Abstract An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluids with the objective of the development of environmentally acceptable non-damaging and inhibitive drilling fluid system to drill sensitive formations. Initially, different drilling fluids combinations were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (low viscosity grade), polyanionic cellulose, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride. The rheological properties as well as filtration properties of these drilling fluids were measured by API recommended methods. These drilling fluids show very good rheological behavior but poor filtration loss characteristics. When fly ash was added in these drilling fluid combinations, a nanoparticles fluid system was established which has better control on filtration properties without affecting the rheological properties and has good potential for the drilling of sensitive formations. Index Terms: Filtrate Loss Properties, Rheological Properties, Wellbore Instability, Inhibitive Drilling Fluid, Nanoparticles, Shale.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
This document investigates the potential use of untreated or treated textile effluent as mixing water in concrete. Various stages of treated textile effluent were tested as replacements for potable water, including collection tank water, anaerobic outlet water, tertiary clarifier water, and reverse osmosis feed water. Concrete specimens made with these effluents were evaluated based on setting time, workability, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. The results showed that anaerobic outlet water produced higher compressive strength in concrete compared to potable water. It was concluded that anaerobic outlet water can be used as an alternative to fresh water for mixing concrete.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Use of Clay and Cemented Clay as Landfill Lin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the use of clay and cement-stabilized clay as landfill liner materials. It describes how two reactors were set up, with one using clay and the other using cement-stabilized clay as liners. Leachate was synthetically prepared and passed through the liners. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the leachate before and after passing through the liners to analyze pH, turbidity, chloride content, and COD over a 28 day period. The study found that both clay and cement-stabilized clay were able to significantly reduce pollutants in the leachate, with the cement-stabilized clay performing slightly better at removing turbidity and COD.
IRJET- A Laboratory Investigation on Type III Micro-Surfacing with differ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation on Type III micro-surfacing using different mineral fillers. The investigation tested micro-surfacing mixes containing stone dust, fly ash, and ordinary Portland cement as fillers. Tests were performed to determine setting times, consistency, optimum residual bitumen content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that mixes containing fly ash performed better than those with stone dust or cement, showing better setting times and abrasion resistance. Micro-surfacing is a cost-effective pavement preservation technique that can extend the life of roads and reduce environmental impacts compared to hot mix asphalt. It involves applying a mixture of aggregates, polymer-modified emulsion, and mineral fillers to the road surface.
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
ö New Orleans 2012 draft paper 2011.01.27Tomasz Najder
This document provides information on rock grouting projects using polyurethane (PUR) resins in Iceland and Turkey. It summarizes projects from 1993-2009 that involved grouting in extreme geological and weather conditions. PUR and other resins like urea-silicate were used for grouting to improve rock stability, seal cracks, and fill cavities in complex basalt formations with high water flows. The document discusses the chemical properties and applications of one-component and two-component PUR resins as well as urea-silicate hybrid resins. It also summarizes specific projects in Iceland that demonstrated the effectiveness of PUR for grouting in cold temperatures and high water pressures/flows.
IRJET- Mitigation of Effect of Sulphate in Lime Stabilized Marine ClayIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on mitigating the effect of sulphate in lime stabilized marine clay. Marine clay samples were collected from Cochin, India and treated with varying concentrations of lime and additives like sodium sulphate and barium hydroxide. Tests were conducted to determine the sulphate content, unconfined compression strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, and specific gravity of the treated soil samples. The study aims to understand how barium hydroxide can reduce the long-term deleterious effects of sulphate on lime-treated marine clays.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
This document investigates the potential use of untreated or treated textile effluent as mixing water in concrete. Various stages of treated textile effluent were tested as replacements for potable water, including collection tank water, anaerobic outlet water, tertiary clarifier water, and reverse osmosis feed water. Concrete specimens made with these effluents were evaluated based on setting time, workability, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. The results showed that anaerobic outlet water produced higher compressive strength in concrete compared to potable water. It was concluded that anaerobic outlet water can be used as an alternative to fresh water for mixing concrete.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Use of Clay and Cemented Clay as Landfill Lin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the use of clay and cement-stabilized clay as landfill liner materials. It describes how two reactors were set up, with one using clay and the other using cement-stabilized clay as liners. Leachate was synthetically prepared and passed through the liners. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the leachate before and after passing through the liners to analyze pH, turbidity, chloride content, and COD over a 28 day period. The study found that both clay and cement-stabilized clay were able to significantly reduce pollutants in the leachate, with the cement-stabilized clay performing slightly better at removing turbidity and COD.
IRJET- A Laboratory Investigation on Type III Micro-Surfacing with differ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation on Type III micro-surfacing using different mineral fillers. The investigation tested micro-surfacing mixes containing stone dust, fly ash, and ordinary Portland cement as fillers. Tests were performed to determine setting times, consistency, optimum residual bitumen content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that mixes containing fly ash performed better than those with stone dust or cement, showing better setting times and abrasion resistance. Micro-surfacing is a cost-effective pavement preservation technique that can extend the life of roads and reduce environmental impacts compared to hot mix asphalt. It involves applying a mixture of aggregates, polymer-modified emulsion, and mineral fillers to the road surface.
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
ö New Orleans 2012 draft paper 2011.01.27Tomasz Najder
This document provides information on rock grouting projects using polyurethane (PUR) resins in Iceland and Turkey. It summarizes projects from 1993-2009 that involved grouting in extreme geological and weather conditions. PUR and other resins like urea-silicate were used for grouting to improve rock stability, seal cracks, and fill cavities in complex basalt formations with high water flows. The document discusses the chemical properties and applications of one-component and two-component PUR resins as well as urea-silicate hybrid resins. It also summarizes specific projects in Iceland that demonstrated the effectiveness of PUR for grouting in cold temperatures and high water pressures/flows.
IRJET- Mitigation of Effect of Sulphate in Lime Stabilized Marine ClayIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on mitigating the effect of sulphate in lime stabilized marine clay. Marine clay samples were collected from Cochin, India and treated with varying concentrations of lime and additives like sodium sulphate and barium hydroxide. Tests were conducted to determine the sulphate content, unconfined compression strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, free swell index, and specific gravity of the treated soil samples. The study aims to understand how barium hydroxide can reduce the long-term deleterious effects of sulphate on lime-treated marine clays.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study on Improvement of Bearing Capacity of Soil by GroutingIRJET Journal
1) The study examines using grouting to improve the bearing capacity of soil by injecting sodium silicate.
