The document discusses microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sources such as thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and solar cells. It describes how energy harvesting works by capturing ambient energy sources and converting it to usable electric energy using transducers. Key technologies discussed include thin film thermoelectric converters made of bismuth telluride, thin film piezoelectric converters using materials like PZT and ZnO, and thin film solar cells fabricated through processes like e-beam evaporation and sputtering. Applications mentioned include powering devices for remote patient monitoring, machinery monitoring, and personal electronics.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
Various energy sources for wearable and IoT has been covered and explained.
Super-capacitor, Secondary cell and energy harvesting technology has been explained here. Thin film battery, Piezo electric energy harvesting, wireless charging and other technology has been explained.
Energy harvesting (EH), i.e. the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy, is a prominent research topic, with many promising applications nowadays in the civil engineering field. Its areas of application currently focus to the powering small autonomous wireless sensors (thus eliminating the need for wires), in structural health monitoring and building automation applications. Regarding the latter, the prospect to implement autonomous sensors inside a building that monitor relevant parameters (temperature, humidity, chemical agent concentration etc.), and transmit intermittently data to a central unit is a recent and rapidly grown business, helped by the standardization of wireless (Wi-Fi) data transmission.
This study focuses on the numerical analysis and testing of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, with possible applications for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. The development of the device is supported by ESA (the European Space Agency) under a program for the space technology transfer.
The EH device, harvests the airflow inside Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, using a piezoelectric component and an appropriate customizable aerodynamic appendix or fin that takes advantage of specific air flow effects (principally Vortex Shedding), and can be implemented for optimizing the energy consumption inside buildings.
In the present research, focus is given on different relevant modelling aspects, explored both using numerical methods (by means of FEM and CFD models) and in wind tunnel testing. In particular, different configurations for the piezoelectric bender (including rectangular, cylindrical and T-shaped) are modelled, tested and compared. The calibration of the numerical models, useful for the optimisation of the final design, and the electrical modelling and losses calculation for the EH circuit, are provided, and the effective energy harvesting potential of the working prototype device in laboratory conditions is assessed. Additional aspects relevant to the successful implementation of the research project are shown, including the final design of the device and the possible market impact.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how energy harvesters are becoming more economically feasible for the Internet of Things (IoT). Small amounts of energy can be harvested from vibrations, temperature differences, and radio frequencies using various types of electronic devices such as piezoelectric, MEMS, thermo-electric power generators, and other devices. As improvements in them occur and as the energy requirements of accelerometers, pressure sensors, gas detectors, bio-sensors, and readout circuits fall from microwatts to hundreds of nano-watts, energy harvesters become cheaper and better than are batteries. Improvements in energy harvesting are occurring in the form of higher power per area or higher power per temperature difference and improvements of about five times are expected to occur in the next 5 to 10 years. The market for energy harvesters is expected to reach $2.5 Billion by 2024. In addition to their impact on buildings and the other usual applications for IoT, they will also impact on agriculture, aircraft, and medical implants.
Paul Ahern - Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ReviewPaul Ahern
Mechanical energy is among the most plentiful and consistent energy sources in our day-to-day lives, which is available to us regardless of the whims of the weather or the cycles of day and night. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (PEH’s) are compact devices which allow the scavenging of low grade energy from ambient sources such as human and environmental vibrations, with the aim of using this energy to power autonomous electronic devices. Many decades of research and development in the field has led to commercially available devices based on piezoelectric materials which can be used to harvest milliwatts of energy from mechanical sources such as vibration, stress or strain.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
Various energy sources for wearable and IoT has been covered and explained.
Super-capacitor, Secondary cell and energy harvesting technology has been explained here. Thin film battery, Piezo electric energy harvesting, wireless charging and other technology has been explained.
Energy harvesting (EH), i.e. the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy, is a prominent research topic, with many promising applications nowadays in the civil engineering field. Its areas of application currently focus to the powering small autonomous wireless sensors (thus eliminating the need for wires), in structural health monitoring and building automation applications. Regarding the latter, the prospect to implement autonomous sensors inside a building that monitor relevant parameters (temperature, humidity, chemical agent concentration etc.), and transmit intermittently data to a central unit is a recent and rapidly grown business, helped by the standardization of wireless (Wi-Fi) data transmission.
This study focuses on the numerical analysis and testing of a high efficiency Energy Harvesting device, based on piezoelectric materials, with possible applications for the sustainability of smart buildings, structures and infrastructures. The development of the device is supported by ESA (the European Space Agency) under a program for the space technology transfer.
The EH device, harvests the airflow inside Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, using a piezoelectric component and an appropriate customizable aerodynamic appendix or fin that takes advantage of specific air flow effects (principally Vortex Shedding), and can be implemented for optimizing the energy consumption inside buildings.
