Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website. The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443

1. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND THERMAL
– HYBRID SYSTEM
Karan Prajapati
11BME083, 7th Semester, Mechanical Engineering, School of
Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Seminar Topic
Mentor
Dr. Jatin Patel, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

2. Flow of Presentation
 Solar Energy Scenario in India
 Introduction
 Problem in Semi-conductor
 Solar PV&T System
 Classification of PV&T System
 Performance
 Literature Review
 Conclusion
 Ideas for Innovation
 References
2

3. Solar Energy Scenario in India
 The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 1500-2000 sunshine
hours every year.
 India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production per watt installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to
1,900 kWh/KWp.
 By January 2014, the installed grid connected solar power had increased to 2,208.36 MW and India expects to
install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017 and a total of 20,000 MW by 2022.
 Gujarat has been a leader in solar power generation and contributes almost 2/3rd of photovoltaics in the country.
 A 4,000 MW Ultra Mega Green Solar Power Project (UMPP) is being built near Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan
(under consideration on shifting to Surendranagar, Gujarat), would be able to produce power for around
Rs.5/kWh.
3

4. Source: Ernst & Young, Mapping India’s Renewable Energy growth potential: Status and Outlook 2013
4

5. Introduction
The electrical efficiency of Solar Panel/Module ranges from 12% to 16% at STC: solar
spectrum of AM 1.5, irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and module temperature at 25 ˚C.
Temperature of PV module is increased by absorbed radiation which isn’t converted into
electricity – decreasing the electrical efficiency.
For c-Si and pc- Si, the electrical efficiency decreases about 0.45%/ ˚C.
For a-Si, the electrical efficiency decreases about 0.25% / ˚C.
5

6. Problem in Semi-conductor
 Increase in temperature, decreases the band gap of a semi-conductor.
 This increases the energy of electrons – lower energy is needed by electron to break the
bond.
 Result – Increase in short-circuit current where as decrease in the open-circuit voltage.
 Overall, decrease in the maximum power out.
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7. Solar PV/T System
 To increase the electrical efficiency of PV Panel, cooling needs to be done.
 The heat is extracted from the surface of solar panel by using heat extraction
device.
 The heat extraction device is coupled with solar photovoltaic panel – The
Hybrid System.
 Proper fluid circulation – air or water is done inside the heat extraction device.
 Heat extraction device usually is heat exchanger fitted at rear surface of solar
panel.
 So, the system converts the solar energy into electricity and heat
simultaneously.
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8. Classification of Solar PV&T System
Air Type PV&T System
 Natural or Forced circulation – simple and
low cost method.
 Less effective if the ambient temperature is
over 20 degree C.
 Overall efficiency – lower than water type.
 Type
 Fully wetted absorber type
Water Type PV&T System
 Generally, forced convection preferred.
 More effective than air type.
 Practical device for domestic hot water
usage.
 Overall efficiency – higher than air type.
 Types
 Sheet and Tube absorber type
 Fully wetted absorber type
8

9. Contd.
Glazed Type
 Whole system in an insulated collector
box with a glass cover.
 High thermal efficiency.
 Less electrical efficiency.
Unglazed Type
 They are regular PV panels with no glass
cover.
 Less thermal efficiency.
 High electrical efficiency.
9

10. Performance
Electrical Efficiency
 Depends mainly on the incoming solar radiation and the PV module temperature.
ɳel - Electrical efficiency
Apvt - Collector area [m2]
G - Irradiance on the collector surface [W/m2]
Im – Current of PV module at max. power
Vm – Voltage of PV module at max. power.
10

11. Contd.
Thermal Efficiency
 Function of solar radiation (G), mean fluid temperature (Tm) and ambient temperature (Ta).
 ɳo is the thermal efficiency at zero reduced temperature and α1 is the heat loss co-efficient.
ɳth - Thermal efficiency
Apvt - Collector area [m2]
To - Collector outlet water temperature [°C]
Ti - Collector inlet water temperature [°C]
ṁ - Mass flow rate [kg/s]
Cp - Specific heat of Water [J/kg K]
G - Irradiance on the collector surface [W/m2]
11

