Abstract This paper is part of a study investigating the structural characteristics of concrete using various combinations of lateritic sand and lime stone filler as complete replacement for conventional river sand fine aggregate. The lime stone filler obtained from limestone quarries. The concrete are made using varying contents of lateritic and lime stone filler as fine aggregate. The quantity of laterite is varied from 0% to 100% against lime stone filler at intervals of 25%. Samples of concrete (eg.cubes and cylinders) are made in three different grades, namely: M15, M20 and M25. It was found that 0.55 water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths, tensile strength and better workability for M20 mix, proportion. Specifically compressive and tensile strength ranged from 21.06 -35.2 N/mm2 and 10.06 -15.5 N/mm2 for the mixes considered. These results compare favourably with those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related structures, where laterite content did not exceed 50%. Index Terms: compressive strength, lateritic sand, lime stone filler and tensile strength
Pervious concrete is one of the most promising sustainable materials now a days.
Pervious concrete is a zero slump, open graded material consisting of hydraulic
cement, coarse aggregates, admixtures and water. It is sometimes referred to as nofines
concrete. It is a special type of concrete having a high void content and is
becoming popular due to its potential to reduce the runoff to the drainage systems.
In this paper, the behavior of pervious concrete with different sizes of coarse
aggregate is studied. Various mix proportions were prepared by using different sizes
of coarse aggregates. The properties like permeability, porosity, density, strength and
durability of pervious concrete are studied.
The water cement ratio (0.31) and aggregate cement ratio are kept constant. The
study is conducted experimentally for 7, 28 & 56 days. The mix proportion of coarse
aggregate and its effect on properties of pervious concrete are studied and
corresponding graphs are hence obtained
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Self compacting concrete for slip form pavingeSAT Journals
Abstract Slip form paving has been extensively used worldwide for construction of pavements. During the process of paving, concrete mix with a slump less than 50 mm is placed in front of a paver. Because of the low consistency of the mix, a great deal of vibration is needed to move entrapped air and compact the concrete. There is a need to overcome problem by designing a concrete that would not require vibration to compact the concrete mix, at the same time stability after extrusion and high flexural strength. Mix design based on the absolute volume concept was adopted to fabricate SFSCC. Volume of paste of 0.38 and water content of 200 kg/m3 was kept constant throughout the study. Cement content was varied from 360 to 425 kg/m3, 3 mixes of SCC with GGBS (SFSCC-S), 3 mixes of SCC with 2% of alccofine replaced by cement (SFSCC-SA) and 3 mixes of SCC with 2% of metakaolin replaced by cement (SFSCC-SM) is reported. The quantity of polypropylene fibers used in all the mixes was 900 gm/m3. Slump, spread, green strength and compaction factor were evaluated for all the 9 mixes. To simulate the practical construction process, a mini paver system was fabricated. The strength parameters compressive and flexural strength of concrete was evaluated at 7 days and 28 days. Keywords: Slip form paving, alccofine, SCC, GGBS, metakaolin, SFSCC, SP.
Studies on high strength self compacting concrete with copper slag for m30 gradeeSAT Journals
Abstract
This research paper present an experimental investigation of the result of using copper slag (CS) asfine aggregate for
replacement of river sand in self-compacting concrete (SCC).Totally Eleven concrete mix proportion are prepared with various
mix ratio of copper slag varies from 0% (for the control mix ratio) to 100%. Test methods used to study the characteristics of
fresh concrete were slump test, U-tube, V-funnel and L-box. Concrete mix are tested for workability, density, durability,
compressive strength and tensile strength. The results shows there is a lessincrease in high performance concretedensity of 3%
with therise of copper slag as fine aggregate, whereas the workability increase quickly with increases in CS percentage. In adding
up to 40% of copper slag as fine aggregate replacement yielded comparable strength with that of the control mix. However,
further additions of CS cause reduction in the high strength due to an increase of water content in the mix proportions. Mixes with
90 and 100% copper slag replacement gave the low compressive strength values. Therefore, it is recommended 50 weight% of CS
can used as replacement of sand as fine aggregate in order to acquire high performance.
Keywords: Self -Compacting Concrete, Segregation, Flyash, Copper Slag, Workability
Pervious concrete is one of the most promising sustainable materials now a days.
Pervious concrete is a zero slump, open graded material consisting of hydraulic
cement, coarse aggregates, admixtures and water. It is sometimes referred to as nofines
concrete. It is a special type of concrete having a high void content and is
becoming popular due to its potential to reduce the runoff to the drainage systems.
In this paper, the behavior of pervious concrete with different sizes of coarse
aggregate is studied. Various mix proportions were prepared by using different sizes
of coarse aggregates. The properties like permeability, porosity, density, strength and
durability of pervious concrete are studied.