2) Laboratory tests on sandy soil and grouted soil found that grouted soil had higher plastic limit, liquid limit, maximum dry density from compaction testing, and California Bearing Ratio values.
3) Grouting the sandy soil with sodium silicate increased the soil's strength properties and bearing capacity in a cost-effective manner.
ABSTRACT
This experiment examined the effect of mud thinner on drilling fluid density and viscosity. The function of mud thinner is to control and reduce the apparent density of the mud by calculate the amount of water that needed to decrease the density. The experiment was conducted by using one basic mud as the comparison for second experiment that has 10.7ppg mud density, then it uses mud thinner to achieve the exact mud density that required in this experiment which is 10.2ppg. Also, this experiment was undertaken with the purpose of decrease the density of the drilling fluid as well as to measure the properties of the drilling fluids and compare it with the last experiment. In general, to proceed with the experiment in order to achieve the goals mentioned, a range of instruments were selected such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite, Barite and soda ash mixed with water to control the density of the mud.
1. The document discusses a study on the effect of contamination on water-based drilling mud. Salt (NaCl) was added to fresh water mud at 0.1% to study its effects.
2. Testing found that adding NaCl increased the mud density to 9.08 ppg and maintained a pH of 8. Filtrate volume was measured at 22 cc after 30 minutes. Mud cake thickness was recorded as 3.42 mm.
3. The plastic viscosity was 6 cP, apparent viscosity was 20 cP, and yield point was 28 lb/100ft2. Gel strengths were 30 lb/100ft2 at 10 seconds and 31 lb/100ft2 at 10 minutes.
This document discusses different types of admixtures that are added to concrete mixtures to improve their properties. It describes 10 main categories of admixtures including air-entraining, water-reducing, accelerating, retarding, and mineral admixtures. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of various admixtures such as air-entrainers, superplasticizers, fly ash, and silica fume. The document focuses in particular on how these admixtures improve the workability, strength, and durability of hardened concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses various types of additives and admixtures used in cement and concrete construction. It describes additives that are added during cement manufacturing to modify properties, such as accelerators to speed strength development or retarders to extend settling time. Admixtures are added during concrete mixing and include air entraining, plasticizing, water reducing, accelerating, and retarding types. Two common waterproofing systems are described - cementitious systems that contain Portland cement and an active agent applied as a coating, and integral systems where admixtures are mixed into the concrete to make the entire structure waterproof without additional membranes or coatings.
Use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives in various kinds of high performance and high strength concrete is essential. I have explained how it works.
IRJET- Effect of Recycled Aggregates on the Mechanical Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of recycled aggregates on the mechanical properties of concrete. The study investigated the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) at varying percentages of recycled aggregates, from 0% to 100%. It also examined two techniques for modifying recycled aggregate properties: pre-saturation and polymer impregnation. The results showed that using 60% recycled aggregates with polymer impregnation increased compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths compared to other methods. Replacement of natural aggregates up to 60% with polymer-treated recycled aggregates improved strength properties the most.
Determination of Effect Bentonite and Additives On Drilling FluidsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Drilling fluids Play a vital role in hole Cleaning suspension of cuttings, prevent caving, and ensure the tightness of the well wall. Moreover they also help in cooling and lubricating the drilling tool, transfer the hydraulic power and carry information about the nature of the drilled formation by raising the cuttings from the bottom to the surface, using a simple mixture of water and clays, to complex mixtures of various specific organic and inorganic products as additives. These additives improve fluid rheological properties and filtration capability, allowing bits to penetrate heterogeneous geological formations The mud used in this work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and pH of the samples when chemical additives are added.
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
This document summarizes a presentation on flotation processes for wastewater treatment. It discusses how flotation works to separate solids from water by decreasing density. It also describes the components of a flotation system and challenges like rising sludge and bulking sludge. The author argues that using a high rate dissolved air flotation unit before sedimentation can help address these issues and improve effluent quality and plant efficiency compared to conventional activated sludge alone.
This document discusses self-curing or internal curing concrete, which provides internal water reservoirs through the use of materials like lightweight aggregates or super absorbent polymers to hydrate cement particles. Proper curing is important for concrete to develop strength and durability. Self-curing concrete reduces the need for external curing and can perform better in areas without sufficient water for curing. The document examines using polyvinyl alcohol as a self-curing agent and finds that it helps retain water in concrete and reduces weight loss compared to conventional mixes without compromising strength. Self-curing concrete offers advantages like reduced cracking, permeability and improved durability.
hello everybody,
My name is Ashish Kumar pursuing the diploma in civil engineering(2016-19) from GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
This is a powerpoint presentation on Concrete Admixtures(Department of Civil Engineering)
share and like this ppt if you learn something new from this.
Thank You.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
IRJET- Utilization of Rice Straw Ash in Mortar MixesIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses utilizing rice straw ash (RSA) as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in mortar mixes. RSA is an agricultural waste material rich in silica.
2. Several studies examined replacing cement and sand in mortar with RSA ranging from 0-30%. Results showed RSA increased compressive strength and decreased water permeability at replacement levels up to 10%. Initial and final setting times increased with higher RSA content.
3. The utilization of RSA provides benefits like improving mechanical properties of mortar, reducing environmental waste, and conserving natural resources. Overall, partial replacement of cement and sand in mortar with RSA improves strength properties and represents a sustainable use of agricultural waste.
This document discusses various materials used in concrete including water, additives, and reinforcements. It describes how water is necessary for hydrating cement but too much water decreases concrete strength. It also explains different types of additives like air entraining agents, retarders, accelerators, waterproofers, pozzolanas, pigments, and workability agents that are added to concrete to improve properties. Reinforcement is discussed as providing strength and integrity to concrete structures.
Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containin...inventionjournals
The document evaluates the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containing oil. It finds that the mixing method (whether oil is mixed with cement or sand) has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties of the mortar. Both mixing methods followed the same trend of inhibited hydration and reduced compressive strength with increased oil content. Specifically, oil increased flow and setting time but decreased density and air content for both mixing methods. Compressive strength was reduced by 75-77% with 10% oil content, irrespective of mixing method. The calorimetry results also showed that both mixing methods followed the same trend of inhibited hydration due to oil incorporation.