In the present research, focus is given on different relevant modelling aspects, explored both using numerical methods (by means of FEM and CFD models) and in wind tunnel testing. In particular, different configurations for the piezoelectric bender (including rectangular, cylindrical and T-shaped) are modelled, tested and compared. The calibration of the numerical models, useful for the optimisation of the final design, and the electrical modelling and losses calculation for the EH circuit, are provided, and the effective energy harvesting potential of the working prototype device in laboratory conditions is assessed. Additional aspects relevant to the successful implementation of the research project are shown, including the final design of the device and the possible market impact.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how energy harvesters are becoming more economically feasible for the Internet of Things (IoT). Small amounts of energy can be harvested from vibrations, temperature differences, and radio frequencies using various types of electronic devices such as piezoelectric, MEMS, thermo-electric power generators, and other devices. As improvements in them occur and as the energy requirements of accelerometers, pressure sensors, gas detectors, bio-sensors, and readout circuits fall from microwatts to hundreds of nano-watts, energy harvesters become cheaper and better than are batteries. Improvements in energy harvesting are occurring in the form of higher power per area or higher power per temperature difference and improvements of about five times are expected to occur in the next 5 to 10 years. The market for energy harvesters is expected to reach $2.5 Billion by 2024. In addition to their impact on buildings and the other usual applications for IoT, they will also impact on agriculture, aircraft, and medical implants.
Paul Ahern - Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ReviewPaul Ahern
Mechanical energy is among the most plentiful and consistent energy sources in our day-to-day lives, which is available to us regardless of the whims of the weather or the cycles of day and night. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (PEH’s) are compact devices which allow the scavenging of low grade energy from ambient sources such as human and environmental vibrations, with the aim of using this energy to power autonomous electronic devices. Many decades of research and development in the field has led to commercially available devices based on piezoelectric materials which can be used to harvest milliwatts of energy from mechanical sources such as vibration, stress or strain.
Development of a Wireless Sensors Network powered by Energy Harvesting techni...Daniele Costarella
Develer Workshop:
A workshop focused on the principles and benefits of applying the Energy Harvesting techniques on Wireless Sensor Networks. The contents come from my Better Embedded 2013 talk.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of a Non-linear Single Degree of ...Rathish Chandra Gatti,Ph.D
There is an increasing need for sensors to be selfpowered
and hence autonomous in order to operate in remote and
inaccessible locations for long periods of time. Amongst the
various ambient sources of energy, mechanical vibration is a viable
wasted source of energy and can be found in rotating equipment
including generators, motors and compressors as well as
structures including bridges. The current research deals with
developing a novel non-linear single degree of freedom
electromagnetic vibration energy harvester using spatial variation
of the magnetic field.
Initially, approximate linear methods using Laplace transforms
and the linear state space methods were considered, where the
magnetic field and hence the coupling coefficient were considered
as constants. The linear methods were used to derive the frequency
response behavior of the system and also its eigenvalues to
determine the approximate resonant frequency range. This was
followed by more accurate non-linear single degree of freedom
electromagnetic energy harvester model simulation considering
the spatial variation of the magnetic field and hence a spatially
varying coupling coefficient. An experiment of the single degreeof-
freedom one-direction electromagnetic vibration energy
harvester (SDOF1D EMVEH) prototype was conducted for a
range of frequencies to obtain the time domain data to validate
against the theoretical data obtained from theoretical time domain
simulation.
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
The Spansion Energy Harvesting family includes the MB39C811, an ultra-low-power buck PMIC with dual input that enables efficient harvesting from both solar and vibration energy; and the MB39C831, an ultra-low-voltage boost PMIC for solar or thermal. The Spansion Energy Harvesting family of devices works seamlessly with Spansion FM0+ microcontrollers (MCUs), ultra-low-power microcontrollers (based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ core) for industrial and cost-sensitive applications with low-power requirements.
Learn more: http://www.spansion.com/Products/Analog/Energy-Harvesting-PMICs/Pages/pmic-eh.aspx
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nanogenerator: Electricity with a pinch of your fingerAKANKSHA SINGHAL
To meet rising energy demand, scientists are continuously working on coming up with new sources of electricity generation. Professor Z.L.Wang made one such successful attempt by developing a device that is able to convert mechanical/thermal energy (which otherwise goes waste) into useful electrical energy with the help of piezoelectric effect. This device is called Nanogenerator. The applications,classification, fabrication techniques of Nanogenerator etc are discussed in the presentation.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
Development of a Wireless Sensors Network powered by Energy Harvesting techni...Daniele Costarella
Develer Workshop:
A workshop focused on the principles and benefits of applying the Energy Harvesting techniques on Wireless Sensor Networks. The contents come from my Better Embedded 2013 talk.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of a Non-linear Single Degree of ...Rathish Chandra Gatti,Ph.D
There is an increasing need for sensors to be selfpowered
and hence autonomous in order to operate in remote and
inaccessible locations for long periods of time. Amongst the
various ambient sources of energy, mechanical vibration is a viable
wasted source of energy and can be found in rotating equipment
including generators, motors and compressors as well as
structures including bridges. The current research deals with
developing a novel non-linear single degree of freedom
electromagnetic vibration energy harvester using spatial variation
of the magnetic field.