The water cement ratio (0.31) and aggregate cement ratio are kept constant. The
study is conducted experimentally for 7, 28 & 56 days. The mix proportion of coarse
aggregate and its effect on properties of pervious concrete are studied and
corresponding graphs are hence obtained
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Self compacting concrete for slip form pavingeSAT Journals
Abstract Slip form paving has been extensively used worldwide for construction of pavements. During the process of paving, concrete mix with a slump less than 50 mm is placed in front of a paver. Because of the low consistency of the mix, a great deal of vibration is needed to move entrapped air and compact the concrete. There is a need to overcome problem by designing a concrete that would not require vibration to compact the concrete mix, at the same time stability after extrusion and high flexural strength. Mix design based on the absolute volume concept was adopted to fabricate SFSCC. Volume of paste of 0.38 and water content of 200 kg/m3 was kept constant throughout the study. Cement content was varied from 360 to 425 kg/m3, 3 mixes of SCC with GGBS (SFSCC-S), 3 mixes of SCC with 2% of alccofine replaced by cement (SFSCC-SA) and 3 mixes of SCC with 2% of metakaolin replaced by cement (SFSCC-SM) is reported. The quantity of polypropylene fibers used in all the mixes was 900 gm/m3. Slump, spread, green strength and compaction factor were evaluated for all the 9 mixes. To simulate the practical construction process, a mini paver system was fabricated. The strength parameters compressive and flexural strength of concrete was evaluated at 7 days and 28 days. Keywords: Slip form paving, alccofine, SCC, GGBS, metakaolin, SFSCC, SP.
Studies on high strength self compacting concrete with copper slag for m30 gradeeSAT Journals
Abstract
This research paper present an experimental investigation of the result of using copper slag (CS) asfine aggregate for
replacement of river sand in self-compacting concrete (SCC).Totally Eleven concrete mix proportion are prepared with various
mix ratio of copper slag varies from 0% (for the control mix ratio) to 100%. Test methods used to study the characteristics of
fresh concrete were slump test, U-tube, V-funnel and L-box. Concrete mix are tested for workability, density, durability,
compressive strength and tensile strength. The results shows there is a lessincrease in high performance concretedensity of 3%
with therise of copper slag as fine aggregate, whereas the workability increase quickly with increases in CS percentage. In adding
up to 40% of copper slag as fine aggregate replacement yielded comparable strength with that of the control mix. However,
further additions of CS cause reduction in the high strength due to an increase of water content in the mix proportions. Mixes with
90 and 100% copper slag replacement gave the low compressive strength values. Therefore, it is recommended 50 weight% of CS
can used as replacement of sand as fine aggregate in order to acquire high performance.
Keywords: Self -Compacting Concrete, Segregation, Flyash, Copper Slag, Workability
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Properties of Brick Aggregate Concrete as Influenced by the Strength of Brickijtsrd
The principal aim of this study was to research the influence of the strength of brick on the properties of brick aggregate concrete. In doing that the water cement ratio by weight and curing period of concrete for all specimens was kept fixed. The sort of brick as a source of coarse aggregate was the sole variable during this study. Three varieties of brick were utilized during this study to vary the strength of aggregate. These are picked first class brick and second class brick. The mix ratio by volume were 1 1.25 2.5 and 1 1.5 3.0. The fineness modulus of combined sand 50 Sylhet 50 Local was 1.88. Tests were administered on cylinder and prism specimens. Emphasis was given to studying the fundamental properties of hardened concrete like compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength. Attempts were made to form a relation between the properties of concrete and also the strength of bricks. The test results have shown that the properties of concrete the compressive strength, f’c modulus of rupture, fr split tensile strength, fsp and modulus of elasticity, Ecinitially increases at the subsequent rate with the increase of the strength of brick, and then the rate decreases. Md. Mahfujur Rahman | Md. Shohrab Hossain Pavel | Md. Rashedul Islam | Yousuf Ali | Md. Shafiqul Islam | Md. Shariful Islam | Md. Abdul Gone | Shafiqur Rahman "Properties of Brick Aggregate Concrete as Influenced by the Strength of Brick" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35759.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35759/properties-of-brick-aggregate-concrete-as-influenced-by-the-strength-of-brick/md-mahfujur-rahman
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FERROCEMENT DEEP BEAMS WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT...ijsrd.com
The recent application of ferrocement includes prefabricated roof elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. This present study deals with the experimental investigation of ferrocement deep beams with partial replacement of river sand by pond ash under two point loads. A total of 18 deep beams have been casted of dimension 120x250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh layers and mortar strength kept constant. Before testing the top surface of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these beams 18 cubes have been casted with the dimension 7.06cmx7.06cmx7.06cm.the compressive strength of motor is determined.