Monawer Iqbal is applying for the position of Safety Officer. He has over 15 years of experience in various safety roles. He has a diploma in Industrial Safety Management and Fire & Safety Management. His experience includes working as an HSE Officer on railway projects in Abu Dhabi and as a Safety Officer on various industrial projects in India. He has extensive experience conducting safety training, inspections, investigations, and ensuring compliance with safety standards. He is proficient in English, Hindi, and Urdu and has qualifications in computer applications and fire safety.
Jolnnan Jose Pinzon valderrama , Edixon Daniel Bautista Morantesjose peñaloza
El documento presenta información sobre varios temas, incluyendo el alcoholismo, las drogas, la violencia y teoremas matemáticos. Habla sobre las consecuencias del alcoholismo para la salud y la sociedad, y describe cómo Portugal legalizó el consumo de drogas para combatir la criminalidad, lo que resultó en una reducción del uso de drogas. También explica conceptos de violencia y presenta el Teorema de Pitágoras y cómo resolver problemas utilizando este teorema.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study on Improvement of Bearing Capacity of Soil by GroutingIRJET Journal
1) The study examines using grouting to improve the bearing capacity of soil by injecting sodium silicate.
2) Laboratory tests on sandy soil and grouted soil found that grouted soil had higher plastic limit, liquid limit, maximum dry density from compaction testing, and California Bearing Ratio values.
3) Grouting the sandy soil with sodium silicate increased the soil's strength properties and bearing capacity in a cost-effective manner.
ABSTRACT
This experiment examined the effect of mud thinner on drilling fluid density and viscosity. The function of mud thinner is to control and reduce the apparent density of the mud by calculate the amount of water that needed to decrease the density. The experiment was conducted by using one basic mud as the comparison for second experiment that has 10.7ppg mud density, then it uses mud thinner to achieve the exact mud density that required in this experiment which is 10.2ppg. Also, this experiment was undertaken with the purpose of decrease the density of the drilling fluid as well as to measure the properties of the drilling fluids and compare it with the last experiment. In general, to proceed with the experiment in order to achieve the goals mentioned, a range of instruments were selected such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite, Barite and soda ash mixed with water to control the density of the mud.
1. The document discusses a study on the effect of contamination on water-based drilling mud. Salt (NaCl) was added to fresh water mud at 0.1% to study its effects.
2. Testing found that adding NaCl increased the mud density to 9.08 ppg and maintained a pH of 8. Filtrate volume was measured at 22 cc after 30 minutes. Mud cake thickness was recorded as 3.42 mm.
3. The plastic viscosity was 6 cP, apparent viscosity was 20 cP, and yield point was 28 lb/100ft2. Gel strengths were 30 lb/100ft2 at 10 seconds and 31 lb/100ft2 at 10 minutes.
This document discusses different types of admixtures that are added to concrete mixtures to improve their properties. It describes 10 main categories of admixtures including air-entraining, water-reducing, accelerating, retarding, and mineral admixtures. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of various admixtures such as air-entrainers, superplasticizers, fly ash, and silica fume. The document focuses in particular on how these admixtures improve the workability, strength, and durability of hardened concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses various types of additives and admixtures used in cement and concrete construction. It describes additives that are added during cement manufacturing to modify properties, such as accelerators to speed strength development or retarders to extend settling time. Admixtures are added during concrete mixing and include air entraining, plasticizing, water reducing, accelerating, and retarding types. Two common waterproofing systems are described - cementitious systems that contain Portland cement and an active agent applied as a coating, and integral systems where admixtures are mixed into the concrete to make the entire structure waterproof without additional membranes or coatings.
Use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives in various kinds of high performance and high strength concrete is essential. I have explained how it works.
IRJET- Effect of Recycled Aggregates on the Mechanical Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of recycled aggregates on the mechanical properties of concrete. The study investigated the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) at varying percentages of recycled aggregates, from 0% to 100%. It also examined two techniques for modifying recycled aggregate properties: pre-saturation and polymer impregnation. The results showed that using 60% recycled aggregates with polymer impregnation increased compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths compared to other methods. Replacement of natural aggregates up to 60% with polymer-treated recycled aggregates improved strength properties the most.
Determination of Effect Bentonite and Additives On Drilling FluidsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Drilling fluids Play a vital role in hole Cleaning suspension of cuttings, prevent caving, and ensure the tightness of the well wall. Moreover they also help in cooling and lubricating the drilling tool, transfer the hydraulic power and carry information about the nature of the drilled formation by raising the cuttings from the bottom to the surface, using a simple mixture of water and clays, to complex mixtures of various specific organic and inorganic products as additives. These additives improve fluid rheological properties and filtration capability, allowing bits to penetrate heterogeneous geological formations The mud used in this work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and pH of the samples when chemical additives are added.
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
This document summarizes a presentation on flotation processes for wastewater treatment. It discusses how flotation works to separate solids from water by decreasing density. It also describes the components of a flotation system and challenges like rising sludge and bulking sludge. The author argues that using a high rate dissolved air flotation unit before sedimentation can help address these issues and improve effluent quality and plant efficiency compared to conventional activated sludge alone.
This document discusses self-curing or internal curing concrete, which provides internal water reservoirs through the use of materials like lightweight aggregates or super absorbent polymers to hydrate cement particles. Proper curing is important for concrete to develop strength and durability. Self-curing concrete reduces the need for external curing and can perform better in areas without sufficient water for curing. The document examines using polyvinyl alcohol as a self-curing agent and finds that it helps retain water in concrete and reduces weight loss compared to conventional mixes without compromising strength. Self-curing concrete offers advantages like reduced cracking, permeability and improved durability.
hello everybody,
My name is Ashish Kumar pursuing the diploma in civil engineering(2016-19) from GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
This is a powerpoint presentation on Concrete Admixtures(Department of Civil Engineering)
share and like this ppt if you learn something new from this.
Thank You.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
IRJET- Utilization of Rice Straw Ash in Mortar MixesIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses utilizing rice straw ash (RSA) as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in mortar mixes. RSA is an agricultural waste material rich in silica.
2. Several studies examined replacing cement and sand in mortar with RSA ranging from 0-30%. Results showed RSA increased compressive strength and decreased water permeability at replacement levels up to 10%. Initial and final setting times increased with higher RSA content.
3. The utilization of RSA provides benefits like improving mechanical properties of mortar, reducing environmental waste, and conserving natural resources. Overall, partial replacement of cement and sand in mortar with RSA improves strength properties and represents a sustainable use of agricultural waste.