Initially, approximate linear methods using Laplace transforms
and the linear state space methods were considered, where the
magnetic field and hence the coupling coefficient were considered
as constants. The linear methods were used to derive the frequency
response behavior of the system and also its eigenvalues to
determine the approximate resonant frequency range. This was
followed by more accurate non-linear single degree of freedom
electromagnetic energy harvester model simulation considering
the spatial variation of the magnetic field and hence a spatially
varying coupling coefficient. An experiment of the single degreeof-
freedom one-direction electromagnetic vibration energy
harvester (SDOF1D EMVEH) prototype was conducted for a
range of frequencies to obtain the time domain data to validate
against the theoretical data obtained from theoretical time domain
simulation.
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
The Spansion Energy Harvesting family includes the MB39C811, an ultra-low-power buck PMIC with dual input that enables efficient harvesting from both solar and vibration energy; and the MB39C831, an ultra-low-voltage boost PMIC for solar or thermal. The Spansion Energy Harvesting family of devices works seamlessly with Spansion FM0+ microcontrollers (MCUs), ultra-low-power microcontrollers (based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ core) for industrial and cost-sensitive applications with low-power requirements.
Learn more: http://www.spansion.com/Products/Analog/Energy-Harvesting-PMICs/Pages/pmic-eh.aspx
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nanogenerator: Electricity with a pinch of your fingerAKANKSHA SINGHAL
To meet rising energy demand, scientists are continuously working on coming up with new sources of electricity generation. Professor Z.L.Wang made one such successful attempt by developing a device that is able to convert mechanical/thermal energy (which otherwise goes waste) into useful electrical energy with the help of piezoelectric effect. This device is called Nanogenerator. The applications,classification, fabrication techniques of Nanogenerator etc are discussed in the presentation.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. The efficiency of solar PV is very low. In order to increase the efficiency, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are to be undertaken to match the source and load property. These techniques are employed in PV systems to make full utilization of PV array output power. Recently, many MPPT algorithms of PV system have been proposed which depends on solar irradiation and temperature, but perturb and observe (P&O) and Incremental conductance algorithms are basic and most widely used. This project firstly introduces a Mat lab Simulink of photovoltaic array. To achieve the maximum power point tracking the Incremental Conductance method and perturb and observed (P&O) method are used. These two algorithms are employed with PV model along with converter in Mat lab Simulink. Three different converter boost, buck boost and cuk converter are design according to requirement and used. Few comparisons such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination have been recorded. Irfan Khan | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5743.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/5743/modeling-and-simulation-of-solar--photovoltaic-system/irfan-khan
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
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This paper presented the study, development and implementation of the maximum power point of a photovoltaic energy generator adapted by elevator converter and controlled by a maximum power point command. In order to improve photovoltaic system performance and to force the photovoltaic generator to operate at its maximum power point, the idea of the context of this paper deals with the exploitation of the technique of the artificial intelligence mechanism (neural network) certainly based on the three parts of the photovoltaic system (photovoltaic module inputs (temperature and solar radiation), photovoltaic module and control (MPPT)) that have been adopted within a simulation time of 24 hours. In addition, to reach the optimal operating point regardless of variations in climatic conditions, the use of a neuron network based disturbance and observation algorithm (P&O) is put into service of the system given its reliability, its simplicity and view that at any time it can follow the desired maximum power. The entire system is implemented in the Matlab / Simulink environment where simulation results obtained are very promising and have shown the effectiveness and speed of neural technology that still require a learning base so to improve the performance of photovoltaic systems and exploit them in energy production, as well as this technique has proved that these results are much better in terms (of its very great precision and speed of computation) than those of the controller based on the conventional MPPT method P&O.