12. 12
Authors Research Paper Name Major Findings
S.C. Solanki,
S. Dubey and
A. Tiwari
Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic
thermal (PV/T) air collectors, 2009
Electrical Efficiency: 8.4%
Thermal Efficiency: 42%
The indoor simulation results were same as outdoor tests
M.Y. Othman,
A. Ibrahim,
G.L. Jin,
M. H. Ruslan and
K. Sopian
Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology - The
future energy technology, 2013
Overall efficiency: 39%-70%
Double pass solar PV/T collector with fins and CPC showed
better electrical and thermal performance than other models.
J.H. Kim and J.T. Kim A simulation study of air type building
integrated photovoltaic/thermal system, 2012
The BIPV/T system that circulates the indoor air and runs the
obtained heat source indoors is favourable in terms of building
heating and cooling, along with overall energy, because the
effect of the heating energy reduction is relatively greater than
that of the electricity generation increase.
J.H. Kim and J.T. Kim The experimental performance of an unglazed
PV-thermal collector with a fully wetted
absorber, 2012
Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 51%
Avg. Electrical Efficiency: 14.6%
The electrical efficiency of the PV/T collector depends on the
fluid temperature, which can directly affect the PV module
temperature; the electrical power is high under the condition of
lower fluid temperature.
Literature Survey

13. 13
K. Jaiganesh and
Dr. K. Duraiswamy
Experimental study of enhancing the
performance of PV panel integrated with Solar
Thermal system, 2013
G2G PVT
Electrical Efficiency: 11.65%
Thermal Efficiency: 44.37%
G2G PV
Electrical Efficiency: 10.95%
T.T. Chow,
A.L.S. Chan,
K.F. Fong,
Z. Lin, W. He and
J. Ji
Annual performance on BIPV/T water heating
system, 2009
Electrical Efficiency: 9.39%
Thermal Efficiency: 37.5%
The overall heat transmission through the PV/T water
wall is reduced to 38% of the normal building facade.
M.N. Abu Baker,
M. Othman,
M.H. Din,
N.A. Manaf and
H. Jarimi
Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-
fluid photovoltaic /thermal (PV/T) solar
collector., 2014
Avg. Electrical Efficiency: 10.92%
Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 40.57%
Overall efficiency increases with increase in water flow
rate
F. Shan,
F. Tang,
L. Cao and
G. Fang
Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid
photovoltaic-thermal solar collector, 2014
Photovoltaic power and thermal power decreases with
increase in the refrigerant temperature.
Heat transfer Coefficient: 20 to 100 times higher than
air or water
Contd.

14. Literature Review - 1
Introduction
 Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collectors by S.C. Solanki, Swapnil Dubey and Arvind
Tiwari
 In this paper, a PV/T solar heater system has been designed, fabricated and its performance over different operating conditions
were studied.
 The experiments were carried out in indoor condition and parameters were measured by varying the mass flow rate of air and solar
intensity.
 Indoor Simulator
 Three PV modules (mono crystalline silicon solar cells) of glass to tedlar type, 75 Wp, 1.2m X 0.45m, mounted on a wooden duct. Provision for
inlet and outlet air to pass below the PV module through the duct. The duct has dimension – 1.2m X 0.45m X 0.04m. Outlet of first collector is
the inlet of second collector and so on. A dc fan of 12 V and 1.5 A is used for circulation of air and rheostat is used for varying the mass flow rate
of flowing air.
 Solar Simulator
 16 tungsten halogen lamps each having 500W, rated at 240V and 11A. An exhaust fan is used to reduce the cell temperature by withdrawing the
thermal energy.
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15. Experimental Setup
15
1. Photograph of wooden duct
before mounting PV module.
2. Photograph of electrical
connections and measuring
instruments.
3. Photograph of PV/T solar
heater.
Conclusion
The thermal and electrical
efficiency of the solar
heater is 42% and 8.4%,
respectively.

16. Experimental Results
16

17. Literature Review - 5
Introduction
17
 Experimental Study of Enhancing The Performance of PV Panel Integrated with Solar Thermal
System by K. Jaiganesh and Dr. K. Duraiswamy.
 Fig. 1 shows the G2G type PV panel, it works as like the conventional PV panel and it directly converts
the light energy in to electrical energy.
 At the same time the bottom glass of G2G - PV panel stores more heat energy in it, which is greater
than the heat at the bottom of G2T type PV panel.
 The thermal system placed behinds the PV panel observes the heat energy and reduce the temperature
of the G2G-PV panel.
 By this method the temperature of PV panel was reduced for improve the electrical efficiency.

