This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
This document summarizes the results of a study on integrated nutrient management strategies for improving soil health and doubling farmer incomes in India. Key findings include:
1) Combining reduced tillage/no-till with mulching (straw, plastic) improved soil moisture retention and increased maize/wheat yields by 30-40% compared to conventional tillage alone.
2) Integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced inorganic fertilizers improved guava growth, yield, and quality more than inorganic fertilizers alone.
3) Applying vermicompost and biofertilizers along with 75% recommended inorganic fertilizers led to the highest guava plant
Integrated Nutrient Management and Balanced Fertilization by Bhanumahi (CCSH...MahanteshKamatyanatti
This document discusses integrated nutrient management and balanced fertilization. It defines balanced fertilization as applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in proper proportions to meet crop demands and avoid nutrient deficiencies or inefficiencies. The key aspects of balanced fertilization are applying the right nutrient type and quantity using the right application method at the right time. This helps maximize crop yields, improve cost effectiveness, enhance crop quality, and maintain soil fertility while avoiding pollution. The document recommends fertilizer application based on soil testing, use of high-yielding varieties, correcting all nutrient deficiencies, and following the 4R nutrient stewardship concept of applying the right source at the right rate, right time, and right place.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Integrated nutrient management is an approach to optimize soil fertility and plant nutrition by using all possible sources of plant nutrients (organic and inorganic) in a balanced and efficient manner. The goals are to optimize plant production and profitability while conserving resources and improving soil quality. In conventional farming, emphasis was placed on chemical fertilizers and high yields, but this caused nutrient depletion and deterioration of soil health over time. Integrated nutrient management balances nutrient supply from organic sources like farmyard manure with inorganic fertilizers, and synchronizes nutrient availability with crop demand to maintain long-term productivity and soil function.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in rice-based cropping systems. INM aims to optimize nutrient supply from all sources, including organic materials, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers. It maintains soil productivity while protecting the environment. The key components of INM discussed are organic manures like FYM and compost, green manures, biofertilizers like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, and chemical fertilizers. Long-term studies show that combining optimal chemical fertilizer doses with organic amendments like FYM increases rice yields by 0.4-0.7 tons/ha compared to chemical fertilizers alone. INM improves soil properties, nutrient availability, and crop yields in a
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This document provides an introduction to nutrient management, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus. It discusses the behavior of these nutrients in soil and water systems. Key points include:
- Nitrogen can exist in several forms and undergo mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification, volatilization, and leaching. Its mobility depends on its chemical form.
- Nitrate is very mobile and prone to leaching, while ammonium is held by soil particles but can be transported by erosion.
- Phosphorus tends to remain near the soil surface where applied and can run off with soil particles during rainfall events.
- Best management practices aim to match nutrient supply to crop needs and reduce losses by
Integrated nutrient management advocates a balanced approach using fertilizers, manures, composts, crop residues, and biofertilizers. It aims to improve soil health and productivity in a sustainable way. Integrated use of organic and inorganic sources provides higher yields than either alone due to synergistic effects. Nutrient deficiencies are widespread in Indian soils due to removal exceeding addition. Adopting integrated practices can help close the nutrient gap while protecting soils and the environment.
The document discusses intercropping and integrated nutrient management in pulses. It describes the benefits of intercropping such as reducing pests and weeds, conserving soil moisture, and improving soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management involves using soil nutrients, fertilizers, organic manures, compost, and biofertilizers to maintain soil productivity. Adopting these practices can improve crop yields and nutrient use efficiency while maintaining the health of soils. However, some constraints to their adoption by farmers include lack of organic manures, biofertilizers, and knowledge.
Determination of nutrient need for yield potentiality of crop plantsPreetam Rathore
Crop nutrient needs cannot be met by soil alone, so external fertilizers are needed to achieve yield potential. Three concepts are used to determine fertilizer recommendations: maintenance, cation saturation ratio, and sufficiency level. Precision tools like GPS, sensors, and variable-rate controllers can help tailor fertilizer applications to site-specific crop needs within fields. Field experiments are conducted to develop response equations relating yield to fertilizer levels and determine economic optimum doses.