Power Generation Using Piezoelectric TransducerIJERA Editor
The most basic need of today’s world is energy which is non-renewable source of energy available on earth. The
need is increasing day by day, to overcome this there is requirement of energy harvesting. This paper attempts
to show how man has been utilizing and optimizing kinetic energy. Current work also illustrates the working
principle of piezoelectric crystal and various sources of vibration for the crystal. “The idea of energy harvesting
is applicable to sensors as well as transducers that are placed and operated on some entities for a long time to
replace the sensor module batteries. Such sensors are commonly called self-powered sensors.” Embarked
piezoelectric transducer, which is an electromechanical converter, undergoes mechanical vibrations therefore
produce electricity. This power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street
lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Power Estimation for Wearable Piezoelectric Energy HarvesterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this research work is to estimate the amount of electricity produced to power up wearable devices using a piezoelectric actuator, as an alternative to external power supply. A prototype of the device has been designed to continuously rotate a piezoelectric actuator mounted on a cantilever beam. A MATLAB® simulation was done to predict the amount of power harvested from human kinetic energy. Further simulation was conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics® to model a cantilever beam with piezoelectric layer. With the base excitation and the presence of tip mass at the beam, the natural frequencies and mode shapes have been analyzed to improve the amount of energy harvested. In this work, it was estimated that a maximum amount of power that could be generated is 250 μW with up to 5.5V DC output. The outcome from this research works will aid in optimising the design of the energy harvester. This research work provides optimistic possibility in harvesting sufficient energy required for wearable devices.
Latest ppt on renewable energy sources power generation in world and india has been included ind the presentation. This might be helpful for those keen to know renewable power comparison in world and india
Similar to Microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sources (20)
Sputtering of Ga-doped ZnO nanocoatings on silicon for piezoelectric transducersMariya Aleksandrova
This talk was delivered on the 8TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “TechSys 2019” – ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, Technical University of Sofia, Plovdiv Branch, 16-18 May 2019. The research is funded by BNSF’s grant KП06-Н27/1.
Results from fabrication and study of flexible piezoelectric harvesting device with ZnO nanostructured film are reported. Enhanced piezoelectric response is achieved in term of voltage to thickness ratio due to the nanobranched structure of the ZnO. The results are related to project “Study of the piezoelectric response of layered microgenerators on flexible substrates” - DH 07/13, funded by Bulgarian National Science Fund. Any collaborations are welcome! If you are interested, please write us at m_aleksandrova@tu-sofia.bg.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
Microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sources
1. Microelectronic technologies for alternative energy sources
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mariya Aleksandrova
Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Department of Microelectronics – Materials Science
and Thin Films Division
E-mail: m_aleksandrova@tu-sofia.bg
05 June 2020
Government V.Y.T.PG.Autonomous College Durg’s webinar
devoted to the World Environment Day
1
2. Outline:
• Introduction to Energy Harvesting (EH)
• Driving forces for development of Energy Harvesting-based power
• How does EH work?
• Sources of energy and energy conversion
• Applications
• Microelectronic technologies for thermoelectric convertors. Thin film
thermoconvertors
• Microelectronic technologies for piezoelectric convertors. Thin film
piezoconvertors – sharing our Lab experience.
• Microelectronic technologies for solar cells fabrication. Thin film solar cells –
joint project with Prof. Dr. Ajaya K. Singh and his team under the program for
cooperation in the field of science and technology between India and
Bulgaria (2019-2021).
2
3. Introduction to Energy Harvesting (EH)
• Energy Harvesting (EH) is also known as Power Harvesting or Energy Scavenging and it is
the process in which energy is captured from a variety of ambient energy sources of
non-electric energy to be converted into usable electric energy for power supply (green
energy).
• Energy harvesters provide small amount of power, suitable only for low-power
consuming electronics, because they capture small amount of solar, thermal of
vibrational energy, which is typically dissipated and wasted in ambient.
• EH allows low-power portable electronic devices to operate if conventional power
supply cannot be used, thus eliminating the need for wires or batteries.
https://www.akm.com
3
4. Driving forces for development of Energy Harvesting-based power
1) Transducing elements, converting the energy from one form to another improve their
performance. New developed materials and technologies (nanomaterials and
nanotechnologies) significantly increased the efficiency of all of them (solar,
thermoelectric and piezoelectric, shown below. The areas are few square centimeters).
Solar panel Thermoarray Vibrational beam
2) Low-power circuits require less power. While the power available from transducers has
been increasing, the power needed to run electronic circuits has been continuously
decreasing.
3) Electronics costs are getting down faster than battery costs. Soon, if a battery is
needed, it can represent a major fraction of the total device cost. In addition, the size of
the battery cannot be further decreased, so the electronic modules would be too large.
4) Devices reliability depends on the power source reliability. Batteries are based on
chemical processes that have many different failure modes, according to the working mode
(temperature, voltage and their variation).
4
5. How does EH work?
• An energy harvester consists of one or more transducers, power conditioning (impedance
matching circuit), and energy storage. These technologies work together to collect energy
and deliver power to the device. On the other hand, the device which uses the energy needs
to be designed to work with energy harvesting as the power source.
