Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
Construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and soi...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation as major problems affecting agricultural production and food security in the southern highlands of Ethiopia.
2) A study was conducted in Gununo watershed to implement soil conservation measures through participatory approaches with local farmers.
3) A total of 9965 meters of soil conservation structures, including 66.9% Fanya-juu and 30.5% soil bunds, were constructed which helped protect soils from erosion and increased yields on farms by 15-50% within 1-3 years.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
11.construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and ...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation problems in southern Ethiopia and efforts to address them through soil conservation structures.
2) A study constructed various soil conservation measures like soil bunds and fanya-juu on 544 hectares of land with farmer participation.
3) Implementation of these structures stabilized the soil, increased organic matter and fertility, and led to crop yield increases of 15-22% after one year and over 50% after three years.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
Construction of soil conservation structures for improvement of crops and soi...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses soil erosion and degradation as major problems affecting agricultural production and food security in the southern highlands of Ethiopia.
2) A study was conducted in Gununo watershed to implement soil conservation measures through participatory approaches with local farmers.
3) A total of 9965 meters of soil conservation structures, including 66.9% Fanya-juu and 30.5% soil bunds, were constructed which helped protect soils from erosion and increased yields on farms by 15-50% within 1-3 years.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
This document discusses biofertilizers and their potential role in sustainable pulse production. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that can aid plant growth and nutrition. Various types of biofertilizers are described, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, and plant growth promoters. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms enhance soil fertility and nutrient availability are explained. Challenges in commercializing biofertilizer formulations are also addressed. The document aims to highlight biofertilizers as a sustainable approach to meet India's growing demand for pulses while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Impact of the use of inorganic fertilizers to the soils of the ebonyi state a...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the impact of long-term inorganic fertilizer use on soils in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Soil samples from 15 farms with over 20 years of inorganic fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that the soils were very strongly to strongly acidic, with very high exchangeable acidity. Nutrient levels like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were moderate to low. Long-term inorganic fertilizer use contributed to soil acidification and nutrient depletion. It was recommended to apply lime and use organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers to correct soil fertility issues and improve agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertili...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management constrains the productivity of the crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of the crop to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the research field of Nedjo ATVET College during the main cropping season of 2011. The treatments comprised four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1) and three bean cultivars (Dimtu, Beshbesh and Local Washkate). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The result of the study revealed that the main effects of N had significant (P < 0.05) influence on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Nitrogen and cultivar interaction significantly influenced most of the agronomic traits. Increasing the rates of nitrogen from 0 to 69 kg N ha-1 delayed days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest grain yield (4.58 t ha-1) was recorded for the Beshbesh cultivar at the rate of 69 kg N ha-1 with the yield advantage of 75% over the local cultivar. Grain yield (r = 0.50) was positively and highly significantly correlated with hundred seed weight. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 kg N ha-1 and cultivating the Beshbesh and Dimtu cultivar resulted in the highest grain yield of the crop. If Beshbesh is not available Dimtu should be used.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) bio-fertilizer on growth and yield parameters of two maize varieties, DMRESR-Y and EV99-MRP, in northern Cote d'Ivoire. Statistical analyses using correlation tests and principal component analysis in R software showed that growth and yield parameters were influenced by the bio-fertilizer regardless of maize variety. Treatment with P. fluorescens bio-fertilizer alone or combined with foliar fertilizer resulted in higher dry biomass and growth/yield parameters compared to treatments without the bio-fertilizer.
Crop nutrient removal refers to the total amount of nutrients removed from the field in the harvested portion of the crop, which is usually lower than the total crop nutrient uptake. Understanding crop nutrient removal is important for developing soil fertility recommendations by examining nutrient removal patterns in response to fertilizer levels. Nutrient removal values provide a minimum amount of nutrients needed by crops and do not account for losses during uptake. Proper analysis of crop samples is needed to accurately determine nutrient removal levels.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
GROWTH AND POD YIELD OF HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUML.) AS INFLUENCED BY FARMY...fstj
Hot peppers are crucial vegetable crops in Ethiopia grown widely. Research regarding the nutritional and
beneficial objectives of the pepper plant is very inadequate. Accordingly, a field experiment was conducted
to evaluate the effect of NPS and FYM fertilizer on production at the Dambi Dollo, Western Ethiopia. The
study was organized by Complete Randomized Block Design with three replication. A variety of Marako
Fana hot pepper have been used. Four level of NPS fertilizer (0, 100, 200, 300kg N ha-1
) and four level of
FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 t ha-1 were allocated to the study area and a total of 20 treatments. The research
has shown that FYM and NPS fertilizer interacts to affect suggestively (P<0.05) most parameters
excluding unmarketable yield which is affected by the single effect of NPS and FYM. The maximum
commercial pod yield (2.19 t ha-1
) and entire pod harvest (2.62 t ha-1
) was noted through NPS fertilizer
rates of 100 kg ha-1 applied including 5 t ha-1 of FYM. Thus, it is possible to conclude that hot pepper
growers can use NPS fertilizer rate of 100 kg ha-1 with 5 t ha-1 of FYM that would improve productivity of
the hot peppers in the study area.
Organic and inorganic nutrient sources influeced growth, flowering, fruition,...Innspub Net
Fruit relative water content, carotenoid total chlorophyll content, flowering, fruition, growth and yield parameters of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars: ‘Granada’, ‘Goliath’ and ‘Nobili’ were evaluated under two level of irrigation water: tap water (control) and tap water + 50mm NaCl, organic and inorganic fertilization in order to determine the field performance, for the improvement of smallholder agriculture in Cameroon. Four fertilizer application rates (0, 3, 6 and 12 t.ha-1) of Water Lettuce (WL) and Poultry Manure (PM) and 100kg/ha of NPK were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with four replications. The results overall indicated that the raising of fertilizer application rate of PM an WL increased significatively (p<0.05) carotenoid content, fruit water content, growth and agronomical parameters and decreased the date of flowering and fruition for all varieties studied compared to the control and NPK fertilizer, and what it regardless of the level of salinity. Application of WL or PM at 12 t ha-1 and NPK significantly increased fruit water content, growth and yield parameters in Granada compared to other cultivars. Irrigation of saline water decreased significantly (p<0.05) growth and yield parameters of all varieties. Significant (p<0.05) increased in growth parameters was observed in all cultivars at NPK fertilization. ‘Granada’ showed better growth and yield than ‘Nobili’ and ‘Goliath’ revealing a greater response of this cultivar to fertilization. This study is important contribution to identify tolerant cultivars for salt stress and permit to restore soil fertility and increase yield in coastal areas in Cameroun througth culture of Granada tolerant’s cultivar for salt stress.