Integrated nutrient management is the balanced use of mineral fertilizers, organic sources, and biological sources to maintain soil productivity and improve nutrient levels. It aims to improve nutrient efficiency while limiting losses to the environment. The four components of integrated nutrient management are soil sources, organic sources like manure, biological sources like inoculants, and mineral fertilizers. An important part of integrated nutrient management is a nutrient management plan that analyzes each field to improve nutrient efficiency for crops.
Integrated nutrient management , soil science and agricultural chemistrychandrahas sahu
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to optimize crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced use of organic, inorganic, and biological sources of nutrients. INM involves judiciously applying chemical fertilizers along with organic matter like manures to improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable manner. It outlines various organic sources that can be used, including crop residues, legumes, manures, industrial wastes, and biofertilizers to maintain soil productivity while limiting losses to the environment.
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to improve soil health and sustain crop productivity through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biological processes. It describes the objectives and concepts of INM, highlights the need for INM due to declining soil fertility from chemical fertilizers alone, and outlines the components of INM including fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. A case study shows how adopting INM for sugarcane farming in India increased yields and profits compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management. It refers to maintaining soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at optimal levels through optimizing benefits from organic, inorganic, and biological components together. The concepts are regulated nutrient supply for optimal crop growth, improving and maintaining soil fertility, and having no adverse effects on the agroecosystem through balanced fertilization. The components include chemical fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, potassic fertilizers, complex fertilizers, and gypsum and dolomite.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
Integrated Nutrient Management in Cole CropsPankaj Meena
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on integrated nutrient management (INM) in cole crops. It defines INM as a practice that combines organic, inorganic, and bio-fertilizers to improve soil health, yield quality, and the environment. It lists the components of INM as chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and bio-fertilizers. It provides recommended rates of NPK fertilizers and FYM for different cole crops and notes the advantages of INM include increasing nutrient availability, matching crop demand to soil supply, optimizing soil biota, and minimizing harmful effects of chemicals.
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It defines INM as optimizing the benefits from all sources of plant nutrients, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, in an integrated manner to maintain soil health and crop productivity. The key components of an INM system are fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. INM is necessary to prevent nutrient depletion and degradation of soil and water quality from overuse of chemical fertilizers alone. The document discusses various organic nutrient sources and their roles in INM.
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in rice-based cropping systems. INM aims to optimize nutrient supply from all sources, including organic materials, inorganic fertilizers, and biofertilizers. It maintains soil productivity while protecting the environment. The key components of INM discussed are organic manures like FYM and compost, green manures, biofertilizers like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, and chemical fertilizers. Long-term studies show that combining optimal chemical fertilizer doses with organic amendments like FYM increases rice yields by 0.4-0.7 tons/ha compared to chemical fertilizers alone. INM improves soil properties, nutrient availability, and crop yields in a
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
This document provides an introduction to nutrient management, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus. It discusses the behavior of these nutrients in soil and water systems. Key points include:
- Nitrogen can exist in several forms and undergo mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification, volatilization, and leaching. Its mobility depends on its chemical form.
- Nitrate is very mobile and prone to leaching, while ammonium is held by soil particles but can be transported by erosion.
- Phosphorus tends to remain near the soil surface where applied and can run off with soil particles during rainfall events.
- Best management practices aim to match nutrient supply to crop needs and reduce losses by
Integrated nutrient management advocates a balanced approach using fertilizers, manures, composts, crop residues, and biofertilizers. It aims to improve soil health and productivity in a sustainable way. Integrated use of organic and inorganic sources provides higher yields than either alone due to synergistic effects. Nutrient deficiencies are widespread in Indian soils due to removal exceeding addition. Adopting integrated practices can help close the nutrient gap while protecting soils and the environment.
The document discusses intercropping and integrated nutrient management in pulses. It describes the benefits of intercropping such as reducing pests and weeds, conserving soil moisture, and improving soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management involves using soil nutrients, fertilizers, organic manures, compost, and biofertilizers to maintain soil productivity. Adopting these practices can improve crop yields and nutrient use efficiency while maintaining the health of soils. However, some constraints to their adoption by farmers include lack of organic manures, biofertilizers, and knowledge.