Light RF/Electromagnetic Vibration Thermal
Processor Sensor Actuator
Power conditioning is necessary because the natural output of the transducer may show
unsuitable parameters (frequency, voltage and current) to be directly used for device power
supply. A specialized DC-DC and AC-DC converter microchips are used, depending on the
output voltage type (DC, AC low-frequency, AC-high frequency, unipolar, bipolar, etc.).
Energy storage is needed when the harvesting device is not active to balance the energy
supply and energy demand (rechargeable battery, capacitor, or supercapacitor is used).
Tan Nguyen, Introduction to Energy Harvesting
5
6. Sources of energy
Light Energy: This source can be divided into two
types: room light and sunlight energy. Light
energy can be captured via solar photovoltaic
(PV) panels (cells)
Mechanical Energy: Vibrations and pressure from
machines, mechanical stress, strain from high-
pressure motors, manufacturing machines,
cars, acoustic waves and weather conditions
(wind/rain) can be source of kinetical energy
and can be captured via piezoelectric
generators.
Thermal Energy: Waste heat energy variations
from furnaces, heaters, weather conditions,
engines can be captured via thermoelectric
convertors.
Electromagnetic Energy: Inductors, coils, and
transformers can be considered as RF energy
sources and can be captured via antenna.
Human Body: Mechanical and
thermal (heat variations)
energy can be generated
from a human or animal
body by actions such as
walking and running;
6
7. Transducer (energy
convertor)
Challenges Impedance Typical
generated
voltage
Typical output
power
Solar generator To achieve large
yields from a small
area and to generate
a wide range of
voltages.
Varies according
to the light input
between 1-90 кΩ
DC 0,5-5 V
according to the
cell size
5-15 mW
Piezoelectric generator To achieve broad
range of operation
(vibrational)
frequencies and
higher currents to
gain power.
Constant
impedance > 100
кΩ
AC 0,1-1 V
according to the
size
1-200 µW
Thermoelectric
generator
To achieve large yield
at small temperature
difference.
Constant
impedance, 100
Ω
DC 0,1-5 V
according to the
size
0,5 mW-10 mW
(20oC gradient)
RF generator To achieve effective
rectification at ultra-
high frequencies.
Constant
impedance , 1
кΩ
AC 0,5-5V
according to the
distance
0,1 mW – 0,1 W
Energy conversion per cm sq.
7
9. Adapted from Design News, Accessed May 2019
Applications of microelectronic energy harvesters for power supply
of low consuming electronics
- Remote patient monitoring - Home automation
- Tracking systems - Implantable sensors
- Machinery/equipment monitoring - Devices for personal use
9
10. 10
Microelectronic thin film growth technologies are involved
materials for
evaporation
copper or graphite
pocket evaporator
water cooling
system
filament
10kV
accelerating
aperture
electron
beam
magnetic field
for e-beam
bending
substrate
melt
vaporized flux
vapor flux
substrate holder
substrate
current
controller
vacuum
chamber
to the vacuum
pump
water cooling
system
evaporator
Vacuum thermal evaporation of Al,
Ag, Au, Ni, or Cu electrodes
Photocondverting, piezoconverting, or
thermoconverting compounds like CdTe,
ZnSe, InP (solar cell), Bi2Te3, SeSb
(thermoelectric) etc. grow by vacuum e-
beam evaporation.
Metal-oxide coatings BaSrTiO3, ZnO
(piezoelectric), ITO, TiO2, SiO2 (front electrode
and filters) grow by vacuum reactive
sputtering.
-DC (or ~RF)
+DC (or ground)
substrate holder
(anode) substrate
thin film
plasma
cathode
water cooling
system
shield
Ar+ Ar+
inert gas
(Ar) ions
ejected
particle
target
Ar
Ar
Ar Ar
---
electron
-DC (or ~RF)
+DC (or ground)
substrate holder
(anode) substrate
thin film
plasma
cathode
water cooling
system
shield
Ar+Ar+ Ar+Ar+
inert gas
(Ar) ions
ejected
particle
target
Ar
Ar
Ar Ar
------
electron
11. 11
Microelectronic technologies for thermoelectric convertors.
Thin film thermoconvertors
Seebeck effect in thermoelectric energy
harvesting
• At electrical contact between two semiconductors of different dopant type, respectively of
different thermal and electrical conductivity, if the mutual connecting point is exposed to
one temperature and their free ends to another, this temperature difference causes
voltage generation.
• Thermoelectric conversion depends on the dopant concentration, mobility of major charge
carriers, electric and thermal conductivity along the thermolegs and Schottky barrier at
the electrodes.
