using Matlab/Simulink approach. The objective of this project to carried out the efficiency and performance of Solar Panel. The type of solar panel in this project is a mono-crystalline by the SC Origin Company. A temperature and irradiance are the input parameters of the system. The outputs of the system are voltage, current and power. In addition, the data of temperature and irradiance from August to December 2017 by RETScreen Website. This data are used as an inout for PV System and the curve of I-V and P-V as the output. The data are collected at location 1.86° N, 103.09° E which is in Bandar Penggaram, Johor. The output result of I-V and P-V will be used to compare with the reference.
Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available P...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2, temperature at 25 0C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387 %/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
A Management of power flow for DC Microgrid with Solar and Wind Energy SourcesAsoka Technologies
Today there is a rapid proliferation of DC loads into the market and DC micro grid with renewable energy sources is emerging as a possible solution to meet growing energy demand. As different energy sources like solar, wind, fuel cell, and diesel generators can be integrated into the DC grid, Management of power flow among the sources is essential. In this paper, a control strategy for Management of power flow in DC micro grid with solar and wind energy sources is presented. As the regulation of voltage profile is important in a standalone system, a dedicated converter is to be employed for maintaining the DC link voltage. DC link voltage is regulated by the battery circuit while maximum power is extracted from Solar and Wind to feed the loads connected at the DC bus. A power flow algorithm is developed to control among three sources in the DC Microgrid. The algorithm is tested for various load conditions and for fluctuations in solar and wind power in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovo...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic modules behave extraordinarily by transforming part of the visible spectrum into electrical energy, and their efficiencies are affected by the nature of radiation (light) reaching them. When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, this light may go through the cell without been absorbed if it is too energetic or if the light possesses low energy it will be absorbed by the cell and cause the electrons to twist and vibrate in their bonds without dislodging them, hence causing the cell to heat up which ultimately leads to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study is aimed to investigate how photovoltaics respond to different wavelengths of light. For the study to achieve its aim, colour filters were used to ensure that only a particular wavelength of light reaches the photovoltaic module at a time. In the process of collecting data from the solar panel, the solar panel was placed horizontally flat on a platform one meter above sea level facing the sun. Data was first obtained from the solar panel without the filters and after that with the filters placed one at a time and data collected accordingly. The amount of solar power and solar flux anytime a different colour filter was placed on the solar panel were measured. Among the coloured filter used yellow produced the highest efficiency, while blue produced the least efficiency. However, the solar panel was still more efficient when exposed to the natural spectrum.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SOLAR CHARGER AND COMPARING ITS CHARGING SPEEDS WITH A ...SukhpreetSingh164
Abstract of the Research Paper
Energy sources using exhaustible energy at its input are being discouraged because they cause significant damage to the environment and human beings. Solar energy is considered one among the clean and green energy sources because it takes sunlight as its input which is a renewable energy source. There are many places in the world where electricity is not constant or not available. There are also cases where solar energy is neglected by people simply because of a lack of knowledge of its efficiency, and it is basically considered non-efficient. The purpose of this research is to build a solar charger, test its workability, and compare its efficiency with a regular wall charger to provide information for it to be used by both rural and urban people. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used appropriately, and most efficient circuit parts and appropriate testers were used in this research study to achieve the objectives. It was found that the solar charger was almost as efficient as a regular wall charger. There were some factors which decrease the efficiency of the solar charger which may be analyzed by future researchers on this concept. In conclusion, after being found that a solar charger is as efficient as a regular wall charger, its use must be encouraged by both rural and urban people.