This document discusses various materials used in concrete including water, additives, and reinforcements. It describes how water is necessary for hydrating cement but too much water decreases concrete strength. It also explains different types of additives like air entraining agents, retarders, accelerators, waterproofers, pozzolanas, pigments, and workability agents that are added to concrete to improve properties. Reinforcement is discussed as providing strength and integrity to concrete structures.
Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containin...inventionjournals
The document evaluates the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containing oil. It finds that the mixing method (whether oil is mixed with cement or sand) has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties of the mortar. Both mixing methods followed the same trend of inhibited hydration and reduced compressive strength with increased oil content. Specifically, oil increased flow and setting time but decreased density and air content for both mixing methods. Compressive strength was reduced by 75-77% with 10% oil content, irrespective of mixing method. The calorimetry results also showed that both mixing methods followed the same trend of inhibited hydration due to oil incorporation.
Monawer Iqbal is applying for the position of Safety Officer. He has over 15 years of experience in various safety roles. He has a diploma in Industrial Safety Management and Fire & Safety Management. His experience includes working as an HSE Officer on railway projects in Abu Dhabi and as a Safety Officer on various industrial projects in India. He has extensive experience conducting safety training, inspections, investigations, and ensuring compliance with safety standards. He is proficient in English, Hindi, and Urdu and has qualifications in computer applications and fire safety.
Jolnnan Jose Pinzon valderrama , Edixon Daniel Bautista Morantesjose peñaloza
El documento presenta información sobre varios temas, incluyendo el alcoholismo, las drogas, la violencia y teoremas matemáticos. Habla sobre las consecuencias del alcoholismo para la salud y la sociedad, y describe cómo Portugal legalizó el consumo de drogas para combatir la criminalidad, lo que resultó en una reducción del uso de drogas. También explica conceptos de violencia y presenta el Teorema de Pitágoras y cómo resolver problemas utilizando este teorema.
Gerónimo stilton sexto viaje al reino de la fantasía 5bnertobriga
El libro Gerónimo Stilton Sexto viaje al reino de la fantasía sigue las aventuras del ratón Gerónimo Stilton mientras regresa al reino de la fantasía para cumplir una profecía, evitar que la malvada reina Vermelía se apodere del reino, y encontrar el rubí de fuego para restaurar la paz. El lector recomienda el libro porque es gracioso y divertido.
Reading and writing in the Social Studies (Short)Glenn Wiebe
This document provides teaching strategies and resources for reading and writing in social studies. It discusses strategies to use before, during, and after reading. Some key strategies mentioned include activating prior knowledge, introducing vocabulary, using text structures, clarifying comprehension, and summarizing. The document also lists several resources for finding primary sources and developing lesson plans, including the Library of Congress and National Archives websites.
Social studies classroom and technology 2014Glenn Wiebe
This document discusses adapting the C4 Framework for social studies instruction. It provides an overview of the C4 Framework which focuses on collecting, collaborating, creating, and communicating information. It also discusses how the framework differs from previous standards by focusing more on skills like analysis and historical thinking rather than content benchmarks. A variety of online tools and resources are presented that can be used to enhance social studies teaching and learning based on the C4 Framework approach.
To Study Accelerating and Retarding Behaviors of Molasses in Cement Mortar an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding molasses, a byproduct of sugar production, to cement mortar and concrete. Molasses was collected from a sugar mill in Sonepat, Haryana, India. Tests were conducted to determine the impact of different molasses dosage levels (0-2% by weight of cement) on properties like setting time, water demand, air entrainment, and compressive strength of mortar and concrete. The results showed that molasses acts as an accelerator at dosages up to 0.5%, shortening setting time, but acts as a retarder at higher dosages. It also slightly reduces water demand and increases air content in fresh concrete. Compressive
IRJET - Use of Bamboo Leaf Ash as an Additive to Aqueous Drilling Fluid and S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using bamboo leaf ash as an additive in water-based drilling fluid and studying its effect on rheological and filtration loss properties. Bamboo leaf ash contains high percentages of silica and has properties that could help prevent fluid loss in drilling mud. The authors create bamboo leaf ash by drying, grinding, and heating bamboo leaves to 800°C. They then study the rheological and filtration properties of drilling fluids containing different percentages of bamboo leaf ash additive, finding that it can successfully be used as an additive to improve the properties of water-based drilling fluids.
MARSHALL MIX DESIGN FOR COASTAL ROADS IN KERALAIRJET Journal
This document discusses using Marshall stability and retained Marshall stability tests to study the effect of salt water on the load-bearing capacity and flow rate of asphalt mixtures containing additives like candle wax, natural rubber, and plastic waste. Samples are prepared with and without these additives and tested in both sea water collected from a beach and a prepared saltwater solution. Test results are compared to evaluate which additive most addresses the negative impacts of salinity on asphalt pavements, considering practicality and cost-effectiveness. The goal is to find a modified asphalt mix design suitable for coastal road construction in Kerala that is resistant to the effects of saltwater exposure.
This study investigates the synergistic effects of combining fly ash and silica fume to produce high-strength self-compacting cementitious composites. Seven mixtures were prepared with varying amounts of fly ash (17.5-25%) and silica fume (1.25-7.5%) as a replacement for ordinary portland cement. The mixtures were tested for rheological properties in the fresh state and mechanical properties like compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the hardened state. The results showed that a combination of 80% fly ash and 20% silica fume produced the highest flowability. For superior mechanical properties, the optimum mixture contained 80% cement, 17.5% fly ash and 2
Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete by using Different Types...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the effect of different types of water on the properties of concrete. Five types of water were tested: bore well water, well water, mineral water, waste water, and sea water. Concrete cubes and beams were cast using these waters and tested for compressive, flexural, and tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. The results found that bore well water, well water, and mineral water produced concrete with strengths over 90% of the reference concrete made with clean water. Waste water and sea water resulted in lower strengths, with sea water producing strengths 20% lower than the reference. In general, bore well water and well water can be suitable alternatives to clean water for mixing concrete.