A Review Study on Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pave...ijtsrd
There is growing interest in the construction of concrete pavements, due to its high strength, durability, better serviceability and overall economy in the long run. The thrust nowadays is to produce thinner and green pavement sections of better quality, which can carry the heavy loads. The high strength steel fibre reinforced concrete is a concrete having compressive strength greater than 40MPa, made of hydraulic cements and containing fine and coarse aggregates; and discontinuous, unconnected, randomly distributed steel fibres. The present study aims at, developing pavement quality concrete mixtures incorporating marble dust as partial replacement of cement as well as steel fibres. The aim is to the design of slab thickness of PQC pavement using the achieved flexural strength of the concrete mixtures. In this study, the flexural, compressive and split tensile strength for pavement quality concrete mixtures for different percentage of steel fibres and replacement of cement with marble dust are reported. It is found out the maximum increase in flexure strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength is for 0% Marble Dust and 1% Steel fibre. Also it has been possible to achieve savings in cement by replacing it with marble dust and adding fibres. This study also shows that in view of the high flexural strength, high values of compressive strength and high values of split tensile strength, higher load carrying capacity and higher life expectancy, the combination of 10 to 20% marble dust replacement along with addition of 0.5 to 1% steel fibres is ideal for design of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). Krishan Kumar | Sumesh Jain"A Review Study on Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement Quality Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd151.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/151/a-review-study-on-effect-of-steel-fibre-and-marble-dust-with-strength-of-pavement-quality-concrete/krishan-kumar
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
Effect on compressive strength of concrete using sea sand as a partial replac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a major construction material used in the construction now a days. It is a composite material containing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Fine aggregate is required in large quantities for manufacturing of concrete. Generally river sand is used as a fine aggregate. Due to increase in the utilization of concrete in construction sector, the need for river sand has been increased enormously. Limitations have been laid on the large scale mining of river sand from river beds. In this context there are cases of illegal mixing of sea sand with river sand. This paper mainly presents the practical study of the compressive strength of the concrete in which sea sand was used as fine aggregate is partially or completely replaced. For this study first control specimens were laid for M20 grade concrete. The fine aggregate proportion from the design mix was replaced partially in percentages of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by sea sand. Compressive strength test was conducted on the various concrete specimens with various fine aggregate proportions and the results were tabulated. The compressive strengths of concrete specimens for respective mix proportions were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of water curing. The behavior of concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with sea sand has been studied. With the increase in the percentage of sea sand replacement in concrete, the compressive strength of the concrete significantly reduced. Keywords: Concrete, Fine Aggregate, sea sand, Compressive strength
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Properties of Brick Aggregate Concrete as Influenced by the Strength of Brickijtsrd
The principal aim of this study was to research the influence of the strength of brick on the properties of brick aggregate concrete. In doing that the water cement ratio by weight and curing period of concrete for all specimens was kept fixed. The sort of brick as a source of coarse aggregate was the sole variable during this study. Three varieties of brick were utilized during this study to vary the strength of aggregate. These are picked first class brick and second class brick. The mix ratio by volume were 1 1.25 2.5 and 1 1.5 3.0. The fineness modulus of combined sand 50 Sylhet 50 Local was 1.88. Tests were administered on cylinder and prism specimens. Emphasis was given to studying the fundamental properties of hardened concrete like compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength. Attempts were made to form a relation between the properties of concrete and also the strength of bricks. The test results have shown that the properties of concrete the compressive strength, f’c modulus of rupture, fr split tensile strength, fsp and modulus of elasticity, Ecinitially increases at the subsequent rate with the increase of the strength of brick, and then the rate decreases. Md. Mahfujur Rahman | Md. Shohrab Hossain Pavel | Md. Rashedul Islam | Yousuf Ali | Md. Shafiqul Islam | Md. Shariful Islam | Md. Abdul Gone | Shafiqur Rahman "Properties of Brick Aggregate Concrete as Influenced by the Strength of Brick" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35759.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35759/properties-of-brick-aggregate-concrete-as-influenced-by-the-strength-of-brick/md-mahfujur-rahman
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FERROCEMENT DEEP BEAMS WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT...ijsrd.com
The recent application of ferrocement includes prefabricated roof elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. This present study deals with the experimental investigation of ferrocement deep beams with partial replacement of river sand by pond ash under two point loads. A total of 18 deep beams have been casted of dimension 120x250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh layers and mortar strength kept constant. Before testing the top surface of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these beams 18 cubes have been casted with the dimension 7.06cmx7.06cmx7.06cm.the compressive strength of motor is determined.