Keywords: Solar charger, wall charger, comparative study
Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available P...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2, temperature at 25 0C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387 %/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
A Management of power flow for DC Microgrid with Solar and Wind Energy SourcesAsoka Technologies
Today there is a rapid proliferation of DC loads into the market and DC micro grid with renewable energy sources is emerging as a possible solution to meet growing energy demand. As different energy sources like solar, wind, fuel cell, and diesel generators can be integrated into the DC grid, Management of power flow among the sources is essential. In this paper, a control strategy for Management of power flow in DC micro grid with solar and wind energy sources is presented. As the regulation of voltage profile is important in a standalone system, a dedicated converter is to be employed for maintaining the DC link voltage. DC link voltage is regulated by the battery circuit while maximum power is extracted from Solar and Wind to feed the loads connected at the DC bus. A power flow algorithm is developed to control among three sources in the DC Microgrid. The algorithm is tested for various load conditions and for fluctuations in solar and wind power in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
The impact of coloured filters on the performance of polycrystalline photovo...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic modules behave extraordinarily by transforming part of the visible spectrum into electrical energy, and their efficiencies are affected by the nature of radiation (light) reaching them. When light strikes a photovoltaic cell, this light may go through the cell without been absorbed if it is too energetic or if the light possesses low energy it will be absorbed by the cell and cause the electrons to twist and vibrate in their bonds without dislodging them, hence causing the cell to heat up which ultimately leads to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study is aimed to investigate how photovoltaics respond to different wavelengths of light. For the study to achieve its aim, colour filters were used to ensure that only a particular wavelength of light reaches the photovoltaic module at a time. In the process of collecting data from the solar panel, the solar panel was placed horizontally flat on a platform one meter above sea level facing the sun. Data was first obtained from the solar panel without the filters and after that with the filters placed one at a time and data collected accordingly. The amount of solar power and solar flux anytime a different colour filter was placed on the solar panel were measured. Among the coloured filter used yellow produced the highest efficiency, while blue produced the least efficiency. However, the solar panel was still more efficient when exposed to the natural spectrum.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
Photovoltaic Cell Fed 3-Phase Induction Motor Using MPPT TechniqueIAES-IJPEDS
This Paper emphasizes on proposing a cost effective photovoltaic (PV) fed 3 phase Induction motor drive which serves for rural pumping applications. Generally in a standalone system, the PV unit will charge the battery and the battery set up in turn will serve as a source for the inverter. A new single stage battery less power conversion is employed by designing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) embedded boost converter which makes the overall cost of the setup to go down considerably. The realized as a prototype consisting PV array of 500watts, MPPT aided boost converter, three phase inverter and a three phase squirrel cage induction drive of 300 watts. An efficient and low cost micro controller dspic4011 is used a platform to code and implement the prominent perturb and observe MPPT technique. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the control technique employed for the three phase inverter. To validate the experimental results simulation of the whole set up is carried out in matlab /simulink environment. Simulation and hardware results reveal that the system is versatile.
BUILDING AN EFFICIENT SOLAR CHARGER AND COMPARING ITS CHARGING SPEEDS WITH A ...SukhpreetSingh164
Abstract of the Research Paper
Energy sources using exhaustible energy at its input are being discouraged because they cause significant damage to the environment and human beings. Solar energy is considered one among the clean and green energy sources because it takes sunlight as its input which is a renewable energy source. There are many places in the world where electricity is not constant or not available. There are also cases where solar energy is neglected by people simply because of a lack of knowledge of its efficiency, and it is basically considered non-efficient. The purpose of this research is to build a solar charger, test its workability, and compare its efficiency with a regular wall charger to provide information for it to be used by both rural and urban people. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used appropriately, and most efficient circuit parts and appropriate testers were used in this research study to achieve the objectives. It was found that the solar charger was almost as efficient as a regular wall charger. There were some factors which decrease the efficiency of the solar charger which may be analyzed by future researchers on this concept. In conclusion, after being found that a solar charger is as efficient as a regular wall charger, its use must be encouraged by both rural and urban people.
Keywords: Solar charger, wall charger, comparative study
Frank Monroe Professional Persona ProjectFrank Monroe
The character represented by the voice of the speaker in a literary work. 2. personae The characters in a dramatic or literary work. 3. pl. personas The role that one assumes or displays in public or society; one's public image or personality, as distinguished from the inner self. This is mines, Frank D. Monroe also know as Khing Jus Wurk™.
ongressDenmark is a joint initiative by the Danish Ministry of Business and Growth and Danish Regions. CongressDenmark is your gateway to a better congress.