The Effect of pH and Salinity on the Rheological Properties of Drilling Mud F...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Drilling muds are designed to perform certain
functions of drilling operation. Some of the functions are to
cool and lubricate the drilling bit, transmit hydraulic power to
drill bit, provide filter cake and remove drilling cuttings and
maintaining wellbore stability. Various additives with specific
properties are added in the mud to help prevent the challenges
encountered during drilling process. The work studies the
effect of pH and salt on the rheological properties of drilling
mud formulation from two natural polymers
(Terminaliamantaly(TM) exudate and Guar gum) with the use
of Model 35 viscometer. Drilling mud formulation with these
polymers was investigated at pH of (7.05, 8.15, 10.07, and
11.13) and salt concentrations of (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g/ml).
Results obtained from drilling mud with TM exudate were
compared with drilling mud with guar gum. It was found
thatthe rheological properties of drilling mud with
Terminaliamantaly exudates increased for higher pH as
compared to drilling mud with Guar gum. The increase in
salinity reduced the effectiveness of the rheological properties
of the mud such that as the salinity in drilling mud increased,
the rheological properties of drilling mud with
Terminaliamantaly and Guar gum decreased. The
performance is attributed to flocculation, dispersion and
hydration behavior of particles in the mud.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using domestic effluent water in concrete. The study analyzed the properties of domestic wastewater, including pH, BOD, COD, solids, temperature, and more. Different mixtures of concrete were prepared by replacing potable water with varying percentages (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of treated domestic wastewater. The concrete samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and then tested. The results showed that replacing potable water with treated wastewater did not significantly affect the slump or density of concrete. Using treated wastewater in concrete production can help conserve potable water resources.
An experimental study on performace of starch extracted from wheat flour as f...IJAAS Team
1) The document describes an experimental study comparing the performance of starch extracted from wheat flour to pure starch as a filtration control agent in drilling fluids.
2) Four water-based drilling fluid samples were prepared with varying amounts of wheat flour starch and pure starch, and their rheological properties including plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point, and gel strength were measured.
3) Results showed that the sample with 0.40g of wheat flour starch performed better than the sample with 0.40g of pure starch, exhibiting better rheological properties.
4) Analysis using the Bingham plastic model showed that the fluid samples, especially those containing wheat flour starch, behaved as non-Newtonian fluids
INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF WATER HYACINTH IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
This document investigates using water hyacinth in concrete mixtures as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate. Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant found in many water bodies in Kerala, India. Researchers conducted experiments replacing cement in concrete mixtures with up to 7% water hyacinth ash by weight. Testing showed compressive strengths were highest with a 3% replacement of cement with water hyacinth ash. Using water hyacinth in this way could help address the environmental problems caused by this invasive plant while providing a use for the material and potentially reducing the cost and environmental impact of cement production.
IRJET- Comparative Evaluation of Bentonite Soil with Ordinary Clay for Contro...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the use of bentonite-clay mixtures as liners in landfills to control leachate movement. It analyzes the physical properties of clay mixed with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% bentonite by weight. The mixtures showed reduced hydraulic conductivity, increased shear strength, and decreased compressibility compared to clay alone. This makes the mixtures more effective long-term barriers against leachate. The document also examines the chemical composition of leachate from a landfill site and how it interacts with the bentonite-clay liners.
IRJET- Effect of Xanthan Gum on Compaction Characteristics of Clayey SoilIRJET Journal
This study examined the effect of adding xanthan gum, a biopolymer, on the compaction characteristics of clayey soil. Standard Proctor compaction tests were performed on soil samples with 1%, 2%, and 3% xanthan gum by weight. The tests showed that as the percentage of xanthan gum increased, the optimum moisture content increased and the maximum dry density decreased. This is because the biopolymer increases the viscosity and dispersal of soil particles, reducing density but allowing more water absorption. Strength properties initially increased up to 2% gum but then decreased. The study demonstrated that xanthan gum can improve soil characteristics in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.
Effect of vinsuperplast on the hydration study of rice husk ash blended cementeSAT Journals
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of Vinsuperplast superplasticizer on the hydration of rice husk ash blended cement.
2) Experiments were conducted to measure consistency, setting time, non-evaporable water content, free lime, and strength of cement with various rice husk ash and superplasticizer contents.
3) The results showed that addition of 2% superplasticizer increased hydration and strength by reducing water demand and increasing fluidity through electrostatic repulsion between cement particles.
IRJET- Alkaline Activation of Fly Ash: An OverviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses the alkaline activation of fly ash to enhance its properties for construction applications. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants and large quantities are produced worldwide. Alkaline activation can improve properties like strength, durability, and reduce environmental impacts. The document reviews various activation techniques including mechanical, chemical and thermal methods. It finds that activation enhances properties and allows more uses of fly ash in construction materials as an alternative to Portland cement, helping reduce costs and CO2 emissions.
An Experimental Study on the Reuse of Waste Water Treatment Plant Sludge in t...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on reusing sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in manufacturing bricks. Six scenarios using different combinations of three soil types (Kanota soil, Samodh soil, Black cotton soil) and wet or dry sludge were tested. The second scenario using Kanota soil and dry sludge produced bricks with cracks and odors. However, the third scenario using fresh wet sludge with Kanota soil yielded better results. The fourth scenario using burnt sludge with Black cotton soil resulted in brick shrinkage. The sixth scenario using fresh wet sludge with Samodh soil produced bricks with no cracks at replacement levels up to 30%. Compressive strength generally decreased as sludge content increased
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
IRJET - Study on Site Soil Treated with Bagasse Ash as a Liner MaterialIRJET Journal
The document studies the use of sugarcane bagasse ash, a byproduct of sugar production, as an additive to site soil to improve its properties for use as a liner material in waste containment facilities. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of bagasse ash addition to determine optimal moisture content, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that bagasse ash improved the geotechnical properties of the soil, with hydraulic conductivity decreasing and strength increasing, indicating its potential as an effective and sustainable liner material.
IRJET - Effect of Tap Water and Sea Water on Fly Ash Mixed Swelling Soil-...IRJET Journal
The document compares the effect of tap water and sea water on fly ash mixed swelling soil through various laboratory tests. Key findings include:
1. Atterberg limits, plasticity index, and activity decrease with increasing fly ash content and in sea water compared to tap water, indicating reduced swelling potential.
2. Differential free swell index and swelling potential decrease with rising fly ash content and are lower in sea water, due to cation exchange reactions from higher salt concentration.
3. Maximum dry density increases and optimum moisture content decreases with fly ash addition for both water types, stabilizing the soil even at lower water contents. Sea water has a greater effect.