• Semiconductor with suitable properties
for this purpose is bismuth telluride,
doped with antimony (Sb) and selenium
(Se) to obtain n-type and p-type domains.
• It is characterized by a high Seebeck
coefficient ≥ (180-280) .10-6 V/K at room
temperature.DOI: 10.1155/2013/232438
12. 12
• Challenges at thin film thermoconvertor
fabrication – cold and hot side are too close
so their thermal fields cannot be effectively
separated and affect to each other, thus
decreasing the temperature difference
across the element.
Bulk vs. thin film thermoelectric convertors
• When selecting a substrate for the thermo-couples growth, thermal coefficients of linear
expansion have to be close to each other, in order to avoid mechanical stress induced by
the different degrees of change in the geometric dimensions when changing the
temperature.
Applications of thermoelectric generators for autonomous power supply of GPS system
or systems for monitoring the human body's performance in biomedical electronics.
13. 13
Microelectronic technologies for piezoelectric convertors. Thin film piezoconvertors.
• Piezoelectric generators arise mainly because of the
idea human body movements to serve as a source of
mechanical loading for piezoelectric materials and thus to
produce amount of charge, which could power supply
portable low power consumers that a persons bring.
• Due to non-ideality of the devices and energy losses at mechanical to electrical energy
conversions, and because the devices have to be small and light-weight, only few micro-
Watts or even few hundred of nano-Watts could be produced – that’s why
nanogenerators. In addition, the films integrated in the device are nano-sized.
15. 15
- Degree of displacement of the symmetric centers for positive and negative charges.
This can be controlled by the growth conditions and doping concentration of certain
dopants like Ti, Ba, Sr, Pb, Zr.
- Pb(ZrxTi1-xO3) – PZT
- Quartz
- BaSrTiO3
- ZnO
- Element geometry - beveled trapezoidal beams generate more electrical energy than
the strip shaped. The membrane type occupies an intermediate place.
Factors affecting the energy conversion efficiency
https://csclub.uwaterloo.ca/
Sensors 2014, 14
16. 16
Factors affecting the energy conversion efficiency
- Piezoelectric material thickness: 200
μm - 2 mm - matter of compromise
between efficiency and mechanical
durability, i.e. it depends on the
application and the maximum applied
force. There are piezo-harvesting
elements with a piezofilm thickness of
200-500 nm.
- The location and patterning of the
electrodes relative to the mechanical
deformation is also important for the
extraction of the generated charges.
Interdigitated electrodes are more
suitable for d31/g31 mode, than for
d33/g33 mode i.e. according to the
direction of the force applied with
respect to the the crystal orientation
and charge accumulation sides).
17. 17
Applications of this type of harvesters
Piezoelectric micro-generator converting kinetic
energy from falling rain drops into electricity –
front glass on the cars. Piezoelectric polymer PVDF
is pulverized on glass substrate and has thickness
of 2.5 micrometers to produce 450 mV voltage per
square centimeter.
MEMS microphones in GSMs - the "diaphragm"
design is very susceptible to a mechanical wave
with sound frequency. Since the frequency of the
signal to be transformed covers a wide range of
20Hz-20kHz, the moving part must be light enough
to follow the quick changes, so it is made from a
membrane with certain elastic and electrical
properties – most often PVDF.
Alternative keyboard under the
conventional, shoe activated by
walking, and many others.
18. 18
Sharing our Lab’s experience – project “Study of flexible piezoelectric layered
nanogenerators” DN07/13 BNSF
SEM image of the surface morphology of 3D nanobranched ZnO sputtered on a PEDOT:PSS-coated flexible
substrate and oscillogram of the generated piezoelectric voltage at low mass loading and low frequency.
The critical limits for the device functioning in terms of mechanical loading are 11,000 bends at dynamic
loading (350 gr/cm2 mass loading and 10 Hz cyclic repeating of the loading), and 3.6 kg at static loading.
The function of PEDOT:PSS is to enhance the mechanical stability of the entire microdevice, and to serve
as an amorphous sublayer for non-ordered ZnO growth. It is believed that in this way, the obtained laterally
aligned nanobranches on a bendable substrate will be subjected to maximal deformation without incurring
a fast degradation process
Characterization of Piezoelectric Microgenerator with Nanobranched ZnO Grown on a Polymer Coated Flexible
Substrate, M Aleksandrova, G Kolev, Y Vucheva, H Pathan, K Denishev, Applied Sciences 7 (9), 890, 2017.