A Review Study on Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pave...ijtsrd
There is growing interest in the construction of concrete pavements, due to its high strength, durability, better serviceability and overall economy in the long run. The thrust nowadays is to produce thinner and green pavement sections of better quality, which can carry the heavy loads. The high strength steel fibre reinforced concrete is a concrete having compressive strength greater than 40MPa, made of hydraulic cements and containing fine and coarse aggregates; and discontinuous, unconnected, randomly distributed steel fibres. The present study aims at, developing pavement quality concrete mixtures incorporating marble dust as partial replacement of cement as well as steel fibres. The aim is to the design of slab thickness of PQC pavement using the achieved flexural strength of the concrete mixtures. In this study, the flexural, compressive and split tensile strength for pavement quality concrete mixtures for different percentage of steel fibres and replacement of cement with marble dust are reported. It is found out the maximum increase in flexure strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength is for 0% Marble Dust and 1% Steel fibre. Also it has been possible to achieve savings in cement by replacing it with marble dust and adding fibres. This study also shows that in view of the high flexural strength, high values of compressive strength and high values of split tensile strength, higher load carrying capacity and higher life expectancy, the combination of 10 to 20% marble dust replacement along with addition of 0.5 to 1% steel fibres is ideal for design of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). Krishan Kumar | Sumesh Jain"A Review Study on Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement Quality Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd151.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/151/a-review-study-on-effect-of-steel-fibre-and-marble-dust-with-strength-of-pavement-quality-concrete/krishan-kumar
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
Effect on compressive strength of concrete using sea sand as a partial replac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a major construction material used in the construction now a days. It is a composite material containing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Fine aggregate is required in large quantities for manufacturing of concrete. Generally river sand is used as a fine aggregate. Due to increase in the utilization of concrete in construction sector, the need for river sand has been increased enormously. Limitations have been laid on the large scale mining of river sand from river beds. In this context there are cases of illegal mixing of sea sand with river sand. This paper mainly presents the practical study of the compressive strength of the concrete in which sea sand was used as fine aggregate is partially or completely replaced. For this study first control specimens were laid for M20 grade concrete. The fine aggregate proportion from the design mix was replaced partially in percentages of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by sea sand. Compressive strength test was conducted on the various concrete specimens with various fine aggregate proportions and the results were tabulated. The compressive strengths of concrete specimens for respective mix proportions were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of water curing. The behavior of concrete by partial replacement of fine aggregate with sea sand has been studied. With the increase in the percentage of sea sand replacement in concrete, the compressive strength of the concrete significantly reduced. Keywords: Concrete, Fine Aggregate, sea sand, Compressive strength
Physical and mechanical properties of composite brick from cement mortar, fly...eSAT Journals
Abstract Responding to the need of minimizing the extraction of natural resources like sand and lime, this study attempted to use industrial wastes such as fly ash and rubber crumbs as substitute materials in making composite brick. A composite brick was produced by varying the rubber crumbs composition, as sand substitute in the mixture, from 1030 wt.% relative to total aggregate weight. Fly ash, 20 wt.% relative to cement and fly ash weight, was used as binder substitute. After 28 days of curing, composite brick was tested in terms of compressive strength, density and water absorption capacity. Compressive test showed that the brick can only be used in less impacted area considering that it does not meet the minimum standard to be considered as substitute to the commercially available brick. A decreasing trend of its compressive strength is observed as the amount of rubber crumbs increases from 10 to 30% of the total aggregate weight. The addition of light rubber crumbs and fly ash desirably decrease the density of the composite brick when compared to those commercially sold in the market. Water absorption test revealed that the produced composite brick is more efficient in minimizing water absorption. This study demonstrated that composite brick can be made using industrial wastes as substitute for aggregate and binder, with huge implication in brick concrete making. Keywords: Composite brick, rubber crumbs, fly ash, and concrete brick
Analysis the Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement ...ijtsrd
The thrust nowadays is to produce thinner and green pavement sections of better quality, which can carry the heavy loads. The high strength steel fibre reinforced concrete is a concrete having compressive strength greater than 40MPa, made of hydraulic cements and containing fine and coarse aggregates; and discontinuous, unconnected, randomly distributed steel fibres. The present study aims at, developing pavement quality concrete mixtures incorporating marble dust as partial replacement of cement as well as steel fibres. The aim is to the design of slab thickness of PQC pavement using the achieved flexural strength of the concrete mixtures. In this study, the flexural, compressive and split tensile strength for pavement quality concrete mixtures for different percentage of steel fibres and replacement of cement with marble dust are reported. It is found out the maximum increase in flexure strength, compressive strength and split tensile strength is for 0% Marble Dust and 1% Steel fibre. Also it has been possible to achieve savings in cement by replacing it with marble dust and adding fibres. This study also shows that in view of the high flexural strength, high values of compressive strength and high values of split tensile strength, higher load carrying capacity and higher life expectancy, the combination of 10 to 20% marble dust replacement along with addition of 0.5 to 1% steel fibres is ideal for design of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). Krishan Kumar | Sumesh Jain"Analysis the Effect of Steel Fibre and Marble Dust with Strength of Pavement Quality Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd152.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/152/analysis-the-effect-of-steel-fibre-and-marble-dust-with-strength-of-pavement-quality-concrete/krishan-kumar