4. Unconfined compressive strength increases
Compressive and tensile strength of concrete using lateritic sand and lime st...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is part of a study investigating the structural characteristics of concrete using various combinations of lateritic sand and lime stone filler as complete replacement for conventional river sand fine aggregate. The lime stone filler obtained from limestone quarries. The concrete are made using varying contents of lateritic and lime stone filler as fine aggregate. The quantity of laterite is varied from 0% to 100% against lime stone filler at intervals of 25%. Samples of concrete (eg.cubes and cylinders) are made in three different grades, namely: M15, M20 and M25. It was found that 0.55 water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths, tensile strength and better workability for M20 mix, proportion. Specifically compressive and tensile strength ranged from 21.06 -35.2 N/mm2 and 10.06 -15.5 N/mm2 for the mixes considered. These results compare favourably with those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related structures, where laterite content did not exceed 50%. Index Terms: compressive strength, lateritic sand, lime stone filler and tensile strength
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Studying the Influence of Polycarboxylic Ether on Properties of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses how polycarboxylic ether affects the properties of concrete. It studies the influence of different dosages of polycarboxylic ether superplasticizer on the compressive strength and slump loss of M30 grade concrete with a 0.35 water-cement ratio. The optimal dosage is reported as the amount that produces the highest compressive strength after 7 and 28 days, and minimum slump loss. The results showed that polycarboxylic ether was most effective at dosages of 0.8% for compressive strength and 0.9% by cement weight for slump loss.
Similar to Effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluids (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
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The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
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GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
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Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
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Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
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referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
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Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
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pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
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A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
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Effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based drilling fluids
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 150
EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND FILTRATION
PROPERTIES OF WATER BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
Vikas Mahto1
and Rajat Jain2
1
Associate Professor, 2
Research Scholar, Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
mahto.v.pe@ismdhanbad.ac.in , rajatjain070289@gmail.com
Abstract
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based
drilling fluids with the objective of the development of environmentally acceptable non-damaging and inhibitive drilling fluid system
to drill sensitive formations. Initially, different drilling fluids combinations were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (low
viscosity grade), polyanionic cellulose, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride. The rheological properties as well as filtration
properties of these drilling fluids were measured by API recommended methods. These drilling fluids show very good rheological
behavior but poor filtration loss characteristics. When fly ash was added in these drilling fluid combinations, a nanoparticles fluid
system was established which has better control on filtration properties without affecting the rheological properties and has good
potential for the drilling of sensitive formations.
Index Terms: Filtrate Loss Properties, Rheological Properties, Wellbore Instability, Inhibitive Drilling Fluid,
Nanoparticles, Shale.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The appropriate selection of the drilling fluids and the
variation in their properties when subjected to the borehole
conditions are the major concern of the drilling engineers and
operators [1] [2]. The drilling of sensitive formations like
shales, shaly sandstones, fractured and unconsolidated
reservoirs causes borehole hydration and dispersion of cuttings
which may lead to wellbore instability, additional reaming,
inadequate logging, pipe sticking, high torque, pipe suck-up
[3] [4]. The various forms of hole instability result from the
interaction of drilling fluid with sensitive formations which
are related to hydration, swelling and dispersion of the
sensitive formations. Water is adsorbed on clays by two
phenomena: surface hydration and osmotic swelling.
Crystalline swelling is exhibited by all clays and the later one
can be seen in certain clays of the smectite group [5].
Normally, non-aqueous drilling fluids are acceptable due to
their high performance as they are less sensitive to the
borehole environment; provide high lubricity and deliver
better drilling efficiency. But, environmental considerations
regarding the fluid disposal and miscellaneous costs are the
factors which limit their applications [6] [7]. However, Water
based drilling fluids don’t have these unwanted issues
associated with their application in drilling a well. But, they
are highly sensitive to formation characteristics and a single
fluid can’t be used to drill all wells [8]. Water based drilling
fluids are generally considered to be more environmentally
acceptable than oil-based mud or synthetic based fluids. These
drilling fluids facilitate clay hydration and swelling which can
increase the well construction costs significantly [9].
Smectite clays are frequently encountered by the operators
while exploiting any reservoir. Clay minerals have different
types of exchangeable cations which affect the amount of
swelling. They compete with water molecules for the available
reactive sites in the clay structure. Clay with low valence
exchangeable cations has high tendency to swell than those
with high valences. Understanding of the basic mechanism of
clay swelling is essential for developing a mud system. Clay
inhibitors are used to inhibit swelling tendency of the clays but
the use of some inhibitors is retarded by the increasingly strict
environmental guidelines especially in densely populated
areas [5].
Selection of the drilling fluid is based on the desired
rheological parameters and filtration properties by the
engineer keeping in view the borehole conditions. The high
yield point/plastic viscosity ratio indicates that it is a shear
thinning mud which is desirable for drilling fluid as it sets to a
gel, which is sufficient to suspend the cuttings when
circulation is stopped and which breaks up quickly to a thin
fluid when it is agitated by continuation of drilling [10].
Formation damage due to invasion of drilling fluids filtrate is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 151
well known problem in the drilling of oil & gas wells. This is
caused by the differential pressure between the hydrostatic
mud column and formation pressure.
Fly ash is the industrial waste product that is obtained after the
burning of coal in factories and thermal power plants. Fly ash
can be considered as the world’s fifth largest raw material
resource. Currently, the energy sector in India generates over
130 Mt of Fly Ash annually and this amount will increase as
annual coal consumption increases by 2.2% [11]. The large-
scale storage of wet fly ash in ponds takes up much valuable
agricultural land approximately (113 million m2
), and may
result in severe environmental degradation in the near future,
which would be disastrous for India. Fly ash is generally grey
in colour, abrasive, mostly alkaline, and refractory in nature.
The chemical composition of fly ash has high percentage of
silica (60–65%), alumina (25–30%), magnetite, Fe2O3 (6–
15%) [12].
The filtration properties of a drilling fluid system are highly
influenced by the use of fly ash in the developed mud system
[13]. Fly ash is eco-friendly and doesn’t raise any
environmental issues as it is quite compatible with the soil.
Even, fly ash improves the physical properties and nutrients of
the soil, making it more fertile and beneficial for the growth of
plants [14]. Hence, adding fly ash to drilling fluid will not
raise any sort of burden on disposal of the fluids after drilling
and there is much scope of utilization of this industrial waste
in the drilling of oil & Gas wells.