Consider Denmark for your next event!
Modeling and simulation of solar photovoltaic module using matlab simulinkeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents the modeling ,simulation and implementation of the solar photovoltaic cell using MATLAB/SIMULINK .The I-V ,
P-V & I-V characteristics are obtained for (1) Single solar cell module (2) Solar PV module with variable temp.& fixed radiation (3)
Solar PV module with fixed temp.& variable radiation with M.file and mathematical model using MATLAB/SIMULINK .
Index Terms: photovoltaic module, radiation, temperature, M.file, MATLAB/SIMULINK
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Comprehensive Review on Recent MPPT of a Solar PV Systems using Intelligent...ssuser793b4e
The uncertainty associated with modelling and performance of solar photovoltaic systems could be easily and efficiently solved by using Maximum power point techniques. During the past decade of 2010 to 2021, the classification of techniques based on intelligent, non- intelligent and their hybrid models are found as potential techniques for detecting the maximum power point of a photovoltaic system. In addition, for this decade there is no extensive and comprehensive review on applicability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for performance prediction and modelling of solar photovoltaic systems. Therefore, this article focuses on extensive review on design, modelling, maximum power point tracking, advantages, disadvantages of each technique, evolutionary trend, convergence and tracking speed, and output efficiency prediction of solar photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions and non-partial shading conditions using intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid techniques. Furthermore, a total of 77 selected articles on the solar PV tracking technique and their hybrid models together with the PV technology were reviewed. Total of 22 articles are reviewed and summarized in this review paper for the period of 2010 to 2021 with 12 articles in non- intelligent technique, 7 articles in intelligent technique and 3 articles in their hybrid form. The review showed the suitability and reliability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for accurate detection of maximum power point and the performance characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems. Finally, this review presents the guidance for the researchers and engineers in the field of solar photovoltaic systems to select the suitable techniques for enhancement of the performance characteristics of the solar photovoltaic systems and the utilization of the available solar radiation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Performance study of photovoltaic solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract
Energy is the driving force for any kind of economic and scientific development, automation, and innovation. Due to high
excursion rate of conventional energy sources, availability of conventional fuels is reducing day by day. Consequently their prices
are increasing very rapidly. Along with these they pollute atmosphere due to combustion and chemical process associated with
them. Considering all these it is needed to find nonconventional sources to meet up energy requirements. Worldwide ‘Solar
Energy’ is one of the most effective and popular nonconventional energy sources. Solar energy does not produce any pollutants
and is one of the cleanest energy sources. This can be used to produce electricity from sunlight, named solar power. Solar power
can be directly generated from PV cell or indirectly from concentrated solar power (CSP).
This paper focuses on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell for solar power. Therefore simulation is done to observe
efficiency for different changing conditions and parameters of solar cell electrical model and observe better efficiency for InGaAs
alloy.
Key Words: Solar power; Solar cell; PV; PV operation; Electricity generation; Electrical model; Solar cell materials;
Efficiency; Different parameters; Silicon; Indium Gallium Arsenide alloy.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
Study and Simulation of Inccond Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Alg...paperpublications3
Abstract: The entire world is facing a challenge to overcome the hurdle of energy crisis. It is fairly evident that a need exist for developing alternative energy sources. Amongst all the available renewable energy sources, solar energy appears to be a viable option as it is easily and widely available. If used in a proper way, it has a capacity to fulfill numerous energy needs of the world. Hence there is great scope of work in field of solar photovoltaic aiming at improved and efficient performances. Solar PV modules convert solar energy into electrical form but are having high non-linear current-voltage relationship which implies that they can operate at only one single point for maximum power. So extraction of maximum power in itself becomes a challenge under varying set of conditions of irradiation and temperature. A step by step approach is followed to analyze and address the problem with high frequency switching DC-DC converters that act as an interface between the module and the load and adjust the switching duty ratio so as to match the load line with that of Maximum Power Point load line. Further there exist various control algorithms to modify duty ratio. Their study is done and one such technique Incremental Conductance (IncCond) is used to process current and voltage of PV array to get the duty ratio. The results are obtained for changing radiation as well. In the present study, a review of Hill Climbing MPPT techniques, has been carried out with detailed flowcharts of algorithms and includes latest research papers published on MPPT techniques.