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract This state of art review represents the development in the field of utilization of used foundry sand in cementitious concrete. The paper reviews the utilization of foundry sand as the concrete constituent and the noticeable and important findings from the experimental works of various researchers. The historical development is also discussed as a part of introduction in the review. After a careful study of large number of research papers on the topic it was felt by the authors to integrate all the important results for streamlining the potential of this area of research. The paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like strength and durability. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and improvement in strength and durability properties of the conventional cementitious concrete due to the addition or replacement of fine sand with used foundry sand in different proportions. However in couple of cases such addition has reported reduction in the values of properties. From the review of past research works it could be concluded that utilizing the used foundry sand holds a great potential towards the development of environment friendly and sustainable cementitious concretes. Key Words: foundry waste, foundry sand, concrete, strength, durability, utilization
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
Similar to Compressive and tensile strength of concrete using lateritic sand and lime stone filler as fine aggregate (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Compressive and tensile strength of concrete using lateritic sand and lime stone filler as fine aggregate
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 79
COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE USING
LATERITIC SAND AND LIME STONE FILLER AS FINE AGGREGATE
A.Jayaraman1
, V.Senthilkumar2
, M.Saravanan3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathamangalam-
638401, India
2
Assistant Professor (Sr. G), Department of Civil Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,
Sathamangalam-638401, India
3
Assistant Professor (Sr. G), Department of Civil Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,
Sathamangalam-638401, India
Abstract
This paper is part of a study investigating the structural characteristics of concrete using various combinations of lateritic sand
and lime stone filler as complete replacement for conventional river sand fine aggregate. The lime stone filler obtained from
limestone quarries. The concrete are made using varying contents of lateritic and lime stone filler as fine aggregate. The quantity
of laterite is varied from 0% to 100% against lime stone filler at intervals of 25%. Samples of concrete (eg.cubes and cylinders)
are made in three different grades, namely: M15, M20 and M25. It was found that 0.55 water/cement ratio produced higher
compressive strengths, tensile strength and better workability for M20 mix, proportion. Specifically compressive and tensile
strength ranged from 21.06 -35.2 N/mm2
and 10.06 -15.5 N/mm2
for the mixes considered. These results compare favourably with
those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related
structures, where laterite content did not exceed 50%.
Index Terms: compressive strength, lateritic sand, lime stone filler and tensile strength
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper is part of a study investigating the structural
characteristics of concrete using various combinations of
lateritic sand and lime stone filler as complete replacement
for conventional river sand fine aggregate. Limestones are
sedimentary rocks primarily of calcium carbonate.
Limestones are generally obtained from the calcareous
remains of marine or fresh water organisms embedded in
calcareous mud. They change from the soft chalks to hard
crystalline rocks. The use of limestone as a concrete
aggregate has sometimes been suspect on account of the
unsuitability of the poorer grade rocks, and also because of a
widespread fallacy that limestone concrete is less resistant to
the action of fire than concrete made from other aggregates.
He suggested that the use of limestones might not be
beneficial in concrete products, which are to be cured in
high-pressure steam. For many years has been increasingly
used in concrete as coarse aggregate, lime stone filler or as a
main cement constituent. It is applied in high performance
concrete as well as in normal or low performance concrete.
Compared to plain concrete with the same w/c ratio and
cement type, concrete with high limestone filler content with
suitable particle size distribution possesses generally
improved strength characteristics. Concrete made with
limestone filler as partial replacement of natural sand in
concrete can attain lime stone filler up to 20% without
adversely effecting concrete strength [1]. Limestone filler is
regularly used as mineral addition in self-compacting
concrete. In this overview, some interesting results are
summarized concerning hydration, microstructure
development, transport properties, and durability [2]. Fly
ash can develop some mechanical strength, due to slowly
pozzolanic reaction, strength which grows after longer
periods of time. The simultaneous presence of the limestone
filler and fly ash in cement cumulates the effects determined
by every addition separately, prevailing the effects of the
addition present in a bigger proportion. The additions of
limestone filler or fly ash – taken separately or altogether,
determine a decrease of the setting time for the blended
cements in comparison with Portland cement, the effect
being stronger in the case of cements with greater addition
of fly ash (20-30%) [3]. The self compacting concretes with
the limestone filler show higher water permeability and
lower freeze – thaw resistance in the presence of de-icers
than the concretes with the fly ash additive. These
parameters can be improved by the higher fineness of
limestone flour. The shortage of freeze – thaw resistance
and the resistance to the attack of de-icers in case of the
limestone containing self compacting concretes is the
consequence of the microstructure of cement matrix [4].The
use of limestone powder in cement and concrete provides
economic and environmental advantages by reducing
Portland cement production and CO2 emission, as well as
improving the early and the later age compressive strength
[5].In Konkan region of Maharashtra, the laterite stone is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 80
commonly used for the construction purpose. There are
several laterite stone quarries in Konkan region. During
excavation of laterite stone, around 25 – 30 per cent laterite
stone scrap is generated. It is estimated that about 2.83 cum
of the laterite stone scrap is generated during excavation of
about 11.33 cum of the laterite stone. This laterite stone
scrap creates problem in quarries and needs removal for
further excavation. In order to add value to this waste
material, it is felt necessary to manufacture the blocks using
different constituents that are suitable for the construction.