Determination of nutrient need for yield potentiality of crop plantsPreetam Rathore
Crop nutrient needs cannot be met by soil alone, so external fertilizers are needed to achieve yield potential. Three concepts are used to determine fertilizer recommendations: maintenance, cation saturation ratio, and sufficiency level. Precision tools like GPS, sensors, and variable-rate controllers can help tailor fertilizer applications to site-specific crop needs within fields. Field experiments are conducted to develop response equations relating yield to fertilizer levels and determine economic optimum doses.
Integrated nutrient management is the balanced use of mineral fertilizers, organic sources, and biological sources to maintain soil productivity and improve nutrient levels. It aims to improve nutrient efficiency while limiting losses to the environment. The four components of integrated nutrient management are soil sources, organic sources like manure, biological sources like inoculants, and mineral fertilizers. An important part of integrated nutrient management is a nutrient management plan that analyzes each field to improve nutrient efficiency for crops.
Integrated nutrient management , soil science and agricultural chemistrychandrahas sahu
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to optimize crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced use of organic, inorganic, and biological sources of nutrients. INM involves judiciously applying chemical fertilizers along with organic matter like manures to improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable manner. It outlines various organic sources that can be used, including crop residues, legumes, manures, industrial wastes, and biofertilizers to maintain soil productivity while limiting losses to the environment.
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM), which aims to improve soil health and sustain crop productivity through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and biological processes. It describes the objectives and concepts of INM, highlights the need for INM due to declining soil fertility from chemical fertilizers alone, and outlines the components of INM including fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. A case study shows how adopting INM for sugarcane farming in India increased yields and profits compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management. It refers to maintaining soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at optimal levels through optimizing benefits from organic, inorganic, and biological components together. The concepts are regulated nutrient supply for optimal crop growth, improving and maintaining soil fertility, and having no adverse effects on the agroecosystem through balanced fertilization. The components include chemical fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, potassic fertilizers, complex fertilizers, and gypsum and dolomite.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
Integrated Nutrient Management in Cole CropsPankaj Meena
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on integrated nutrient management (INM) in cole crops. It defines INM as a practice that combines organic, inorganic, and bio-fertilizers to improve soil health, yield quality, and the environment. It lists the components of INM as chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and bio-fertilizers. It provides recommended rates of NPK fertilizers and FYM for different cole crops and notes the advantages of INM include increasing nutrient availability, matching crop demand to soil supply, optimizing soil biota, and minimizing harmful effects of chemicals.
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It defines INM as optimizing the benefits from all sources of plant nutrients, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, in an integrated manner to maintain soil health and crop productivity. The key components of an INM system are fertilizers, manures, compost, green manures, crop residues, and biofertilizers. INM is necessary to prevent nutrient depletion and degradation of soil and water quality from overuse of chemical fertilizers alone. The document discusses various organic nutrient sources and their roles in INM.
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P≤0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deficient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
Integrated application of compost and inorganic fertilizers for production of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different application rates of compost and inorganic fertilizers on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Compost was prepared on-site using available materials and incorporated into soil 30 days before planting. Four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and four levels of compost were applied to potato plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest potato yields were obtained with application of the recommended rates of 111 kg N and 39 kg P per hectare without compost. However, applying 10 tons of compost per hectare with 73.4 kg N and 26 kg P also resulted in substantial yield increases. The results indicate that integrated use of compost and inorganic fertilizers can boost potato yields
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