This experimental work consists of the development of
ecofriendly inhibitive and non-damaging water based drilling
fluid system by using xanthan gum as viscosifier, polyanionic
cellulose as fluid loss control agent, potassium chloride as
shale inhibitor and fly ash as bridging agent for the control of
filtration properties of the drilling fluids. Compared to other
particulate bridging agents, used in drilling fluids such as
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), fly ash has advantage of being
cheaper and lighter. As density of calcium carbonate is 2.7
g/cc and density of fly ash is 2.2 g/cc [15].
2. Experimental work
2.1 Materials used:
Low viscosity grade carboxy methyl cellulose, potassium
chloride were purchased from Central Drug House (P) Ltd.
(CDH), India and low viscosity grade polyanionic cellulose,
xanthan gum, octanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
India , fly ash was collected from an 10MW operational
thermal power plant located in Jharia division.
2.2 Experimental procedure:
Firstly, the powdered form of drilling fluid additives were
weighed and mixed with water in the Hamilton Beach stirrer.
The powder samples were added one by one; at first potassium
chloride was added and allowed to mix thoroughly. Xanthan
gum which acts as a viscofier was added and mixed
thoroughly. After complete mixing, low viscosity grade
carboxy methyl cellulose & polyanionic cellulose which act as
a fluid loss control additives were added slowly. Also, 2-3
drops of octanol were put in the solution which acts as a
defoamer.
Fann V-G meter 35SA model (Fann Instrument Company,
Houston, Texas) was used to measure the dial readings which
were further empirically correlated to determine rheological
properties like plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield
point; and also the initial and 10 minutes gel strength of the
prepared homogenous solutions. API (American Petroleum
Institute) Filter press apparatus was used to measure the
filtration properties of the different solutions.
Rheological and filtration properties were again measured by
adding different concentrations of fly ash which acted as an
effective bridging agent in the developed mud system. Fly ash
was collected directly from a thermal power plant of 10MW
instead of the pond so as to get better results. Effect of adding
different concentrations of fly ash on the density of the
solutions is also analyzed by Fann mud balance model 140.
Particle size distribution of the developed drilling fluid
systems is analyzed by using Zetasizer Nano S90 model
(Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK). Finally, optimum
concentrations were obtained which satisfy the criteria of non-
damaging drilling fluid.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bentonite clay is used most commonly for the preparation of
water based drilling fluids. The organic polymers are added in
bentonite water suspension to improve its rheological
properties and to control filtration loss properties [16]. In this
study bentonite clay is not used as it causes permeability
reduction in the petroleum formations [17] and it contains
many exchangeable ionic sites, which is not desired for
drilling sensitive formations. Hence, bentonite free drilling
fluid system is established by varying concentrations of the
bio-polymers and semi-synthetic polymers. The developed
systems are inhibited by potassium chloride. Instead of
bentonite viscosity is imparted by non-ionic polymer xanthan
gum as it provides very high viscosity at lower concentrations
and it is quite compatible with the other polymers used in the
system. Low viscosity grade carboxy methyl cellulose and
polyanionic cellulose are used to control filtration as they have
good temperature stability of 1210
C and 1490
C respectively
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 152
[16]. Carboxy methyl cellulose also helps in maintaining the
rheology of the fluid inside the wellbore when dispersion of
cutting takes place while drilling clay formations especially on
plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity. Initially, optimized
base fluid systems are developed at different concentrations as
shown in Table 1, and the rheological and filtration properties
of these fluid systems are shown in Table 2. The developed
systems have high yield point and plastic viscosity ratio which
is the essential part and the sign of the shear thinning fluid,
required for good suspension ability of cuttings when drilling
is stopped and thereby enhances the drilling efficiency of the
drilling fluid [10]. On increasing the amount of xanthan gum
rheological parameters were increased sharply. Also, plastic
viscosity is low which results in high rate of penetration.
Apparent viscosity is in moderate range as desired which
imparts low viscosity inside the pipe where shear rates are
high and high viscosity in the annulus to lift out the drilled
cuttings prevailing to low shear rate conditions.
Table-1: Composition of the developed Mud System
Mud
System
Composition (w/v %)
Xanthan
Gum
Polyanionic
Cellulose-
LVG
Carboxy
Methyl
Cellulose-
LVG
Potassium
chloride
1 0.3 0.4 0.4 5
2 0.3 0.6 0.6 5
3 0.5 0.6 0.6 5
4 0.3 0.8 0.8 5
5 0.3 0.8 0.6 5
Filtration is the important phenomenon that can be seen in the
wellbore due to pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column of
the mud. Invasion of filtrate inside the formation accelerates
ionic diffusion which results in severe problems leading to
wellbore instability and sometime to wellbore failure [18]
[19]. Swelling pressure is a strong function of the ionic
diffusion at clay sites. Also, it has been observed that when
water invasion proceeds at millimetres a day; ions will diffuse
over centimetres in a day and pressure will diffuse over
decimetres a day [18].
Filtration properties of the base fluid systems reported in table
2 are high and will raise many issues regarding hole stability.
Cake thickness is also high which is not desirable. Sometimes
removal of higher cake thickness needs extra operations like
back flushing but this operation too have certain limitations
and will increase drilling costs & time [20]. Also, high cake
thickness may result in decrease production and may demand
for work over jobs. Fluid loss is decreased with the increase in
the concentrations of carboxy methyl cellulose and
polyanionic cellulose which are fluid loss additives.
To account for all these severe issues fly ash which acted as a
bridging agent is used. The effect of fly ash on the filtration
properties is shown by gradually increasing the fly ash
concentration starting from 1%. The effect of 1% fly ash on
filtrate loss can be seen in Table 3. The filtrate loss and the
cake thickness are reduced. By increasing the concentration to
2% as reported in Table 4 the filtrate loss and cake thickness
are further reduced. At last on addition of 3% of fly ash the
filtration properties are improved further as shown in Table 5.
The reason for this behaviour of the fluid is due to the
availability of very fine size particles of fly ash in the
solutions which settles very quickly to form a very thin
impermeable filter cake.