In this In this overview determine the Compressive strength,
toughness index and water absorption capacity of the laterite
stone scrap blocks [6]. Laterite of relatively good quality for
building purpose (high compressive strength and low water
absorption) [7].In India, the conventional concrete is
produced using natural sand from river beds as fine
aggregate. Decreasing natural resources poses the
environmental problem and hence government restriction on
sand quarrying resulted in scarcity and significant increase
in its cost. Normally particles are not present in river sand
up to required quantity. Digging sand, from river bed in
excess quantity is hazardous to environment. The deep pits
dug in the river bed, affects the ground water level. In order
to fulfill the requirement of fine aggregate, some alternative
material must be found. The cheapest and the easiest way of
getting substitute for natural sand is obtained from limestone
quarries, lateritic sand and crushing natural stone quarries is
known as manufactured sand. Laterite is a highly weathered
material rich in secondary oxide of iron, aluminum or both.
It is nearly devoid of base and primary silicates but may
contain large amount of quarts, and kaolinite. Laterite has
been used for well construction around the world. It is
cheap, environmentally friendly and abundantly available
building material in the tropical region. Concrete using
various combinations of lateritic sand and quarry dust as
complete replacement for conventional river sand. The
result is found better workability and high compressive
strength [8] Concrete is the most commonly used material
for construction and their design consumes almost the total
cement production in the world. The use of large quantities
of cement produces increasing CO2 emissions, and as a
consequence the green house effect. A method to reduce the
cement content in concrete mixes is the use of silica fines.
The ordinary Portland cement is partially replaced with
silica fume and natural sand is replaced with manufactured
sand by four proportions. The results indicated that there is
an increase in the compressive and Flexural strength [9].
The ordinary Portland cement is partially replaced with
nano-silica by 0.75% and natural sand is fully replaced with
manufactured sand, the better compressive strength, flexural
strength and better durability and corrosion resistance [10].
Concrete made with lateritic sand and lime stone filler as
complete replacement for conventional river sand fine
aggregate in concrete can attain more or less same
compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability,
modulus of rupture and lower degree of shrinkage as the
control concrete. There are three different grades are used,
namely: M15, M20 and M25. For both conventional sand
and lateritic sand and lime stone filler. It is found that 0.55
water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths
and better workability for M20 mix, proportion. Since we
are replacing the proportion of 25% laterite to 75% lime
stone filler produced higher values of compressive strength.
2. AIM OF THE STUDY
Fully replacement of lateritic sand and lime stone filler by
natural sand .The study is mainly done to find the
compression strength, corrosion resistance, tensile strength
and economy in practice.
3 .EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement: Portland pozzolanic cement 53 grade
conforming to IS 8112 – 1989, and specific gravity of
cement is found to be 3.15.
3.1.2 Lateritic sand: Lateritic sand is partially replacement
of river sand .it is collected from BAG Groups Coimbatore,
India. The bulk density of lateritic sand 1460 kg/m2
and the
specific gravity 2.56 and fineness modulus of rive Sand is
2.76.The properties of lateritic sand given in Table 1
Table - 1. Properties of lateritic sand
Physical properties of Lateritic sand
Liquid limit 28.76%
Plastic limit 13.4
Plasticity index 14
Moisture content 13.22%
Sieve analysis 0.53 mm to 4.2mm
3.1.3 Lime stone filler: crushed limestone filler retained on
the sieve No.300 is used with the specific gravity 2.64.The
chemical compositions of lime stone filler given in table 2
and sieve analysis of limestone filler & lateritic sand given
in table 3
Table – 2. Chemical analysis of lime stone filler
Component Limestone powder
SiO2 1.81
Fe2O3 0.23
Al2O3 0.26
CaO 52.38
MgO 1.68
SO2 0.26
Blaine specific
surface [m2/kg]
390
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 81
Table – 3 .Sieve analysis of limestone filler & lateritic sand
IS sieve
designation
lateritic sand%
Passing
limestone filler %
Passing
4.75 mm 95.43 94.1
2.36mm 92.84 90.23
1.18mm 68.27 47.35
600nm 49.27 34.6
300um 30 23
150um 9.27 5.3
3.1.4 Fine aggregate: Locally available river sand having
bulk density 1762 kg /m3
is used and the specific gravity
2.73 and fineness modulus of river sand is 3.01
3.1.5 Course aggregate: Considering all the above aspects,
blue granite crushed stone aggregate of 12 mm as maximum
size and of typical particle shape “average and cubic” are
used as the course aggregate for the present investigation.