Modeling Combined Effect of Temperature, Irradiance, Series Resistance (Rs) a...IJLT EMAS
In this project a single solar cell performance is analysis with change in the various electrical and mechanical parameters. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current (I-V) and P-V of solar cell is varies with the influence electrical and mechanical parameters. In this project we analysis the solar cell with the following parameter such as temperature, irradiance and series resistance (R s) and shunt resistor (R sh). The analysis is done separate and combined effect of temperature and irradiance with series and shunt resistor. The single solar cell model is done by MATLAB-Simulink tool and the output under change in various parameters is verified.
Energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic network per meter squa...IJECEIAES
Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV array in three tracking positions are presented in this paper. This paper shows that the average electricity generated in North cities (Dohuk, Al-Sulaymaniyah, and Erbil) are less than the southern cities in the winter season (three positions) by about 40-50%. Iraq has a stable PV electrical generation during all the year in all regions except the North cities while the highest cities in electricity generation are (Najaf and Al-Anbar).
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...Yayah Zakaria
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence,
multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...IJECEIAES
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence, multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
Maximum power point tracking based on improved spotted hyena optimizer for s...IJECEIAES
The conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method such as perturb and observe (P&O) under partial shading conditions with non-uniform irradiation, can get trapped on local maximum power point (LMPP) and cannot reach global maximum power point (GMPP). This study proposes a bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithm spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) and improved SHO as a new MPPT technique. The proposed SHO-MPPT and improved SHO-MPPT are used to extract GMPP from solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays operated under uniform irradiation and non-uniform irradiation. Simulation with Powersim (PSIM) and experimental with the emulated PV source were presented. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, SHO-MPPT is compared with P&O-MPPT and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-MPPT. The SHO-MPPT has an accuracy of 99% and has the good capability, but there are power fluctuations before reaching MPP. Therefore, improved SHO-MPPT was developed to get better results. The improved SHO-MPPT proved high accuracy of 99% and faster than SHO-MPPT and PSO-MPPT in tracking the maximum power point (MPP). Furthermore, there are minor power fluctuations.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
70
within the PV device. The holes are swept into the p-layer and the electrons are swept into n-
layer. Although these opposite charges are attracted to each other, most of them can only
recombine by passing through an external circuit outside the material because of the internal
potential energy barrier (Kanevce, 2007). There are essentially 3 different types of PV Panels,
Crystalline Silicon, Amorphous Silicon and other Thin Film technology PV Panels.
Crystalline Silicon panels are the oldest, most reliable and highly efficient PV panels in the
market today. Crystalline Panels can be further divided into Mono-Crystalline and Poly-
Crystalline panels.
Polycrystalline Solar cells are made from ingots of pure silicon, cast in manner that forms
large crystalline grains. The ingot is sliced into wafers, which are then processed. The
electrical output of a single cell is dependent on the design of the device and the
semiconductor material(s) chosen, but is usually insufficient for most applications. In order
to provide useful power for any application, the individual solar cells described above must
be connected together to give the appropriate current and voltage levels and they must also
be protected from damage by the environment in which they operate.
The performance of a Solar PV module is strongly dependent on some environmental
conditions such as solar irradiance and temperature. Therefore, knowledge and understanding
of the PV module performance under site of installation operating conditions is of great
importance for correct product selection and accurate prediction of their energy performance.
Many Solar PV modules exhibit a poor performance in the field due to inaccurate prediction
of the module expected performance in the field. A significant part of the loss in their
performance is due to variation in solar irradiance, Nominal Operating Cell Temperatures
(NOCT), and other localized climatic conditions. Due to the variations of environmental
conditions at each site, the Standard Test Conditions (STC) may not represent real operating
conditions of PV module at the site of installation.