This document discusses biofertilizers and their potential role in sustainable pulse production. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that can aid plant growth and nutrition. Various types of biofertilizers are described, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, and plant growth promoters. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms enhance soil fertility and nutrient availability are explained. Challenges in commercializing biofertilizer formulations are also addressed. The document aims to highlight biofertilizers as a sustainable approach to meet India's growing demand for pulses while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Effect of Rates and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield and Yiel...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of sorghum in northern Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen (23, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and three time of N application (1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative, 1/2 dose at mid-vegetative and 1/2 dose at booting stage, 1/3 dose at sowing, 1/3 dose at mid vegetative and 1/3 dose at booting stage). The main effect of rate of N application showed significantly the highest days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length and biomass yield (10716 kg ha-1) at 92 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the highest days to flowering, leaf area index (2.86) and panicle weight were obtained from three split application and the maximum biomass yield (10142 kg ha-1) was recorded from two split application of N (1/2 dose each at mid-vegetative and at booting stage). The interaction of rates and time of application of nitrogen had significantly the highest 1000 kernels weight (44.67 g), grain yield (4635 kg ha-1) and harvest index from 69 kg N ha-1 in three split application. Economic analysis showed that maximum net benefit of 33053.23 ETB ha-1 from 69kg N ha-1 in three split application. Based on the results, it can be concluded that application of 69 kg N ha-1 in three splits to be appropriate to increase the productivity of sorghum in the study area.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Impact of the use of inorganic fertilizers to the soils of the ebonyi state a...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the impact of long-term inorganic fertilizer use on soils in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Soil samples from 15 farms with over 20 years of inorganic fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that the soils were very strongly to strongly acidic, with very high exchangeable acidity. Nutrient levels like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were moderate to low. Long-term inorganic fertilizer use contributed to soil acidification and nutrient depletion. It was recommended to apply lime and use organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers to correct soil fertility issues and improve agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertili...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management constrains the productivity of the crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of the crop to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the research field of Nedjo ATVET College during the main cropping season of 2011. The treatments comprised four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1) and three bean cultivars (Dimtu, Beshbesh and Local Washkate). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The result of the study revealed that the main effects of N had significant (P < 0.05) influence on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Nitrogen and cultivar interaction significantly influenced most of the agronomic traits. Increasing the rates of nitrogen from 0 to 69 kg N ha-1 delayed days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest grain yield (4.58 t ha-1) was recorded for the Beshbesh cultivar at the rate of 69 kg N ha-1 with the yield advantage of 75% over the local cultivar. Grain yield (r = 0.50) was positively and highly significantly correlated with hundred seed weight. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 kg N ha-1 and cultivating the Beshbesh and Dimtu cultivar resulted in the highest grain yield of the crop. If Beshbesh is not available Dimtu should be used.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) bio-fertilizer on growth and yield parameters of two maize varieties, DMRESR-Y and EV99-MRP, in northern Cote d'Ivoire. Statistical analyses using correlation tests and principal component analysis in R software showed that growth and yield parameters were influenced by the bio-fertilizer regardless of maize variety. Treatment with P. fluorescens bio-fertilizer alone or combined with foliar fertilizer resulted in higher dry biomass and growth/yield parameters compared to treatments without the bio-fertilizer.
Crop nutrient removal refers to the total amount of nutrients removed from the field in the harvested portion of the crop, which is usually lower than the total crop nutrient uptake. Understanding crop nutrient removal is important for developing soil fertility recommendations by examining nutrient removal patterns in response to fertilizer levels. Nutrient removal values provide a minimum amount of nutrients needed by crops and do not account for losses during uptake. Proper analysis of crop samples is needed to accurately determine nutrient removal levels.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg/ha) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons/ha) on the growth of okra plants. A field trial was conducted in Nigeria using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and stem girth compared to the control treatment. Increasing levels of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer generally led to better plant growth. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers supported greater okra growth than either treatment alone. Both p
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra Katuwal
Similar to Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
GROWTH AND POD YIELD OF HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUML.) AS INFLUENCED BY FARMY...fstj
Hot peppers are crucial vegetable crops in Ethiopia grown widely. Research regarding the nutritional and
beneficial objectives of the pepper plant is very inadequate. Accordingly, a field experiment was conducted
to evaluate the effect of NPS and FYM fertilizer on production at the Dambi Dollo, Western Ethiopia. The
study was organized by Complete Randomized Block Design with three replication. A variety of Marako
Fana hot pepper have been used. Four level of NPS fertilizer (0, 100, 200, 300kg N ha-1
) and four level of
FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 t ha-1 were allocated to the study area and a total of 20 treatments. The research
has shown that FYM and NPS fertilizer interacts to affect suggestively (P<0.05) most parameters
excluding unmarketable yield which is affected by the single effect of NPS and FYM. The maximum
commercial pod yield (2.19 t ha-1
) and entire pod harvest (2.62 t ha-1
) was noted through NPS fertilizer
rates of 100 kg ha-1 applied including 5 t ha-1 of FYM. Thus, it is possible to conclude that hot pepper
growers can use NPS fertilizer rate of 100 kg ha-1 with 5 t ha-1 of FYM that would improve productivity of
the hot peppers in the study area.
Organic and inorganic nutrient sources influeced growth, flowering, fruition,...Innspub Net
Fruit relative water content, carotenoid total chlorophyll content, flowering, fruition, growth and yield parameters of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars: ‘Granada’, ‘Goliath’ and ‘Nobili’ were evaluated under two level of irrigation water: tap water (control) and tap water + 50mm NaCl, organic and inorganic fertilization in order to determine the field performance, for the improvement of smallholder agriculture in Cameroon. Four fertilizer application rates (0, 3, 6 and 12 t.ha-1) of Water Lettuce (WL) and Poultry Manure (PM) and 100kg/ha of NPK were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with four replications. The results overall indicated that the raising of fertilizer application rate of PM an WL increased significatively (p<0.05) carotenoid content, fruit water content, growth and agronomical parameters and decreased the date of flowering and fruition for all varieties studied compared to the control and NPK fertilizer, and what it regardless of the level of salinity. Application of WL or PM at 12 t ha-1 and NPK significantly increased fruit water content, growth and yield parameters in Granada compared to other cultivars. Irrigation of saline water decreased significantly (p<0.05) growth and yield parameters of all varieties. Significant (p<0.05) increased in growth parameters was observed in all cultivars at NPK fertilization. ‘Granada’ showed better growth and yield than ‘Nobili’ and ‘Goliath’ revealing a greater response of this cultivar to fertilization. This study is important contribution to identify tolerant cultivars for salt stress and permit to restore soil fertility and increase yield in coastal areas in Cameroun througth culture of Granada tolerant’s cultivar for salt stress.
Response of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc).Trotter) to Organic and inorganic fert...AI Publications
Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians. It is major crops grown in Central highlands of Ethiopia under wide range of Agro ecological condition. Integrated nutrient management is the best approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients to increase crop productivity in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as their combination on growth, yield and yield components of tef. Applications of chemical fertilizers mainly Urea and DAP have been started some four decades ago to improve soil fertility for enhanced crop production. Untenable increases in the price of fertilizers coupled with their adverse effects on the soil and reduced recovery efficiency of fertilizers by crops are the bottlenecks that prohibit the indiscriminate use of this technology. On farm using of organic fertilizers is inadequate due to some parts of the country us it as source of energy. Though ISFM is the notably preferred option in replenishing soil fertility and enhancing productivity, it is not yet widely taken up by farmers due to access or availability of inputs, use of organic resources for other purposes in place of soil fertility, transporting and management of organic inputs and economic returns of investments. Therefore, research needs to conduct detailed study on the best combinations of inputs that can boost crop yield in different farming systems and soil types.