This document reports on a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and yield components of shallot (Allium cepa L.) in two districts of Ethiopia. Five rates of nitrogen (0-132 kg/ha) and six rates of phosphorus (0-240 kg/ha) were applied in a factorial experiment. The treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus resulted in the highest marketable yield (23 tons/ha), total yield (23.45 tons/ha), and average bulb weight (88.8 g). While plant height, marketable yield, and total yield were not significantly different among most nitrogen rates, the combination
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the yield of shallot in Ethiopia. Five levels of nitrogen (0, 72, 92, 112, 132 kg/ha) and six levels of phosphorus (0, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 kg/ha) were applied to shallot plants. The highest marketable yield of 23 tons/ha was obtained with the application of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus. This treatment combination of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 160 kg/ha phosphorus was recommended for shallot production in the study area.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different rates and frequencies of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on enset (false banana) production in Areka, Ethiopia. The study found that applying 138 kg of N and 20 kg of P per hectare twice per year significantly increased various measures of enset production like pseudostem height and circumference, leaf sheath number, corm and bula (dehydrated juice) weight, and kocho (fermented product) yield. It also decreased maturity time, allowing the crop to mature 3 years earlier than the typical 5 years without fertilizer. The study concludes that applying higher rates of N and P fertilizers more than
The effect of np fertlizer rates on the yield and yield components of ginger ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield and yield components of ginger in Kindo-Koyisha Woreda, Ethiopia. The experiment used five levels of N (0-92 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-30 kg/ha) in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that increasing the N level significantly increased various yield components. The P level also significantly affected plant height, leaf length, leaf area, and number of tillers and plants per plot. The interaction between N and P significantly impacted leaf area and number of plots per plot. The highest yields were obtained at 92kg/ha N and 30
1) The study assessed the impact of different cultivation methods on soil fertility and rural livelihoods in Arsi Zone, southeast Ethiopia. 2) Soil samples were collected from fields with different cropping systems, including wheat-wheat, wheat-barley, wheat-bean, and wheat-maize. 3) The results showed that wheat-bean and wheat-pea cropping systems improved soil properties like soil organic matter and total nitrogen, while wheat-barley and wheat-maize systems had adverse effects compared to continuous wheat cropping.
Response of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc).Trotter) to Organic and inorganic fert...AI Publications
Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians. It is major crops grown in Central highlands of Ethiopia under wide range of Agro ecological condition. Integrated nutrient management is the best approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients to increase crop productivity in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as their combination on growth, yield and yield components of tef. Applications of chemical fertilizers mainly Urea and DAP have been started some four decades ago to improve soil fertility for enhanced crop production. Untenable increases in the price of fertilizers coupled with their adverse effects on the soil and reduced recovery efficiency of fertilizers by crops are the bottlenecks that prohibit the indiscriminate use of this technology. On farm using of organic fertilizers is inadequate due to some parts of the country us it as source of energy. Though ISFM is the notably preferred option in replenishing soil fertility and enhancing productivity, it is not yet widely taken up by farmers due to access or availability of inputs, use of organic resources for other purposes in place of soil fertility, transporting and management of organic inputs and economic returns of investments. Therefore, research needs to conduct detailed study on the best combinations of inputs that can boost crop yield in different farming systems and soil types.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application on Concentration and Uptake of ...Premier Publishers
Field study was conducted in 2015 cropping season in North Shoa, Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were determining the N and P concentration in plant parts and their uptake by wheat. The treatment contained four level of N (0, 32, 64 and 96 kg/ha) and four level of P (0, 23, 46 and 69kg P2O5/ha) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The source of N and P were urea and TSP, respectively. Wheat variety, Digelu, was used as a test crop. Interaction of N by P produced highly significant difference on the concentration of N and P in the grain, concentration of P in the straw, P uptake by grain and total P uptake by wheat. Similarly, highly significant differences were observed on the concentration of N and P in the grain, concentration of N and P in the straw, P uptake by the grain, and total P uptake by wheat due to main effect N and P. Nitrogen uptake by straw and grain as well as total uptake were also highly significant only due to main effect N. Phosphorus uptake was only significant due to main effect N.