Several studies have been conducted on the analysis of the environmental factors that
influence PV module performance (González-Longatt, 2006, Dzimano, 2008, Mustapha et al.,
2009, and Kerr and Cuevas, 2003). Kerr and Cuevas , (2003) presented a new technique that
can determine the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of PV modules based on measuring
the open-circuit voltage (Voc) as a function of a light intensity. Dzimano(2008) investigated
the effects of temperature and radiation intensity on the performance parameters of
amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) photovoltaic module. Likewise Mustapha et al.,
(2009) investigated the effect of air mass factor on the performance of different types of PV
modules.
Maiduguri metropolis is the state Capital of Borno State. It is located in the Sahel Savanna
region of North-eastern Nigeria at latitude of 11o
51’ North and longitude 13o
09’ East and
350 m above sea level. It has relatively high average daily insolation ranging from 5
kWh/m2
/day to 7 kWh/m2
/day and higher solar altitude throughout the year, the average solar
radiation is about 550 W/m2
. Its mean annual rainfall and temperature are about 630 mm and
32o
C respectively.
3. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
71
This paper evaluates the performance of commercially used polycrystalline solar
photovoltaic module under Maiduguri weather conditions using solar irradiance and
atmospheric temperature as inputs parameters to the model.
2. Methodology
2.1 Modelling of PV Solar cell
Modelling of Solar PV cell involve the use of either the one-diode model or the two-diode
model to describe the electrical characteristics of solar cell. Each of these models establishes
relationships that enable current and voltage to be evaluated according to the irradiance and
temperature. The double-exponential model (with two diodes) is derived from the physics of
the p-n junction and is generally accepted as reflecting the behaviour of such cells, especially
those constructed from polycrystalline silicon. It is also suggested that cells constructed from
amorphous silicon, usually using thick-film deposition techniques, do not exhibit as sharp a
knee in the curve as do the crystalline types, and therefore the single exponential model (with
one diode) provides a better fit to such cells (Nema et al., 2010).
PV cells can be modelled as a current source in parallel with a diode. When there is no light
present to generate any current, the PV cell behaves like a diode i.e. a p-n junction. It
produces neither a current nor a voltage. However, if it is connected to an external supply it
generates current , called diode saturation current or dark current. As the intensity of
incident light increases, current is generated by the PV cell.
The equivalent circuit of the model which consists of a photo current, two diodes, a parallel
resistor expressing a leakage current, and a series resistor describing an internal
resistance to the current flow, is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: PV Cell Equivalent Circuit Model
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KVL), the terminal current of the cell is:
(1)
where is the light-generated current which is directly proportional to the light falling on
the cell i.e solar irradiance , linearly related to cell temperature , and depends on the
materials used and fabrication processes. The diodes current are noted as and . and
4. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
72
are series and shunt resistance of the solar cell respectively. and are the diode
saturation currents of (Equation 2) and (Equation 3) respectively.
(2)
(3)
(4)
where is an ideal factor, is the elementary charge of value 1.6x10-19
Coulombs, is a
Boltzmann’s constant of value 1.38x10-23
J/K, are the saturation current of the
two diodes. The two diodes can be combined to simplify the equation to:
(5)
The photo generated current is given as :
(6)
where , , are the cell’s short-circuit current , solar irradiance and cell’s temperature
at Standard Test Conditions (STC) respectively. is the short circuit current at
temperature is the cell’s short-circuit current temperature coefficient.
(7)
On the other hand, the cell’s saturation current varies with the cell temperature, which is
described as
(8)
where is the open circuit voltage at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is the bang-gap
energy of the semiconductor used in the cell. Band gap of silicon is 1.12eV and that of
germanium 0.66 eV (Parthasarathy et al., 2011).The saturation current depends on the
diffusion coefficient of electrons and holes and is highly sensitive to temperature changes.