Table-2: Rheological and Filtration properties of the developed mud system
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100 ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 16 0.8
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 15 0.8
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 13 0.55
4 18 29 22 5 9 12 0.55
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 14 0.6
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 153
The bridging effect of fly ash particles further results in very
poor filtration loss. The major advantages of using fly ash as
bridging agent is that it is less denser than calcium carbonate,
being the waste product it is very cheap & easily available,
and due to nutritive value of the fly ash to the soil it is
environmentally acceptable. By analyzing results as shown in
the tables the effect of adding fly ash on the rheological
properties is very negligible. Hence, adding of fly ash to the
prepared homogenous solution will not alter the rheological
parameters significantly. There is not any significant effect of
fly ash on the density of the fluid systems. The pH of the
developed system was in range of 8.5-9.0. The developed
drilling fluid systems need to be inhibited and must control the
swelling pressure hence 5 % KCL is added to the developed
drilling fluids which is the normal concentration used in
development of inhibited drilling in most of the fields [13].
The drill-in fluid should contain bridging solids of a specific
particle size distribution (PSD) that is able to cope with the
natural heterogeneity encountered in a formation. This plays a
critical role in the rapid formation of the filter cake. In order to
improve filtration properties for better performance there must
be smaller particles that should bridge the formation pores
[13].Particle size distribution of the different base polymer
Table-3: Rheological and Filtration Properties of the developed mud system with 1% TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100
ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in
ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 12 0.55
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 10 0.5
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 9 0.4
4 18 29 22 5 9 9 0.4
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 10 0.5
Table-4: Rheological and Filtration Properties of the developed mud system with 2% TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100
ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in
ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 11 0.5
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 9 0.5
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 8 0.4
4 18 29 22 5 9 7 0.3
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 8 0.4
Table-5: Rheological and Filtration properties of the developed mud systems with 3 % TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100 ft2
Initial
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 10 0.5
2 13 21.75 17.5 5 8 8 0.4
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 8 0.4
4 17.5 28.75 22.5 5 9 6 0.3
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 7 0.35
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 154
systems can be seen in the Fig. 1 to 5. It is very clear from the
results that larger the amount of the smaller size particles and
lesser the value of Z-average better will be the filtration and
rheological properties. Also, the spurt loss which is defined as
the invasion of filtrate or fluid loss that passes through the
filter medium before a filter cake is formed is also the strong
function of the particle size of the bridging agent. If particles
are not bridging quickly to form the filter cake then spurt loss
will be high which will damage the formation.
Fig-1: Particle size distribution of the mud system 1
(Z average (r.nm) = 1287)
Fig-2: Particle size distribution of the mud system 2
(Z average (r.nm) = 1572)
Fig-3: Particle size distribution of the mud system 3
(Z average (r.nm) = 8465)
Fig-4: Particle size distribution of the mud system 4
(Z average (r.nm) = 7139)
Fig-5: Particle size distribution of the mud system 5
(Z average (r.nm) = 1269)
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 155
In our case with fly ash the spurt loss was negligible and the
filter cake was formed very quickly thereby minimizing the
fluid loss with increase in the concentration of the fly ash.
Also, effect of fly ash on the PSD (Particle Size Distribution)
is shown with one mud system by gradually increasing the
quantity of fly ash. Mud system 3 is selected to analyze the
effect of fly ash on the particle size of the developed mud
system. In Fig.6 the mud system which is incorporated by 1%
of fly ash has radius of around 85 % particles in 100
nanometre range and Z-average size is around 1026.
Fig-6: Particle size distribution of mud system 3 with 1% fly
ash (Z average (r.nm) = 1026)
Fig-7: Particle size distribution of mud system 3 with 2% fly
ash (Z-average (r.nm) = 876.7)
. Again, in Fig.7 by increasing fly ash concentration to 2% the
mud system have around 65% of the particles radius in 1 to 2
nanometre range and also reduced Z-average size which is
around 867.7. So, by increasing the concentration of fly ash
the particles size reduces and hence improves the filtration
properties of the drilling fluids significantly. Systems with the
nanoparticles has better control on filtration properties and are
advantageous in controlling fluid invasion to the formations.
Also nanoparticles based drilling fluid system helps in
wellbore strengthening while drilling shale reservoirs as they
can penetrate the formation pores easily and thereby bridging
the formation [19]. The results that were obtained and shown
in this paper state that presence of nanoparticles in the
developed system has improve the filtration properties
significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn from the present
experimental work:
1. The filtration properties were improved with the increase in
concentration of the fly ash. As the availability of smaller size
particles has increased in the developed drilling fluid system,
which resulted in better bridging effect of the particles
therefore reducing the cake thickness and filter loss.
2. The particles size got reduced after the addition of the fly ash
in the developed drilling fluid system.
3. Presence of nanoparticles in the system improves the
properties of the developed drilling fluid system.
4. Sequence of adding and mixing of the polymers is very crucial
and should be done very carefully in order to prepare
homogenous solutions.
5. Effect of fly ash on the rheological properties is very
negligible.
6. Fly ash may compete with other bridging agent due to its
better efficiency, availability, better environmental effects, and
low cost factor. It should be utilized at best as it is the waste
product of the industries in huge amount.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad for
providing financial assistance and extensive research facilities
to carry out this work.
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7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Vikas Mahto, presently serving as Associate
Professor, has joined Petroleum Engineering
Department of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad
in 2004 as Lecturer after completing his Ph.D.
Degree in Petroleum Engineering from the same
institute. He has fifty publications in the different
national/international journals & conferences of
repute. He has completed three research projects
sponsored by UGC-ISM, UGC New Delhi and
CSIR New Delhi.
He is currently involved in the several works in the area of
Drilling Fluid Design and Analysis, Application of nanoparticles
and nanofluids in different oilfield operations, Water shut off jobs
and Conformance Control, Flow Assurance Problems in the
oilfields, EOR Techniques and Artificial Lift Techniques. He is
Associate Editor of IST Transactions of Environmental Systems-
Theory and Applications and International Journal of Chemical
Research. He is reviewer of many international journals like
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Petroleum Science
and Technology, Applied Clay Science, Chemical Engineering
Journal, International Journal of Petroleum Engineering,
Scientific Journals International, Chemical and Bioengineering,
Advances in Sustainable Petroleum Engineering Science etc. and
member of many International Boards like International Journal
of Petroleum Engineering, Scientific Journals International etc.
Received Bachelor’s degree in Petroleum
Engineering, from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of
Petroleum Tehcnology (RGIPT), Raebareli in the
year 2012. Pursuing PhD degree in Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of
Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand. Research
interests include designing of different non-
damaging drilling fluid systems for sensitive
formations, incorporation of nanotechnology in
designing of drilling fluid systems.