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Integrated Use of NPS Fertilizer and Compost on Yield and Yield Component of ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost on yield and yield components of maize at Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia during 2017/18 main cropping season. The experiment involved factorial combinations of five rates of NPS fertilizer (0/0/0, 23/17.25/3.2, 46/34.5/6.4, 69/51.75/9.6, 92/69/12.8 kg ha-1 N/P2O5/S) and five rates of compost based on N-equivalence of recommended fertilizer rate (0, 2.3, 4.6, 6.9 and 9.2 ton ha-1) laid out in 5×5 factorial arrangements in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost significantly (P<0.05) affected number of grains per row, grain yield and above ground biomass. However, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, ear diameter, thousand grain weight and harvest index were not affected by combined application of NPS fertilizer and compost. The highest grain yield (8453.2 kg ha-1) was obtained from combined application of 92/69/12.8 kg ha-1 N/P2O5/Sand 9.2ton ha-1 compost. The yield was increased by 223.54% over control and 24.1% over recommended NPS fertilizer. In conclusion, combined application of 69/51.75/9.6 kg ha-1 N/P205/S (75%) and 4.6ton ha-1 (50%) compost can sustain the maize production in the study area and similar agro ecology.
Existing practices for soil fertility management through cereals-legume inter...Premier Publishers
Low crop production has been attributed to inherently low availability of plant nutrients, nutrient imbalances and inadequate soil moisture for plant growth. Past and current soil management practices have enhanced the degradation of the soils. These have been caused by increased withdrawal of plant nutrients from the soil and consequently to reduced plant growth. To meet future food requirements, it is inevitable that the use of inorganic fertilizers will continue to increase. However, such fertilizers are expensive to farmers and they are potential environmental pollutants. The intensification and diversification of the cropping systems and traditional practices in Africa have compounded the decline in soil fertility. To raise and sustain soil fertility and productivity in Africa, appropriate traditional soil fertility management practices have to be developed and adopted by farmers. Cereal-legumes cropping systems accompanying management technologies indicated the advantage of these technologies and their function of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions. This review explored the mechanisms and processes associated with soil fertility management, effect of intensive agriculture on soil degradation, role of traditional and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges and additional cereal-legumes cropping systems. These contributed to understanding the effects soil fertility management decisions and human-use impacts on long-term ecological composition and function.
Role of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays) growth and nu...Innspub Net
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) have a potential to boost maize (Zea mays) growth and increase the P and Zn uptake through the symbiotic association they form with the plant, even in acidic soils conditions. Five AMF inoculums produced from the most abundant and ubiquitous morphotypes isolated from field soils in maize fields in South Kivu (DRC) were assessed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the role of these AMF on nutrients uptake in a Nitisol and a Ferralsol. Eight treatments namely inoculums named AMF1 (Gigaspora gigantea), AMF2 (Gigaspora sp.), AMF3 (Gigaspora margarita), AMF4 (Rhizophagus intraradices) AMF5 (Acaulospora reducta), mineral phosphorus fertilizers (Pi), commercial biofertilizer Rhizatech and a Control were laid in a randomized complete block design. In the Ferralsol, Pi application, Rhizatech and AMF2 produced the highest height. Pi application resulted in the best shoot biomass. No difference was observed for the P content, but for the Zn content, AMF2 was the highest. Roots colonization did not vary among treatments. In the Nitisol, AMF4 produced the highest plant height and AMF1 the highiest chlorophyll content. AMF4 and Rhizatech colonized highly the roots. AMF3 gave the highest P however, Zinc content was equal in all treatments and the controls yielded the lowest results. Spores densities in both inoculums produced and experimental soils were low compared to the commercial inoculum but growth and roots colonisation was influenced by fertilization and soils types. The performance of efficient AMF inoculums of Gipaspora gigantea, Gigaspora sp., Rhizophagus intraradices and Acaulospora reducta applied with high densities spores and multispecies inoculums should be assessed.
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
This document reviews factors influencing Ethiopian farm households' decisions to invest in soil and water conservation. Land degradation through soil erosion and nutrient depletion threatens food security and productivity in Ethiopia's highlands. While the government has promoted conservation, studies have found mixed results on adoption factors. The review finds adoption and investment intensity are influenced by different processes. Addressing all relevant factors is needed, as no single policy can drive major changes alone.
11.[7 17]determinants of adoption and labour intensity of stone-terraces in e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. The study uses household and plot level data from 211 farm households to analyze factors affecting adoption of stone terraces and labor use intensity through a double hurdle model. Key findings were that land tenure security, parcel size and fragmentation, and farm training and education influence adoption and labor intensity of stone terraces. The implications are that programs should focus on relaxing land tenure, increasing parcel size and reducing fragmentation, and strengthening farm education.
The research findings indicated that the blended NPSB fertilizer rates and varieties of maize affected days to physiological maturity, leaf area, leaf area index, hundred kernels weight (HKW),
dry biomass yield (DBY), and grain yield (GY). The highest mean values for HKW, DBY, and GY were obtained from the 150 kg ha1 NPSB rate.
Growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in the g...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
11.growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure application in th...Alexander Decker
The study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. Poultry manure at rates of 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer at 150 kg N/ha and 300 kg N/ha, and combinations of the two were applied. The combination of 150 kg poultry manure/ha and 150 kg mineral fertilizer/ha resulted in the tallest plants and highest tomato yields, followed by the combination of 75 kg poultry manure/ha and 75 kg mineral fertilizer/ha. Increasing the rates of poultry man
11.[44 56]growth and yield, to rates of mineral and poultry manure applicatio...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of poultry manure and mineral fertilizer, alone and in combination, on the growth, development, and yield of tomato plants in Nigeria. The results showed that applying poultry manure at 150 kg N/ha produced the tallest plants, though not significantly different from 300 kg N/ha. Both organic treatments led to taller plants than mineral fertilizer. Applying the combination of 150 kg poultry manure and 150 kg mineral fertilizer per hectare resulted in the highest tomato yield and number of tomatoes harvested, followed by 75 kg of each fertilizer per hectare. Increasing the mineral fertilizer rate above 150 kg N/ha actually decreased tomato yield. Overall
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops globally. There is little information on balanced use of chemical fertilizer on potato production in Benchi-Maji Zone. Thus, a field experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effect of NPS fertilizer rate on the growth parameters of potato. The treatment consisted of four levels of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) which were laid out in RCBD with three replications. Improved potato variety "Gudene" was used as a test crop. NPS fertilizer rate had significantly influenced almost all the tested parameters of potato. Day’s to 50% flowering was highly significantly affected by NPS rate. Early day to flower were obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 of NPS fertilizer and late flowering recorded at 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer application rate. Significantly highest plant height of potato was obtained from application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer and the smallest height is obtained from application of 50 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use EfficiencyinImproved Potato_Hailu Gebru 2017.pdfAbebeChindi1
Abstract Use of nutrient efficient crop species or cultivars
within species in combination with improved crop production
practices offer the best option for meeting the future food
requirements of growing world populations. Efficiency improvement has a key role for nutrient use and it improves both
productivity of yield and minimizes risks of losses that potentially harm the environment. To improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE), one strategy is to select cultivars of crops with high
NUE. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are among essential macronutrients commonly applied to agricultural crops
to optimize yields. Evaluation of potato cultivars with high N
and P efficiency is essential for sustainable production of the
crop. In Ethiopia, however, little research has been done to
elucidate better NUE of potato crop until recently. This study
was, thus, designed to evaluate selected potato cultivars
(Belete, Gudene, Jalene, Marachere and one local check) for
NP use efficiency under low levels of the nutrients in Wolaita
Sodo University, Ethiopia during 2014 and 2015. Factorial
combination of 3 levels of each N (0, 55.5 and 111 kg N
ha−1 ) and P (0, 19.5 and 39 kg P ha−1 ) were assigned to the
main plots and the 5 cultivars to subplots of split-plot design in
three replications. Efficiency indices such as agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and recovery efficiency were
computed for combined NP nutrients. Results showed that
agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, apparent phosphorus use
efficiency and phosphorus use efficiencies were significantly
influenced by the interaction effect of rates of NP nutrition and
variety. Application of NP more than 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 will
not beneficial due to their less or equal use and recovery efficiencies to 55.5:19.5 kg NP ha−1
. Belete was the most NP
efficient variety followed by Jalene and Gudene in all efficiency indices. Therefore, Belete, Jalene and Gudene return better
for NP at 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 for economical use of fertilizes
while obtaining satisfactory yield. It can be concluded that
yield response variation of the varieties was related to their
differences in NP uptake and use efficiencies; and the improved potato varieties were superior to local check in using
NP nutrients efficiently
Performance of indigenous celosia argentea variety and soilAlexander Decker
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
Similar to Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
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The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
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Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
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Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
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A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
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This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
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Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
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Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Koroto S. 075
shortage of adaptable and high yielding varieties (Medihin
et al., 2006; Gumataw et al., 2013), occurrence of diseases
and insect pests (Haverkort et al., 2012), insufficient
transportation and marketing facilities (Olango, 2008;
Bezabih and Mengistu, 2011), little information on agro-
ecology based fertilizer rate (both minerals and organic)
(Abay and Tesfaye,2011).
The average plant nutrient depletion in East Africa,
particularly of Ethiopia is estimated to be around 47–88 kg
ha-1 year-1 in general and 100 kg ha-1 year-1 in particular on
the highlands (Henao and Baanante, 1999). Major factors
contributing to such depletion are soil erosion, soil acidity,
fixation of phosphorus (P), and leaching in respect of
nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), further accelerated by
deleterious land use practices resulting from high
population pressure. Tamirie (1989) speculated that
indiscriminate clearing of forests, complete removal of
crop residues, uncontrolled grazing, and low fertilizer
inputs, absence of soil and water conservation measures
and crop rotations and above all poor soil management
practices contribute to accelerated soil erosion.
Most Ethiopian soils are deficit in major nutrients,
especially nitrogen and phosphorus (Tekalign et al., 2001).
Fertilizer application has significantly improved growth and
yields of anchote (Girma and Hailu, 2007). However,
despite potential for increasing yields and farmers income
using fertilizer; most small scale farmers do not have the
required resources to make or purchase fertilizer
(Haverkort et al., 2012). This is mainly due to limited
access to modern research-led agricultural technologies,
including inputs such as mineral fertilizers and organic
manure (Nabhan et al., 1999). In Ethiopia, the amounts of
fertilizers applied to the potato crop are very low.
Gildemacher et al. 2009 estimated that the amounts of
farmyard manure (FYM), nitrogen, and phosphorus
applied to the potato crop by smallholder farmers were
only 3 t ha-1, 30.6 kg N ha-1, and 76.5 kg P2O5 ha-1,
respectively. Moreover, though fertilizer use in Ethiopia
has increased notably since 1990 (Mulat et al., 1998),
there is no concomitant attainable yield increase,
especially in potato (Baye and Mehatemwork, 2010;
Haverkort et al., 2012). Furthermore, no mineral fertilizers
other than those carrying nitrogen (urea) and phosphorus
(DAP) are applied in the country (Zelleke et al., 2010).
The productivity of potato crop is low in Wolaita Zone due
in part to poor fertility status of the soil (Abay and Tesfaye,
2011). As in many semi-arid environments where fertilizer
use is low and little or no agricultural residues for
maintaining soil fertility, the organic-matter content and the
fertility status of the soils in Ethiopia is low (Bayu et al.,
2006). Soil erosion and sole application of low rate of
mineral NP fertilizers due to high cost to resource poor
farmers of Wolaita Zone, aggravating the decline in soil
productivity under the farming community of the area.
In Wolaita Zone, farmers use only blanket recommended
fertilizers rate for potato production. However, fertilizer
requirement varies across locations due to many reasons
such as difference in soil types, nutrient availability of the
soil, economic factors of the area, moisture supply and
variety (Getu, 1998; IAR, 2000). Besides, it has been
reported that most tropical soils are deficient in N and P
(Chien and Menon, 1995) and most Ethiopian soils are
deficient in N and P (Mesifin, 1998). The P adsorption and
fixation is influenced by soil pH, clay type and content, as
well as the amount of iron and aluminum oxides (Mesifin,
1998).
The use of organic manure alone may not be enough to
maintain the present level of crop production and
enhancing soil fertility because of its limited availability,
relatively low nutrient content and high labour
requirements (Palm et al., 1997). Therefore, the integrated
use of both manure and chemical (inorganic) fertilizers is
the best alternative to provide balanced and efficient use
of plant nutrients (Gruhn et al., 2000) and increase
productivity of soil (Menon, 1992). An experiment
conducted at West Shoa Zone of Oromiya Regional State,
Central Ethiopia indicated that yield of Potato increased
due to application of farmyard manure (FYM) and
inorganic mineral NP in combination (Balemi, 2012). A
field experiment conducted by Gezahegn et al., 2014 at
Delbo watershed Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia noticed
that the root yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (l.)
lam.) increased by the combined effects of inorganic NP
and farmyard manure (FYM) fertilizers application. A field
experiment carried by Teklu et al., 1999-2001 at Debre Zeit
on Andosols to evaluate the effects of farmyard manure
and inorganic fertilizers application on productivity of
horticultural crops (shallot, cabbage and potato) indicated
that the yield of the crops increased due to combined
application of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers.
Although potato is major crop produced in Wolaita Zone,
its productivity is less than its potential due to poor fertility
of the soil, leaching of major nutrients which enhance
production of the crops, fixation of P, shortage of farmyard
manure to cover the outfield and high cost of chemical
(inorganic) fertilizers to apply at the required rate.
Generally, there is little information on balanced use of
organic and inorganic fertilizer on potato production in
Wolaita Zone. Hence, conducting systematic investigation
in this line is vital to come up with conclusive
recommendations that would help to increase the yield of
the crop in the study area. Thus, this research was initiated
with the objective of assessing the effects of rates of FYM
and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits an yield of
potato.
3. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Int. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants 076
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Study Site
The experiment was conducted in Boloso Sore Woreda at
Areka Agricultural Research Center (AARC) during June
to October in 2016, Wolaita Zone, Southern Nations
Nationalities and Peoples Regional States (SNNPRS). It is
located at 300 km South of Addis Ababa and 3 km from
Areka town, found at 7.1°N latitude and 38.2 °E longitude.
The altitude of the area is 1830 above sea level (masl).
The area receives an annual rainfall of 1520 mm in bi-
modal pattern which extends from March to September
and the mean annual maximum and minimum
temperatures are 24 OC and 12 OC, respectively (Abay,
2011).
Experimental Material
Crop: the improved potato variety Belete was used for
study (test crop). The variety was released by the Holleta
Agricultural Research Center (HARC) in 2009. The
adaptation area of the variety Belete was 1600-2800
altitude (m.a.s.l), the variety matures at 110-120 days after
planting, the planting date of the variety Belete takes place
in the first 10 days of June in the main season. The yield
potential of the variety Belete in the research field was
47.19 t ha-1 (MoARD, 2012).
Fertilizer (inorganic): nitrogen in the form of Urea (46%
N) and phosphorous in the form of triple superphosphate
(46% P2O5) were used as source of N and P, respectively.
Farmyard manure: well decomposed farmyard manure
was used. The manure was analyzed for the pH, N, P, K
and organic matter content before application.
Table 1. Results of laboratory analysis of FYM
pH 7.2
Total N (%) 1.71
Available P (%) 0.52
Exchangeable K (%) 2.55
Organic matter (%) 5.57
Treatments and Experimental Design
There were twenty treatments consisting of factorial
combinations of five levels of combined mineral NP
fertilizer [0, 25% NP (27.5 kg N ha-1 and 22.5 kg P2O5 ha-
1), 50% NP (55 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1), 75% NP
(82.5 kg N ha-1 and 67.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 ), and 100% NP (110
kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) of the blanket
recommended NP fertilizer rates) ] and four levels of FYM
(0, 2.5,5 and 7.5 t ha-1). The treatments were laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications. Each block and plot within block was spaced
1.5 m and 1 m apart respectively. Each plot consisted of
six rows of 75 cm apart between rows and plants were
spaced 30 cm apart each other. There were 12 plants per
row. The gross plot size was therefore, 3.6 m × 4.5 m (16.2
m2). In each plot, one plant at both end of each row was
left to avoid the border effect and from each plot, the four
central rows were considered for determination of yield
related traits and yield of potato. Therefore, the net plot
size was 3 m x 3 m (9 m2).
Soil Sampling and Analysis
Pre-plant soil samples were taken diagonally at 0-30 cm
soil depth in three replications. The samples were bulked
to make one composite sample for the determination of
selected physicochemical properties of the experimental
soil. Sampled soils were air-dried, ground and then sieved
through a 2-mm sieve. These samples were analyzed for
pH (1:2.5 soil: water suspension), organic carbon by rapid
titration method (Walkley and Black, 1936), soil texture
(Bouyoucos, 1962), available P by Olsen’s method (Olsen
et al., 1954), total N by Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1958).
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was measured by
ammonium acetate method after saturating the soil with
1N NH4OAC and displacing it with 1N NaOAC (Chapman,
1965).
Table 2: Physicochemical Properties of the Experimental
Site before planting
Soil characters Value Rating Reference
A. Particle size distribution
Sand (%) 26
Silt (%) 40
Clay (%) 34
Textural class Clay loam
B. Chemical analysis
Soil pH 5.2 Strongly acidic Tekalign
(1991)
Organic carbon (%) 1.52 Medium Tekalign
(1991)
Total N (%) 0.148 Medium Tekalign
(1991)
Available P (mg kg-1) 5.3 Low Olsen et
al. (1954)
CEC [cmol (+) kg-1) 24.11 Medium Landon
(1991)
Experimental Procedures
In order to have a better seedbed for proper root
development, the experimental field was ploughed by the
tractor. Fifteen days prior to planting, farmyard manure
(FYM) was spread in the plots and thoroughly incorporated
into the soil. A total of 60 experimental plots were laid out
and the required numbers of ridges were marked and
ridges were formed manually in each plot with the spacing
of 75 cm between the ridges. When there was sufficient
soil moisture, well sprouted medium-sized (40 to 60 g)
tubers of the potato variety were planted on the ridges at
the spacing of 75 cm between ridges and the intra row
spacing of 30 cm on June 28, 2016 and harvested on
4. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Koroto S. 077
October 22, 2016. The triple superphosphate (46% P2O5)
was placed in bands below the seed piece and covered
with soil on each ridge. Nitrogen was side-dressed in three
splits, i.e. 1/4 at plant emergence; 1/2 at the first earthing
up and the remaining 1/4 at 40 days after planting. All
agronomic practices such as weed control, and earthing
up were done regularly during the growing seasons. When
the plants reached physiological maturity (when70% of the
haulms dried up) tubers were harvested.
DATA COLLECTION
Phenological parameters
Days to 50% flowering: days to flowering was recorded
as the number of days from planting when 50% of the
plants in each plot produced flowers.
Days to 90% physiological maturity: was recorded when
70% of leaves from different treatments were turned to
yellow.
Growth parameters
Average stems number per hill: the actual numbers of
main stems per hill were recorded as the average stem
count of five hills per plot at 50% flowering. Only stems that
emerged independently above the soil as single stems
were considered as main stems. Stems branching from
other stems above the soil were not considered as main
stems.
Plant height (cm): refers to the height from the base to
the apex of the plant. It was measured using a measuring
tape at 90% physiological maturity from the main stem
originating directly from mother tubers to the apex of the
plant by taking five sample plants from each plot.
Yield components and yield
Total tuber numbers/hill: was obtained by adding up the
number of marketable and unmarketable tubers. This
parameter constituted all tubers: small, medium, large,
diseased, deformed etc that were produced by the plants
Marketable tuber number/hill: the number of tubers was
counted as marketable which are greater or equal to 25g,
free from disease and insect attack in each plot and
divided to the respective number of plants harvested.
Unmarketable tuber number /hill: the number of tubers
counted as unmarketable which were diseased, insect
attacked, deformed and weight less than 25 g.
Tuber size distribution in weight: at harvest, tubers
were collected from five randomly selected plants from
each plot and were categorized as small (25-38g); medium
(39-75g); and large (>75 g) (Lung’aho et al., 2007). The
proportion of the weight of tubers in the different tuber size
categories were converted to percentages.
Marketable tubers yield (t ha-1
): these were recorded as
the weight of marketable tubers that are free from
diseases, insect pests, and greater than or equal to 25 g
in weight (Lung’aho et al., 2007). These were taken from
hills in the net plot area at harvest and converted to t ha-1.
Unmarketable tubers yield (t ha-1
): tubers yield recorded
as unmarketable which were diseased, insect attacked,
deformed and weight less than 25 g
Total tubers yield (t ha-1
): it was recorded as the sum of
marketable and unmarketable tuber yield from net plot
area harvested and converted in to t ha-1.