The saturation current at reference temperature is given as:
(9)
Series resistance inside each cell is :
(10)
(11)
5. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
73
The most important parameters widely used for describing the cell electrical performance is
the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current . Short circuit current is the
greatest value of the current generated by a cell. It is produced by the short circuit conditions
i.e V=0. Since normally >> and ignoring the small diode and ground-leakage currents
under zero-terminal voltage, the short-circuit current is approximately equal to the
photocurrent .
(12)
Open circuit voltage correspond to the voltage drop across the diode (p-n junction) when it is
transverse by the photocurrent , namely when the generated currents I = 0. It reflects the
voltage of the cell in the night and it can be mathematically expressed as:
(13)
where is the thermal voltage
(14)
The temperature of solar cell significantly affects the output power of a solar module and it
depends exclusively on the irradiation G and on the ambient temperature , according to the
equation:
(15)
where is a constant given as
(16)
The maximum power can be expressed as
= (17)
where and are terminal voltage and output current of PV module at Maximum
Power Point (MPP), and is the cell Fill Factor (FF) and is given as the maximum power that
can be delivered to the load divided by the product of .
(18)
2.2 Solar PV Module
In most commercial PV products, PV cells are generally connected in series configuration to
form a PV module in order to obtain adequate working voltage. PV modules are then
arranged in series-parallel structure to achieve desired power output.
Let and be the number of cells in series and in parallel in one PV panel respectively. The output
voltage and current of the panel are given by:
(19)
6. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
74
(20)
3. Results and discussion
The KD 315 PV module was chosen for the evaluation due to its wide applications in
developing countries such as Nigeria. The KD 315 module provides 315W maximum power
at STC, and it has 80 polycrystalline silicon cells connected serially. The key specifications of
the module are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 KD 315 module specifications
KD 315 PV Module Parameters (Zdanowicz et al., 2004)
Standard Test Conditions (STC)
STC = 1000 W/M2
irradiance, 25o
C module temperature, AM 1.5 spectrum*
Maximum Power Pmp 315 W
Voltage @ Vmp Vmp 39.8 V
Current @ imp Imp 7.92 A
Open circuit Voltage Voc 49.2 V
Short circuit Current Isc 8.50 A
Power Tolerance Ptolerance +5/-3%
Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Conditions (NOCT)
NOCT = 800 W/M2
irradiance, 20o
C ambient temperature, AM 1.5 spectrum*
Temperature TNOCT 45 o
C
Maximum Power Pmp 226 W
Voltage @ Vmp Vmp 35.8 V
Current @ imp Imp 6.34A
Open circuit Voltage Voc 45.0 V
Short circuit Current Isc 6.88 A
Temperature Coefficients
Maximum Power Pmp -0.51 %/ o
C
Voltage @ Vmp Vmp -0.52 %/ o
C
Current @ imp Imp 0.0064 %/ o
C
Open circuit Voltage Voc -0.36 %/ o
C
Short circuit Current Isc 0.061 %/ o
C
Cell Operating Temperature Toc -40 to +90
The model of the PV module was implemented using a MATLAB program. Newton-Raphson
method was used to solve systems of nonlinear equations. The model parameters which
included voltage current and power were evaluated using daily temperature and solar
irradiance data obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Department, Maiduguri. The data
covered the twelve months (January to December) of the year 2010.
Figures 2 and 3 show the solar irradiances with respect to day and month respectively, for the
year 2010. The Figure 2 shows that the average daily insolation varied largely with periods.
The sunniest month in the year which was April (Figure 3) had an average insolation of 0.8
kW/m2
, which was about 37.5% more than the least sunny month in the year, August, which
received an average insolation of 0.5 kW/m2
. Also the average insolation throughout the year
was about 0.6 kW/m2
.
7. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
75
Figure 2: Annual daily solar irradiance
Figure 3: Solar irradiance vs month
Figures 4 and 5 show the ambient temperatures with respect to day and month respectively,
for the year 2010. The Figures reveal that month of April had the highest average temperature
of about 43o
C while month of August had the lowest average temperature of about 31o
C
which was 38.7% less than the highest average temperature. The average temperature of the
year was 37o
C, about 48% more than the temperature at STC.