18. 18
Experimental Setup

19. 19
Experimental Result
• Electrical Performance, G2G PVT – 260.08 W
and G2T PV – 243.97 W.
• The average electrical efficiency of G2G PVT
and G2T PV Panels are 11.65% and 10.95%
respectively.
• Thermal efficiency of the G2G PVT system was 44.37%. So, over-all efficiency is 56.02%.
• The thermal conductivity of the tedlar is very low so the efficiency of the combined solar
PV/T system also low.
• The result showed that when the solar radiation increased, the electrical output also increased
along with temperature.

20. Literature Review - 7
Introduction
20
 Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar
collector by Mohd Nazari Abu Bakar; Mahmod Othman; Mahadzir Hj Din; Norain A.
Manaf and Hasila Jarimi .
 When both fluids (water and air) are utilized as the working fluids, the collector is known as a
bi-fluid PV/T solar collector.
 The simulations were done using Matlab software with 2D steady state analysis.
 The design of a simple unglazed bi-fluid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collector which
integrates a conventional serpentine-shaped copper tube flat plate water solar collector with a
single pass air solar collector is presented.

21. 21
Different Views of collector: -
(a) Side view cross-section,
(b) Front view cross-section,
(c) Top view cross-section.
The collector consists of
(1) PV module,
(2) Serpentine copper tube,
(3) Insulation layer.
Result
Avg. Electrical Efficiency: 10.92%
Avg. Thermal Efficiency: 40.57%
Experimental Setup of Collector

22. Literature Review - 8
Introduction
 Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar collector by F.
Shan, F. Tang, L. Cao and G. Fang
 The main benefit of using refrigerant as working fluid is that the boiling heat transfer
coefficient and the condensation heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerants are significantly
higher (20 to 100 times higher) than the single phase convective heat transfer coefficient (air or
water).
 R410a refrigerant is used.
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23. Result
23

24. Conclusion
 Solar PV/T systems are helpful for CO2 mitigation and earning the carbon credits.
 Air type solar PV/T system has performance lower than water type solar type PV/T system.
 The thermal performance of a coverless PV/T collector is reduced especially at high temperatures due to
heat losses from the top. However, the coverless PV/T collectors have a better electrical performance.
 Heat transfer temperature difference should be kept optimized.
 Refrigerant-based PV/T could significantly improve the solar utilization rate over the air- and water- based
systems.
 The accelerated use of PV will result in more than 100 giga-tonnes (Gt) of CO2 emission reduction during
the period of between 2008 and 2050.
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25. Ideas for Innovation
 Provision for Solar PV&T System in Solar Canal Top Project in Gujarat.
 Air Type
 Water Type
 Creating Dual type PV&T System: Glass Cover can be put on or removed
from the glazed type PV&T system according to environment requirement.
 Winter Condition
 Summer Condition
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26. References
1. Solar Power in India - en.wikipedia.org
2. Effect of Temperature – www.pveducation.org
3. S.A. Kalogirou , Y. Tripanagnostopoulos - Hybrid PV&T solar systems for domestic hot water and electricity
production
4. Jin - Hee Kim , Jun-Tae Kim - The experimental performance of an unglazed PV-thermal collector with a fully
wetted absorber
5. History of PV-integrated Systems, Pg. 29 – 73, Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Modules and Their Applications
6. S.C. Solanki, S. Dubey, A. Tiwari. Indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collectors.
Applied Energy 2009; 86: 2421–2428.
7. M.Y. Othman, A. Ibrahim, G.L. Jin, M. H. Ruslan, K. Sopian. Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology - The future
energy technology. Renewable Energy 2013; 49: 171-174.
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27. Contd.
8. K. Jaiganesh, Dr. K. Duraiswamy. Experimental study of enhancing the performance of PV panel integrated with
Solar Thermal system. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 5 No 4 Aug-Sep 2013, ISSN:
0975-4024.
9. M.N. Abu Baker, M. Othman, M.H. Din, N.A. Manaf, H. Jarimi. Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-
fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector. Renewable Energy 2014; 67: 153-164.
10. F. Shan, F. Tang, L. Cao, G. Fang. Dynamic characteristics modelling of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar
collector. Energy and buildings 2014; 78: 215-221.
11. Technology Roadmap-Solar photovoltaic energy, International Energy Agency, <http://www.iea-pvps.org>; 2010.
12. X. Zhanga, X. Zhao, S. Smitha, J. Xub, X. Yu. Review of R&D progress and practical application of the solar
photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2012; 16: 599– 617.
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28. “India is facing a perfect storm of factors that will drive
solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption at a furious pace over the
next five years and beyond.”
- BRIDGE TO INDIA and GTM Research, Report 2011
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