Statistical Data Analysis
All the measured parameters were subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOVA) appropriate to factorial experiment in
RCBD according to the General Liner Model (GLM) of the
GeneStat 15th edition (GenStat, 2012) and interpretation
were made following the procedure described by Gomez
and Gomez (1984). Whenever the effects of the
treatments were found to be significant, the means were
compared using the Least Significant Differences (LSD)
test at 5% level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
.
Phenological Parameters of Potato
Days to 50% flowering
There were significant (P < 0.01) differences in days to
50% flowering of potato due to the main effect of mineral
NP fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) as well as
interaction effect (Appendix Table 1). Increasing the rates
of FYM reduced the number of days to 50% flowering
across the increased rates of mineral NP fertilizers. Thus,
due to the interaction effect of 0 t FYM ha-1 and 0 mineral
NP kg ha-1, flowering was delayed almost five days as
compared with the treatment that received 7.5 t FYM ha-1
and 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizers,
(Table 3). The delayed flowering in 0 application of FYM
and mineral NP fertilizers might be due to lack of essential
nutrients for metabolic process and differentiation of buds
into flower buds, while in treatment that received 0 rate of
FYM and 75% NP earliness in flowering could be attributed
to the enhancement of vegetative growth .The result was
in conformity of the finding of Daniel et al. (2008) who
reported that the application of 10 t FYM and 75% NP kg
ha-1 fertilization enhanced the flowering duration of potato
as compared to absolute control.
5. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Int. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants 078
Table 3: Interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP rates on
days to 50% flowering of potato
NP rate (%)
FYM (t
ha-1)
0 25 50 75 100
0 64.67h 60.33cdefg 60.33cdefg 56.00a 59.00bcd
2.5 58.67bc 61.00efg 61.67fg 59.67cde 57.67b
5 59.00bcd 59.67cde 60.00cdef 60.00cdef 60.67defg
7.5 62.00g 59.67cde 57.00def 57.67b 60.00cdef
LSD (5%) FYM× NP = 1.653 CV (%)=1.7
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV=
coefficient of variation; Means in the table followed by the
same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level of
significance.
Days to 90% physiological maturity
There were significant (P < 0.01) differences in days to
maturity of potato due to the main effect of mineral NP
fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) as well as
interaction effect (Appendix Table 1). Increasing the rates
of FYM reduced the number of days to maturity across the
increased rates of mineral NP fertilizers. Thus, due to the
interaction effect of nil t FYM ha-1 and nil mineral NP kg ha-
1, maturity was delayed almost six days as compared with
the treatment that received 7.5 t FYM ha-1 and 100%
blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizers, (Table 4).
The delayed maturity in response to nil application of FYM
and mineral NP fertilizers could be due to slow vegetative
growth and late formation of reproductive organs, while
hastened maturity of the crop with the application of FYM
and mineral NP could be due to optimum availability of
nutrients in farmyard manure (Ramesh et al., 2009; Najm
et al., 2010) and could also be due to enhanced soil
moisture holding capacity as a result of integrated mineral
and organic fertilizer application (Srivastavaet al., 2012).
The result of the experiment confirmed the findings of Amir
(2014) who reported that the application of 92 kg N ha-1
with 15 t ha-1 FYM hastened the maturity of potato. As
contrary to this result Zelalem et al. (2009) reported that
the application of N and P fertilizers delayed flowering and
prolonged days required to attain physiological maturity of
potato.
Table 4: Interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP rates on days to 90 % maturity of potato
NP (%) rate
FYM (t ha-1) 0 25 50 75 100
0 109.00h 104.70efg 104.30defg 103.70bcdefg 102.70abcde
2.5 103.30bcdef 105.70g 105.30fg 102.30abcd 101.70ab
5 104.30defg 103.70bcdefg 104.00cdefg 104.00cdfg 105.30fg
7.5 105.70g 102.00abc 101.00a 102.00abc 103.00abcde
LSD (5%) FYM× NP2O5 = 1.904 CV(%)=1.1
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV= coefficient of variation; Means in the table followed by the same
letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level of significance
Growth Parameters of Potato
Plant height
The analysis of variance of plant height showed highly
significant (P<0.01) main effects of FYM and mineral NP
fertilizers and their interactions (Appendix Table 1). The
combination of 7.5 t FYM ha-1 and 100% of recommended
mineral NP fertilizers gave the maximum plant height (81.6
cm) followed by the application of 7.5 t FYM ha-1 and 75%
of the recommended mineral NP (79.97 cm) (Table 5). On
the other hand shortest plant height (57.8 cm) was
observed from nil application of FYM and mineral NP
fertilizers. The possible reason for the increment of plant
height with the application of FYM and mineral NP might
be due to better availability of N and P that come from both
FYM and mineral NP fertilizer which enhanced cell
division, cell elongation and vegetative growth. The
increment in plant height due to combination of fertilizers
could clearly indicated the need for adding farmyard
manure to the soil in concurrence with mineral fertilizers,
which might have increased the availability of nutrients
considerably resulting in a positive effect on growth
parameters as reported by Yourtchi et al. (2013). In
accordance with this result, Abou-Hossain et al. (2003)
found the highest stem height of potato with the application
of cattle manure in combination with mineral NP fertilizers.
Table 5: Interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP rate on
plant height (cm) of potato
NP (%)
rate
FYM (t
ha-1)
0 25 50 75 100
0 57.80h 66.93 g 67.67 g 77.93bc 77.87bc
2.5 71.00 f 72.07ef 73.00ef 73.70def 74.93de
5 72.40ef 73.33def 74.00de 74.92de 75.90cd
7.5 74.53de 74.53de 75.93cd 79.97ab 81.60 a
LSD (5%) FYM× NP =2.876 CV(%)=2.3
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV=
coefficient of variation; Means in the table followed by the
same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level of
significance.
Application of organic manure along with mineral fertilizers
could also provide the micronutrients, which might have
helped in enhancing of the metabolic activity in the early
growth phase which in turn could have increased the
overall plant height of potato (Yourtchiet al., 2013). The
results of this study are in agreement with the findings of
6. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Koroto S. 079
Alam et al. (2007) in potato, Alam (2006) and Azad (2000)
in cabbage who stated that combined application of
manures and mineral fertilizers induced the plants to grow
taller. Murakar et al. (1998) also showed that application of
vermicompost at the rate of 6 ton ha-1 led to increase in
plant height of mulberry.
Average stem number per hill
Although stems density is one of the most important yield
components in potato, the results of the present study
showed that main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizer
rate as well as the interaction of the two had not significant
effect on the average stem number per hill (Appendix
Table 1). The potato crop is usually propagated by using
underground storage organs known as tubers. Potato
tubers show a wide range of variation and possess a
variable number of growing points (buds) arranged in
groups (eyes) over their surface (Allen, 1978). Stem
number is not increased with the application of nutrients.