Reaction of Elite Faba Bean Genotypes for Soil Acidity StressAI Publications
Soil acidity is one of the major abiotic stresses in Ethiopian highland agriculture that limits crop production in general and a prime factor of faba bean production in particular. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of soil acidity stress on grain yield of 50 faba bean genotypes of which 22 were released varieties. The experiment was comprised two stress levels (lime treated and untreated) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance for both potential yield (YP) and stress yield (YS) indicated significant differences among fifty genotypes. Also, significant differences were observed among faba bean genotypes regarding seven soil acidity stress indices. Based on the YP, the genotypes Moti, CS20DK, EKLS/CSR02010-4-3, Cool-0024 and EH07023-3, had the highest yield under non-stressed condition, while the genotypes CS20DK, Obse, Wolki, Didi’a and Dosha displayed the highest yield under stressed condition. In terms of grain yield (g/5plants) CS20DK was ranked 2nd and 1st with 113.24g and 79.56g under non-stressed and stressed, respectively. However, based on the overall performances of multiple stress indices (YI, STI, MP, GMP, HM, SSI and RYR) Wolki, Dosha and Obse were confirmed as soil acidity stress tolerant genotypes whereas Wayu was identified as the most sensitive genotype. The STI, MP, GMP and HM indices exhibited strong correlation with YP, while YI showed strong correlation with YS indicating YS can discriminate soil acidity tolerant genotypes with high grain yield under stress conditions. Hence, use of multiple stress indices confirms the performance consistency of the genotypes considered for the stress.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Adaptation and Performance Evaluation of Released Napier Grass Varieties unde...PriyankaKilaniya
Five Napier grass varieties were evaluated for agronomic performance and yield at Abobo agricultural research center under rain fed condition in Gambella. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on agronomic parameters such as plant height, survival rate, leaf to stem ratio, node number per plant, internodes length per plant, tillering performance and dry matter yield were analyzed using general linear model(GLM) procedure of SAS, least significant difference (LSD) at 5% was used for mean separation. Combined analysis indicated that tested varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) for survival rate, plant height, leaf to stem ratio, tillering performance, internodes length per plant and dry matter yield. The highest plant survival rate (86.33%) was recorded for Check followed by varieties 16819(73.60%), 16984(71.92%), and 16791(67.83%) respectively. On the other hand, variety 15743(66.67%) showed the lowest plant survival rate. The mean plant height ranges from 2.09m to 2.49m with an overall mean plant height of 2.31m. The tallest mean plant height (2.49m) was recorded in 15743 while shortest mean plan height (2.09m) was recorded in check. The mean leaf to stem ratio range from 1.71 to 1.28 with the overall mean of 1.52, and The higher leaf to stem ratio value (1.71) were recorded from check, followed by 16984(1.67), 15743(1.59), 16819(1.35) while the lowest value were recorded in 16791(1.28). In a combined analysis the mean dry matter yield range from 20.02 t/ha to 14.05 t/ha with the overall mean of 16.24 t/ha. The higher dry matter yield value (20.02 t/ha) were recorded from 16819, followed by 16791(16.77t/ha) and check (16.12t/ha) respectively. The lowest mean dry matter yield were recorded in 16984(14.05 t/ha) and 15743(14.26t/ha). Generally, Napier grass varieties tested has shown variation for agronomic performance and yield under rain fed condition in Gambella
Remediation of crude oil contaminated soil with inorganic and organic fertili...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined using mixtures of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer to remediate crude oil contaminated soil for growing maize. Thirty-six pots were filled with soil contaminated with 300ml of crude oil and amended with different rates of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Results showed that applying 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure with 400kg per hectare of NPK fertilizer or 4 tons per hectare of poultry manure with 200kg per hectare of NPK fertilizer reduced soil total hydrocarbon content the most, achieving remediation rates of 86.97% and 76.42% respectively. The study concluded that organic and inorganic
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
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Application of np fertilizers for better production of teff
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
Application of NP Fertilizers for Better Production of Teff
(Eragrostis tef (zucc.) trotter) on Different Types of Soils in
Southern Ethiopia
Abay Ayalew
E-mail: simretaba@yahoo.com
Kelsa Kena
E-mail: kelsak2003@yahoo.com
Tesfaye Dejene
E-mail: dtesfaye75@yahoo.com
Abstract
Teff is one of the important crops grown in the southern region. Experiments were conducted at
Bobicho research site (Hossana), Areka and Awassa on Profondic Luvisols, Haplic Alisols, and Vitric
Andosols, respectively, to determine NP fertilizers requirement for tef production. Urea and triple
super phosphate (TSP) were used as sources of N and P, respectively, at Hossana; whereas urea and
diammonium phosphate (DAP) were used at Awassa and Areka as sources of N and P, respectively.
Nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 23, 46 and 69 kg/ha; whereas P was applied at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40
kg/ha. Factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in three replications in all cases.