The aggregates are tested as per the procedure given in BIS:
2386- The bulk density of coarse aggregate 1690 kg/m2 and
the specific gravity 2.78 and fineness modulus of coarse
aggregate 6.43
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The mix ratio is prepared for 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2, for
both conventional and also lateritic and lime stone filler.The
fine aggregate portion of the mix is achieved by combining
lateritic and lime stone filler in ratio with 25%-75%, 50%-
50% and 75%-25%. The materials are then mixed
thoroughly before adding the prescribed quantity of water
and then mixed further to produced fresh concrete. Water
cements ratios of 0.55 were adopted. The specimen is
prepared for compressive strength for cube size (150 x 150 x
150 mm. The cylinder of height 30 cm and 15 cm diameter
is prepared for tensile strength totally 108 cubes and 108
cylinders are made. The specimens are tested for 7 days, 14
days and 28 days with each proportion of conventional and
lateritic and lime stone filler.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Compressive and tensile strength of concrete are
presented in table below
The test is carried out conforming to IS 516 -1959 to obtain
compressive strength of concrete at the 7days, 14 days and
28 days. The cubes are tested using 400 tonne capacity
HELICO compressive testing machine (CTM) .The results
are presented in Fig.1, 2, 3, and 4
Table -4. 7 Days Compressive of strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 16.64 20.14 15.34 13.64
M20 22.12 26.72 20.42 18.72
M25 22.43 25.43 21.63 17.43
The 7days compressive strength of conventional concrete,
50%-50% (Lat & LSF)and 75% - 25%(Lat & LSF) concrete
21.03% ,31.29% and47.6% of compressive strength is
reduced when compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat & LSF)
concrete which is found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The
compressive strength of conventional concrete, 50%-50%
(Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25 % (Lat & LSF) more or less
same having M20 and M25grade of concrete. The Results
of this test are show in table .4
Figure:1 7 days compressive strength of concrete
Table -5. 14 Days compressive strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 19.19 21.26 19.06 15.16
M20 27.12 30.12 26.72 20.12
M25 27.26 28.26 27.06 21.26
The 14 days compressive strength of conventional concrete,
50%-50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF)
concrete 10.96 % ,11.54 % and40.23% of compressive
strength is reduced when compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat &
LSF) concrete which is found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The
compressive strength of conventional concrete, 50%-50%
(Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF) more or less same
having M20 and M25 grade of cocrete. The Results of this
test are show in table .5
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 82
Figure:2 14 days compressive strength of concrete
Table -6. 28 Days compressive strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 21.06 26.06 20.06 19.06
M20 33.12 36.12 35.12 23.12
M25 34.43 35.03 34.53 23.43
The 28 days compressive strength of conventional concrete,
50%-50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF)
concrete 23.30 % ,22.74 % and 36.64 % of compressive
strength is reduced when compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat &
LSF) concrete which is found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The
compressive strength of conventional concrete, 50%-50%
(Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF) more or less same
having M20 and M25 grade of concrete. The Results of this
test are show in table .6
Figure:3 28 days compressive strength of concrete
Concrete made with lateritic sand and lime stone filler as
complete replacement for conventional river sand fine
aggregate in concrete can attain more compressive strength
25%LAT & 75% Lime stone filler at M20 grade of
concrete. The various combination of the compressive
strength of concrete various mix ratios shown in figure .4
Figure:4. Compressive strength of concrete various mix
ratio
The test is carried out conforming to IS 516 -1959 to obtain
tensile strength of concrete at the 7 days, 14 days and 28
days. The cylinders are tested using 400 tonne capacity
HELICO compressive testing machine (CTM) .The results
are presented in Fig.5,6 & 7. Tensile strength of concrete are
presented in table below
Table -7. 7 Days tensile strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 2.35 2.46 2.24 2.02
M20 3.12 3.28 2.85 2.76
M25 3.14 3.26 2.8 2.69
The 7days tensile strength of conventional concrete, 50%-
50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF) concrete
4.47% ,8.94 % 17.88 % of tensile strength is reduced when
compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat & LSF) concrete which is
found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The tensile strength of
conventional concrete, 50%-50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% -