This could be due to the fact that stem number is
determined very early in the ontogeny of yield (Lynch and
Tai, 1989). It could also be due to the fact that this trait is
not influenced much by mineral nutrition, as the stem
number is the reflection of storage condition (Allen, 1978),
physiological age of the seed of the variety (Lynch and Tai,
1989; Dela Morena et al., 1994) and tuber size (Harris,
1978). The number of stems per plant had direct relation
with the number of sprouts per tuber not on the treatment
applied (Abebe et al, 2010 and the sprouts are the function
of number of eyes on tubers. Stem density is positively
correlated with eye number per tuber (Nielson et al., 1989)
and tuber size (Harris, 1978).
Lung’aho et al. (2007) stated that stem number is basically
determined by the number of eyes present on tubers and
the physiological age of the tubers during the storage
period rather than by manipulating the supply of fertilizers.
Consistent with the results of this study, Assefa (2005)
reported that stem number per hill was not significantly
affected by the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. It
was also reported that seed tubers of different genetic
composition are known to differ in stem numbers (Gill et
al., 1989, Wurr et al., 1992). This study was also supported
by the work of Muluberhan et al. (2005) who reported that
the stem number was not significantly influenced much by
mineral nutrients, possibly because stem number may be
influence by other factors such as condition of seed tubers
and physiological age of the seed tuber.
Yield Components of potato
Total tuber number per hill
Total tuber number per hill was significantly (P < 0.01)
influenced by the rate of FYM. This parameter was also
significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the rate of mineral NP
fertilizer application. However, the two factors did not
interact to significantly influence this parameter (Appendix
Table 2).
Total tuber number per hill increased significantly and
linearly in response to increasing the rate of FYM
application from nil up to the highest rate of the fertilizer.
Thus, the lowest number of tubers per hill was obtained for
the nil FYM treatment whereas the highest was obtained
from treatment that received 7.5 FYM t ha-1 (Table 6). Total
tuber number per hill is also increased significantly and
linearly in response to increasing the rate of mineral NP
fertilizer application from nil up to the highest rate of the
fertilizer. Thus, the lowest number of tubers per hill was
obtained for the nil mineral NP fertilized treatment whereas
the highest was obtained from treatment that received the
highest mineral NP fertilizer (Table 6). The possible reason
for the increment of tuber number at the highest rate of
mineral NP fertilizer might be attributed to an increase in
stolon number in response to mineral N and P application,
which is known to influence the rate of gibrillic acid
biosynthesis in the potato. The involvement of gibberellins
in regulating stolon number through stolon initiation was
reported by Kandil et al. (2011). According to Amir et al.
(2014), N and P influenced tuber formation in potato by
influencing the activity and phytohormone balance in the
plant, especially, on the levels of gibberellic and abscissic
acids and cytokinins. This is related to gibberellins
enhancing stem organ elongation thus stimulate potato
stolon initiation, growth and branching. Abscissic acid
controls stolon growth. So the ceassation of stolon in
apical growth in potato is accompanied by the increase of
the ABA/GA ratio. Cytokinin is related to when potato
plants transited to tuber formation activity of endogenous
cytokinin increased substantially in stolons and developing
tubers. These cytokinins are known in plants in stimulating
cell division. Similar to the results of this study,
Sommerfeld and Knutson (1965), Sparrow et al. (1992),
Israel et al. (2012) and Zelalem et al. (2009) reported that
the increasing the rates of phosphorus and nitrogen
increased the number of potato tubers set per hill.
Marketable tuber number per plant
Marketable tuber number was highly significantly (P<0.01)
affected by the main effects of FYM and mineral NP
fertilization rates, however, their interaction was not
significant (Appendix Table 2). The marketable tuber
number increased linearly for both FYM and mineral NP
fertilizers application. The highest marketable tuber
number per plant was recorded in the treatment that
received the highest FYM t ha-1 and also for the highest
mineral NP fertilizers respectively. While the lowest
marketable tuber number was recorded in treatment that
received no fertilizers for FYM and mineral NP. From the
findings of Daniel et’al, 2008, the possible reason for
increased marketable tuber number might be due to
applied fertilizer increased the size of the tuber and there
by increased the weight of the tuber and also phosphorus
7. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Int. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants 080
fertilization increased the interception of solar radiation at
low soil phosphorus conditions so it might have a positive
effect on tuber set at certain conditions. The increased
marketable tuber number in FYM fertilization might be
related to increment of soil micro and macro nutrients and
its availability to the crop for ease of absorbation. The
result was in agreement with finding Habtam (2012) who
reported that marketable tuber numbers per hill increased
by about 26, 51 and 98% as the level of potassium was
increased from nil to 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1,
respectively. The result was in agreement with the finding
of Gezahegn et al. (2014) who reported that application of
46 kg N ha-1 and 5 t ha-1 FYM increased marketable root
yield on sweet potato by 48.55% as compared to non-
fertilized treatment.
Table 6: Main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizer rate
on marketable, unmarketable and total tuber number per
hill of potato.
FYM (t ha-1) MTN per hill UNMTN per hill TTN per/hill
0 5.18c 4.09 9.27d
2.5 6.30b 3.9 10.20c
5.0 6.63b 4.05 10.68b
7.5 8.38a 3.31 11.69a
LSD (5%) 0.52 0.78 1.09
NP (%)
0 5.94c 4.23 10.17c
25 6.08c 4.24 10.32c
50 7.21b 3.44 10.65bc
75 7.26b 3.79 11.05b
100 8.42a 3.25 11.67a
LSD (5%) 1.24 0.44 0.62
CV (%) 8.80 21.04 10.32
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV=
coefficient of variation; NS= Non-significant. Means in the
column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly
different at 5% level of significant.
Tubers size distribution in weight
The size distribution of tuber was highly significantly
(P<0.01) affected by FYM and mineral NP fertilizer for
medium sized and small sized tubers in main effect and
significantly affected for large sized tuber (P<0.05)
however their interactions was not significant on tuber
size distribution (Appendix Table 3).
The highest proportion of large and medium sized tubers
were recorded in response to the application of highest
amount of FYM (7.5 t ha-1) and mineral NP fertilizers which
might be due to the nutrient utilization efficiency of the
crop, and the applied fertilizer pronounced better nutrient
availability to increase the tuber size. The increase in tuber
size was also correlated to FYM at increased rate which
might have enhanced the available nitrogen and
phosphorus to the soil which was immediately usable to
the crop. Tuber size distribution varies with many factors
among which soil fertility and population density are the
major ones (Haverkort et al., 2012). The more populated
potato plants result in the more number of tubers which
result in small tuber size or weight of tuber. Soil which is
fertile with optimum nutrient content for potato plant growth
that is well structured, good drainage to allow and proper
root aeration, result in tuber development. The result of
this study was in agreement with that of Haase et al. (2007)
who reported that decomposed cattle manure increased
the number of tubers with diameters > 65 mm as a result
of N mineraliation. Taheri et al. (2010) also found the
highest ratio (13.07%) of number of large tubers as a result
of application of 20 t ha-1 of compost combined with 225
kg ha-1 phosphorus × 50 kg ha-1 zinc.
Table 7: Main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers
application on large, medium and small sized tubers of
potato.