19. 19
Sharing our Lab’s experience
Cross section and top view of nanowires grown by template-assisted
filling of sputtered piezoelectric KNbO3 in an anodic aluminum oxide,
as well as the generated voltage at mass load of 50 g/cm2, 50 Hz. It
exhibits excellent piezoelectric response due to the increased specific
area as compared to non-structured films and it can be used as multi-
sensor (pressure and pyroelectric) due to linear response and
sensitivity.
Sensing Ability of Ferroelectric Oxide Nanowires Grown in Templates
of NanoporesM Aleksandrova, T Tsanev, A Gupta, AK Singh,
G Dobrikov, V Videkov, Materials 13 (7), 1777, 2020
20. 20
Sharing our Lab’s experience – project “Study of flexible piezoelectric layered
nanogenerators” DN07/13 BNSF
Screen printed poly[(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene] - P(VDF-TrFE) ink on flexible
1 2 3
0
200
400
600
800
AlAuAg
piezoelectricvoltage,mV
types of metal electrodes
rectangular
meander
side comb
0 200 400 600 800 100012001400
300
400
500
600
700
800
side comb
meander
rectangular
piezoelectricvoltage,mV
number of bends
Yield and stability of the piezoelectric voltage produced from PVDF-TrFe samples with different metal
electrodes and different patterns of the electrodes at maximum mass load of 100 g and low frequency of 20 Hz.
21. 21
Sharing our Lab’s experience – project “Study of flexible piezoelectric layered
nanogenerators” DN07/13 BNSF
1D
1C
pI
pC
PEH equivalent
electronic circuit
– (+)
+ (–)
2D
2C
3D
3C
4D
in
)(tvp
BV CAPV
Super capacitor
+
–
out
4C
+
–
0
0.18
1
)(hoursTime
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
Outputvoltage(V)
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
Quadrupler circuit, experimentally measured voltage from single piezoelectric
harvesting on a micro supercapacitor for charging and a prototype of a real charging
system that can serve as alternative power supply.
22. 22
Microelectronic technologies for solar cells fabrication.
Thin film solar cells
• Converting light energy into electrical voltage is a photovoltaic effect. The
generated electrical signal is DC in nature. To produce the generator's electric
poles, P and N type semiconductors are needed (most commonly silicon).
Sunlight spectrum (intensity vs. wavelength)
– UV+visible+infrared
Silicon solar cell general structure
• Silicon has a bandgap of 1.14 eV i.e. covers a small part of the spectrum, from
infrared to red-orange band of the visible range, or about 1/3 of the total
spectrum of white light.
https://redlightman.com/
23. 23
Joint project between the Government V.Y.T.PG.Autonomous College Durg
and the Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Title of the Project:‘Ultrahigh-Efficiency lead free Perovskite solar Cells’
Project coordinator for India: Prof. Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh
Project coordinator for Bulgaria: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mariya Aleksandrova
Duration: September 2019- September 2021
Thin film solar cells
AIMS:
- To fabricate a very high quality lead free organic-inorganic perovskite solar cell.
- To increase the efficiency of photo-voltaic solar cell to absorb solar light with high
efficiency.
- To find perovskite material’s stability and addressing environmental concerns are aspects
requiring attention.
- Perovskite solar cell exhibits low stability, so we will attempt to find a perfect method to
increase its stability.
- Band gap is also an important factor which mainly depends on choice of materials. This
band gap can be tune by exchanging halide ions.
24. 24
Optical losses in the solar cells
Optical losses – 30% of the incident light is lost due to:
• Multiple refraction and
reflection during traveling
through different layers.
• Polycrystalline nature of
some semiconductors
with multiple internal
reflections at the grain
boundaries.
• Surface roughness of
the layers (microscopic
image of layer’s cross-
section).
• Front electrode - transparent (indium-tin oxide ITO, 300-400 nm). It incorporates thin
and narrow metal strips, mostly silver (10-15 nm), forming a metal grid that does not
interfere the transparency, but help to collect the generated charge.
• Anti-reflection coating - optical bandwidth filter transmitting the visible light range. At
the same time, it must be rejecter or reflective for the infrared (thermal) component of
the sun and UV protective. Suitable materials are SiO2 and TiO2, alternating in a certain
sequence and with a thickness (20-100nm), according to their refractive index.
25. 25
Optical filtering in the perovskite solar cells – our results
Sputtering of ZnO-doped by Ga (GZO) and co-sputtering with indium-tin oxide (ITO)
Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) images of sputtered on glass a) single GZO film;
b) bi-layer ITO/GZO without additional oxidation; c) with 10 % and d) with 20% of
additional oxidation.