25% (Lat & LSF) more or less same having M20 and
M25grade of concrete. The Results of this test are show in
table .7
Figure:5 7 days tensile strength of concrete
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 83
Table -8. 14 Days tensile strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 2.46 2.62 2.22 2.12
M20 3.1 3.74 2.89 2.75
M25 3.12 3.28 2.78 2.69
The 14 days tensile strength of conventional concrete, 50%-
50% (Lat & LSF)and 75% - 25%(Lat & LSF) concrete 6.50
% ,18.01 % and 23.54% of tensile strength is reduced when
compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat & LSF) concrete which is
found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The tensile strength of
conventional concrete, 50%-50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% -
25% (Lat & LSF) more or less same having M20 and M25
grade of concrete. The Results of this test are show in table
.8
Figure:6 14 days tensile strength of concrete
Table -9. 28 Days tensile strength of concrete
Mix
ratio
Conventional
concrete
25%
LAT:75lime
stone filler
50%
LAT
:50lime
stone
filler
75%
LAT
:25lime
stone
filler
M15 2.74 2.79 2.54 2.46
M20 3.46 3.52 3.41 2.92
M25 3.46 3.49 3.39 2.83
The 28 days tensile strength of conventional concrete and
25% - 75% ( Lat & LSF) concrete is more or less same. The
tensile strength of , 50%-50% (Lat & LSF) and 75% - 25%
(Lat & LSF) concrete 9.84 % and 11.38 % of tensile
strength is reduced when compared to the 25% - 75%( Lat &
LSF) concrete which is found that 1:2:4 mix ratio. The
tensile strength of conventional concrete, 50%-50% (Lat &
LSF) and 75% - 25% (Lat & LSF) more or less same having
M20 and M25 grade of concrete. The Results of this test are
show in table .9
Figure:7 28 days tensile strength of concrete
6. CONCLUSION
It can be seen from the results of this study that the
combination of laterite and lime stone filler replaces
the conventional river sand in the production of
concrete for construction industry.
The compressive strength and tensile strength of
concrete using lateritic sand lime stone filler are
measured in the laboratory. Compressive strength and
tensile strength is found to increase with age as for
normal concrete. The 28 – day compressive and
tensile strength is found 21.06 -35.2 N/mm2
and 10.06
-15.5 N/mm2 for
different mixes. The above strength
properties the proportion of 25% laterite to 75% lime
stone filler produced higher values of compressive
strength. For the same proportion of 25% laterite to
75% lime stone filler at 1:15:3 mix and 0.55 water
cement ratio, a logarithmic model has been developed
for predicting the compressive strength and tensile of
concrete between 0 and 28 days.
Further work is required to get data for other
structural properties of the experimental concrete.
REFERENCES
[1]. Rana Burhan Abdurrahman Alshahway,
(2011). “Effect of Partial Replacement of Sand
with Limestone Filler on some properties of
Normal Concrete.”A1-Rafidain Engineering
,June 2011.Volume19 No.3
[2]. G. De Schutter, Ghent University, Belgium,
(2011) “Effect of limestine filler as mineral
addition in self-compacting concrete.” 36th
Conference on our world in concrete &
structures: 14 - 16 August 2011, Singapore
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 84
[3]. Maria Georgescu , Nastasia Saca ,(2009)
“Properties of blended cements with limestone filler
and fly ash content”. U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol.
71, Iss. 3, 2009 ISSN 1454-2331
[4]. Stefania Grzeszczyk ,Piotr Podkowa,(2009) “The
Effect of Limestone Filler on the Properties of Self
Compacting Concrete”. Annual transactions of the
nordic rheology society, vol. 17, 2009
[5]. By Tarun R. Naik, Fethullah Canpolat, Yoon-
moon Chun ,(2003) “Limestone powder use in
cement and concrete”. Department of Civil
Engineering and Mechanics College of Engineering
and Applied Science the university of wisconsin –
Milwaukee.
[6]. S.K. Jai1, P.G. Patil, N.J. Thakor,(2011)
“Engineering properties of laterite stone scrap
blocks”.Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR
Journal. Vol.13, No.3, 2011. ManuscripNo.1738.
[7]. Kasthurba. A. K, (2012) “Characteristics of
Malabar Laterite as a Building Material Field and
Laboratory Studies”. International journal of earth
secience. ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 05, No. 03 (01)
[8]. Joseph O. Ukpata, Maurice E.Ephraim and
GodwinA. Akeke.(2012). “Compressive strength of
Concrete using Lateritic Sand and Quarry Dust as
Fine Aggregate.”Arpn Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, Junuary 2012.Volume 7,No.1.
[9]. T.Shanmugapriya, R.N.Uma,(2012).“Optimation
of Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Natural sand in
High Performance Concrete With Silica Fume.”
International Jouranal of Engineering Sciences &
Emerging Technologies, June 2012.Volume 2,
pp:73.-80 IJESET
[10].A.Jayaraman , V.Senthil kumar,(2013).
“Optimization of fully replacement of natural sand by
M-sand in high performance concrete with
nanosilica”. International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering., Volume 3,
Issue 11, November 2013)