FYM (t ha-1) Large Size
(%)
Medium Size
(%)
Small Size
(%)
0 59.10c 28.72a 12.18a
2.5 62.03b 27.14a 10.83ab
5.0 61.48 bc 28.30a 10.22b
7.5 69.21 a 23.15b 7.64c
LSD (5%) 2.643 1.994 1.615
NP (%)
0 58.06c 30.28a 11.67a
25 58.18c 30.27a 11.55a
50 62.63b 27.51b 9.86ab
75 67.13 a 23.24c 9.64b
100 68.79 a 22.83c 8.38b
LSD (5%) 2.955 2.23 1.806
CV (%) 5.7 10.1 21.4
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV=
coefficient of variation; Means in the table followed by the
same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level of
significance.
Small sized tuber proportion significantly (P<0.01) affected
by the main effect of application of FYM and mineral NP
fertilization (Appendix Table 3). Large amount of small
sized tubers were obtained from plots which received
lowest application of FYM and mineral NP while, low
quantity of small sized tubers contributed by the high
application of FYM and NP fertilizers (Table 7). It was
observed that as the rate of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers
increased, the proportion of small sized tubers reduced.
The result was in line with the work of Hossain et al. (2007)
who found maximum tuber size with combined application
of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Tuber Yield Parameters of Potato
The main effects of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers highly
significantly affected marketable and total tuber yields.
However, their interaction did not significantly influence
these parameters and the main effects as well as their
interaction did not significantly influence the unmarketable
tuber yields (Appendix table 4).
8. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Koroto S. 081
Total and marketable tuber yield increased significantly
and linearly in response to increasing the rate of FYM
application from nil up to the highest rate of the fertilizer.
Thus, the lowest total (27.11 t ha-1) and marketable (25.47
t ha-1) tuber yield were obtained for the plot that received
nil FYM rate whereas the highest total and marketable
(35.11 t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1) tuber yield were obtained
from treatment that received 7.5 FYM t ha-1 respectively
(Table 8). Total and marketable tuber yield were also
increased significantly and linearly in response to
increasing the rate of mineral NP fertilizer application from
nil up to the highest rate of the fertilizer. Thus, the lowest
total (24.02 t ha-1) and marketable (22.66 t ha-1) tuber yield
were obtained for the nil mineral NP fertilized treatment
whereas the highest was obtained from treatment that
received the highest mineral NP fertilizer (Table 8).
The possible reason for the increment in marketable and
total tuber yield of potato by the application of either FYM
along with mineral fertilizer could be attributed to their
favorable effects on yield components, like average
number of tubers per hill, and dry matter production. This
might be due to FYM fertilizer along with in mineral fertilizer
enhance all nutrient requirement of the plant. This clearly
showed that, the applied nutrients increased tuber quality
and weight. From the findings of Israel et’al, 2012, this can
be attributed to increased vegetative growth of the aerial
parts and hence, prolonged the duration of
photosynthesis. The marketable tuber yield was increased
with increased rates of both FYM and mineral NP fertilizer.
This could be probably due to the fact that marketable
tuber yield increased at highest nitrogen rate because
nitrogen can trigger the vegetative growth and
development. The increase in number of marketable tuber
with increase in applied nitrogen was associated with
decrease in the number of the small size tubers due to
increase in the weight of individual tubers, thus increase
marketable tuber yield.
Total tuber yields also followed similar trend and it was
also highest in response to high rate of application resulted
in highest marketable yield. This result corroborates with
the study of Habtam Setu (2012) who reported that
increase in yield of crop might be due to increased dry
matter production and its distribution in plant parts.
Tekalign and Hammes (2005) also reported that the
assimilation of dry matter and its distribution within the
plant are important processes determining crop
productivity. The results of this experiment also confirmed
the observations of Sanchez and Jam (2002) who reported
that integration of organic and mineral NP fertilizers
sustains crop production due to positive interaction and
complementarities between them.
The result, therefore, clearly showed that the yield of
potato could be maximized by the combined application of
FYM and mineral NP fertilizer. The above results are in
agreement with the observation by Amir et al. (2014) who
reported that highest tuber yield of potato was obtained
from the combined application of 20 t ha-1 cattle manure
with 150 kg N ha-1. Similarly, Nyiraneza and Snapp (2007)
reported that the combined application of 179 kg N ha1
fertilizer and 5.6 t ha-1 poultry manure consistently
increased tuber yield by 20% over the use of inorganic N
alone at 224 kg ha-1. The result was also in agreement with
the finding of Teshome and Nigussie (2012) who reported
that the application of 20 t farmyard manure ha-1 and 180
kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in production of highest marketable
root yield of sweet potato.
Table 8: Main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers
application on total and marketable tuber yield (t ha-1) of
Potato.
FYM (t ha-1) Marketable tuber yield
(t ha-1)
Total tuber yield
(t ha-1)
0 25.47c 27.11c
2.5 28.46b 29.76b
5.0 29.89b 31.00b
7.5 33.97a 35.11a
LSD (5%) 2.086 2.267
NP (%)
0 22.66d 24.02c
25 25.10c 26.41c
50 28.12b 29.38b
75 34.59a 35.96a
100 36.78a 37.95a
LSD (5%) 2.332 2.534
CV (%) 9 9.4
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV=
coefficient of variation; Means in the column followed by
the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level
of significance
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Potato production is widely practiced in southern Ethiopia.
The existing potato productivity in the area is very low
despite the high potential for increased production and
yield of the crop in the area. This is due to constraints such
as poor agronomic practice, poor soil fertility, poor cultural
practices, diseases and pests. The crop requires a variety
of elements for growth and development of which N, P, and
K are the most important of the essential nutrients because
they are required in large quantities.
Sustaining soil and soil fertility in intensive cropping
systems for higher yields and better quality of crops could
be achieved through optimum levels of fertilizer application
and fertilizer management. Thus, information on fertility
status of soils and crop response to different soil fertility
management is very important to come up with profitable
and sustainable crop production. Therefore, this
experiment was carried out with the objective of assessing
the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on
yield related traits and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum
L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment consisted
9. Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Areka, Southern Ethiopia
Int. J. Hort. Sci. Ornam. Plants 082
of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1 and five levels of
mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the
blanket recommended rate (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5
ha-1)] in factorial combination in RCBD with three
replications during 2016 ‘Meher’cropping season. The
improved potato variety Belete was used as a test crop.
The results showed that the main effect of FYM and
mineral NP fertilizers were significant
(P < 0.01) on total tuber number per plant, marketable
tuber number per plant, tubers size category, marketable
tuber yield (t ha-1), and total tuber yield (t ha-1). Thus, the
highest total and marketable tuber number per plant was
obtained for the treatments that received the highest rate
of both FYM and mineral NP fertilizers. There were
significant interaction of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on
days to 50% flowering, on days to maturity and plant
height.
The highest total and marketable tuber yields were
obtained in response to the application of 7.5 FYM t ha-1
and 100% of blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer,
but the optimum total and marketable tuber yield obtained
from the application of 7.5 FYM t ha-1 and 75% of blanket
recommended mineral NP fertilizer.
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