GZO – average roughness of 13 nm ITO(70 nm)/GZO(40 nm)- avg. roughness 16 nm
ITO/GZO1 – roughness 9.5 nm ITO/GZO2 - roughness 7.1nm
26. 26
Optical filtering in the perovskite solar cells – our results
Sputtering of ZnO-doped by Ga (GZO) and co-sputtering with indium-tin oxide (ITO)
200 300 400 500 600 700
0
20
40
60
80
100
GZO
ITO/GZO
ITO/GZO1
ITO/GZO2
Transmittance,%
Wavelength, nm
0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ITO/GZO2
ITO/GZO1
ITO/GZO
GZO
Reflectance,%
Wavelength, m
Optical transmittance in the UV-VIS range and reflection in the NIR range of single layer
of GZO and bi-layer coatings ITO/GZO without and with additional oxidation during
sputtering.
Transmission of visible light enhanced from 90.9 % to 93.3%, rejection of the infrared
component greater than 65 % for ITO/GZO system with additional oxidation of GZO
during sputtering.
27. 27
E, eV
3
4
5
6
4.3
ITO
4.4
4.23
GZO
GZO2 CdS/ZnSQD
perovskite
3.9
6
4.1
Al
3.8
5.3
Optical filtering in the perovskite solar cells – our results
Sputtering of ZnO-doped by Ga (GZO) and co-sputtering with indium-tin oxide (ITO)
Energy band diagram of CdS/ZnS core-
shell quantum dots/perovskite solar cell
with optimal ITO/GZO2 film as
transparent conductive electrode.
Results are from ultraviolet
photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS).
Fabrication of Transparent ITO/Ga-Doped ZnO Coating as a Front Panel Electrode
toward Efficient Thin Film Solar Cells, Mariya Aleksandrova, Tsvetozar Tsanev, Tatyana
Ivanova, Kostadinka Gesheva, Velichka Strijkova, Jai Singh, Ajaya Kumar Singh ,
Published: 13 May 2020 by MDPI AG in 2nd Coatings and Interfaces Web Conference
session Advances in Coatings and Surface Characterization , submitted for Coatings
MDPI.
28. 28
Alternative Energy Sources, Materials & Technologies (AESMT’20) – Monday 8th of
June virtual session, Role of the absorber layer in the thin film solar cells with
perovskites, M. P. Aleksandrova, G. D. Kolev, R.Tomov, A. K. Singh, K. C. Mohite,
G.H.Dobrikov.
ZnS/CdSe core-shell /(CH3NH3)3Sb2ClxI9-x
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
4
8
12
16
with sulphide layer
without sulphide layer
Internalefficiency,%
PI
, W/cm
2
Dependence of the current density on
the thickness of the absorbing layer.
Comparison between the efficiency of the
solar cell without and with buffer
absorbing layer with optimal thickness.
29. 29
Future work related to comparison of bulk vs. thin film solar cells
Advantages of thin film technology for photovoltaic cell production over bulk cells:
- a small thickness that results in a small diffusion length of the charge carriers;
- high speed of extraction of the charges through the contacts;
- material savings and low weight – cost-efficiency and portability;
- possibility of using several types of microelectronic technologies for obtaining the
thin films with a precise adjustment of the microstructure and composition, and
thus fin tuning of the electro-optical parameters;
- possibility to grow the cell films on flexible substrates.
Disadvantage:
- possible parasitic recombination of generated electron-hole pairs due to their
difficult separation into the thin nano-sized film.
- if vacuum-free deposition processes are used, impurities and defects could be
incorporated in the film. It has low density and the cell exhibit lower efficiency.
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Option for low-cost deposition of photoconductive film from solution (precursor).
The equipment is simple, the process is fast and the parameters for control are
small number (temperature, stream pressure, aerosol size (nozzle size)).
The technology to be used for solutions – spray deposition
31. 31
https://shakepeers.org
• An approach to increase the efficiency is to build
multilayer structure, in which every coating is
responsible for absorption of target wavelength
range. The order of deposition should be in line
with the semiconductor bandgap and its ability to
absorb preferentially shorter or longer
wavelengths.
Future works: Alternative to the multilayer technology is the core-shell technology
Keeping the structure simple, single
layer of dispersed core-shell quantum
dots with different absorbing abilities
can eventually replace the left structure.
32. 32
Volt-ampere characteristics at
different operational temperatures
and sun irradiation intensities
η – solar cell efficiency, %;
А – irradiated area, m2;
Popt – irradiance, W/m2
FF-fill factor;
PMPP – nominal power over
the load, W;
UOC – open circuit voltage;
ISC – short circuit current.
Integrated circuits developed to
process the signal from solar cells
BQ25504 - Texas Instruments Inc.
MAX17710 - Maxim Integrated Prod.
MAS6011 - Micro Analog Systems.
LTC4071 - Linear Technology Corp.
Basic parameters and characteristics of solar cells and implementation