Figure 4: Annual dailyambient temperature
8. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
76
Figure 5: Ambient temperature vs months
Figures 6 7 show that power generated varied with seasons. For example more power was
generated in the dry season (February to May) than in the rainy season (June to September). It
was also observed that power generated in the sunniest month of the year (April) was 39%
more than the power generated in August which was the least sunny month of the year. Power
generated in the sunniest month of the year was close to the theoretical maximum power level
assumed in solar panel specifications at STC. This suggests that the module can function
normally in this part of the country without difficulties.
Figure 6: Current vs time for a sample day
Figure 7: Power vs time for a sample month
9. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
77
Figures 8 and 9 show the effect of temperature on the voltage, current and power output
respectively, of a solar module. It was observed that module current increased by 0.1 A/o
C
with increase in temperature, while module voltage decreased by 0.05 V/o
C. On the other
hand, power increased with increase in temperature. It can be observed that currents increased
more rapidly than the voltage per degree rise in temperature. The consequence was that the
power (the product of the two) increased with temperature.
Figure 8: Module voltage/current vs temperature
Figure 9: Module power vs temperature
Figures 10 and 11 show Cell and Module I-V curves at different insolations. The results
reveal that as irradiance increased from 200 W/m2
to 1000 W/m2
at constant temperature, both
the cell and the module output current increased rapidly while the voltage remained almost
constant. For example, an increase in irradiance from 0.6 kW/m2
to 0.8 kW/m2
, increased the
module current by 36%. This indicates that irradiance has insignificant effect on the output
current than the output voltage.
10. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
78
Figure 10: I-V curves of solar cell at different irradiance levels
Figure 11: I-V curves for solar module at different irradiances
Figures 12 and 13 show cell and module I-V curves respectively, at various temperatures. It
was observed that as the cell and module temperature rose above the standard operating
temperature of 25o
C, the output current increased significantly while the output voltage
decreased slowly. Generally between 25o
C and 55o
C, the module voltage decreased by 9.5%
which is approximately 0.32% per degree Celsius while module current increased by 30.1%.
This indicates that the generation of electron-hole pair in the photovoltaic module which leads
to increase in the mobility within the p-n junction, increased the current of the module.
Figure 12: I-V curves of solar cell at various temperatures
11. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
79
Figure 13: I-V curves of solar module at various temperatures
Figures 14 and 15 show Cell and Module PV curves at different irradiances. These curves
reveal that as irradiance increased from 200 W/m2
to 1000 W/m2
at constant temperature, both
the cell and the module output power increased rapidly while the voltage remained almost
constant. For example, when the irradiance increased from 0.6 kW/m2
to 0.8 kW/m2
, the
module power increased by 22.2%. This indicates that module power is directly dependent on
the amount of solar irradiation striking the surface of the PV module.
Figure 14: I-V curves of solar cell at various irradiances
Figure 15: PV curves of solar module at various irradiances
12. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
80
Figures 16 and 17 show the cell and module PV curves respectively, at various temperatures.
It can be seen from these Figures that as the cell and module temperature rose above the
standard operating temperature of 25o
C, the output power increased significantly while the
output voltage decreased slowly. Generally increase in temperature from 25o
C to 75o
C
increased the power by 10.7%. This indicates that increase in temperature increased electron-
hole mobility within the p-n junction which lead to increase in power of the module.
Figure 16: PV curves of solar cell at various temperatures
Figure 17: I-V curves of solar module at various temperatures
4. Conclusions
The effect of environmental factors such as temperature and solar irradiation on the
performance of polycrystalline PV module in Maiduguri was examined. Simulation results
show that there is a direct proportionality between solar irradiation, temperature, output
current and power of the photovoltaic module. Also, the manufacturer’s nominal power of
220 W was achieved under the Maiduguri operating conditions. Thus it can be concluded that
the PV module investigated can be safely deployed without difficulty here in Maiduguri.
References
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13. Mustapha et al: Performance evaluation of polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module in weather conditions of
Maiduguri, Nigeria. AZOJETE, 9: 69-81, 2013
81
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