Teff varieties DZ- 01- 354, DZ-01-196 and Dhabi, which are late, medium and early maturity groups,
respectively, were used at Areka and Awassa; whereas another medium maturity group variety ‘Ajora-
1’ was planted at Hossana. There was no response to any type of fertilizer irrespective of varietals
variations for tef production at Awassa. At Areka, highly significant grain yield difference (up to 20
kg/ha) was obtained for P application, but there was no response to either N alone or its interaction
with P. Additional grain yield of 394 kg/ha was obtained from application of the first 10 kg/ha P over
the check. Highest value cost ratio (VCR) of 10.43 was obtained with application of 10 kg/ha P
followed by 3.54 with 20 kg/ha P, after which the economic return declined sharply. Application of P
up to 30 kg/ha highly significantly increased teff grain yield at Hossana. Both N and P, when applied
separately, also significantly increased straw yield, but their interaction did not. Phosphorus
application showed strong positive correlation with soil P, grain yield and straw yield of teff at
Hossana. Highest VCR of 10.83 was obtained with the application of the first 10 kg/ha P. Value cost
ratio continuously decreased with increasing levels of P up to 30 kg/ha resulting in positive economic
return, where further increase of P level led to negative return. In general, on the basis of the results
obtained, there is no need of applying any type of fertilizer for teff production at Awassa. Application
of P up to 30 kg/ha is recommended for teff production at Hossana; whereas, only up to 20 kg/ha P is
recommended at Areka.
Key words: Teff, N and P fertilizers
Background and Justification
Teff is the most important cereal crop serving millions of people as a staple food in
Ethiopia. Doris (2002) reported that teff contains 11% protein and is an excellent source
of essential amino acids, especially lysine, the amino acid that is most often deficient in
grain foods. Teff contains more lysine than barley, millet, and wheat and slightly less
than rice or oats. He further mentioned that teff is also an excellent source of fiber and
iron, and has many times the amount of calcium, potassium and other essential minerals
found in an equal amount of other grains. He also noted that teff is nearly gluten-free, and
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2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
is gaining popularity in the whole food and health food industry in the U.S. as an
alternative grain for persons with gluten sensitivity. Teff may also have applications for
persons with Celiac Disease. It contains 11% total carbohydrates, 24% dietary fiber,
10% thiamine, 2% riboflavin, 4% niacin, 8% calcium and 20% iron and is free from
saturated fat, sugar and cholesterol (Purcell Mountain Farms, 2008). Gilbert (1997)
indicated that teff straw from threshed grains is considered to be excellent forage,
superior to straws from other cereal species. As cited by Gilbert (1997); Boe et al. (1986)
and Eckhoff et al. (1993) reported that forage yields vary from 9.0 to 13.5 Mg/ha
depending upon moisture levels during the growing season. Teff straw provides an
excellent nutritional product in comparison to other animal feed and is also utilized to
reinforce mud or plasters used in the construction of buildings (Doris, 2002).
Although teff is adapted to a wide range of environments and diverse agro climatic
conditions, it performs excellently at an altitude of 1800-2100 m a s l, annual rainfall of
750-850 mm, growing season rainfall of 450-550 mm, and a temperature of 10 0C-27 0C
(Seifu Ketema, 1993). It does well on clay loam and clay soils, which retain moisture
during growing seasons. Teff is well suited on soils with a moderate fertility level and
can tolerate a moderate water logged conditions (National Soil Service, 1994). It is also
widely grown in Southern Region of Ethiopia, where early varieties like Dhabi and
Bunigne are commonly produced during belg (March-June) rainy season, whereas
medium to late varieties are dominantly produced during the main rain/meher (July-
October) season.
According to CSA (1999), teff, covers the largest cultivated land as compared to cereals,
pulses and oils, with average annual production of 1.87 million tones. Out of the
estimated total cultivated land (8.216 million ha), it covered 31% in 1996/1997 (Doris,
2002), 32% in 1997/1998 (CSA 1999), and 25.84% in 2000/01 (CSA, 2002). From the
figures above one can understand that, although the percentage of land under teff
gradually decreases, the total area still continued to increase as a result of more and more
new land is being cleared and put under cultivation each year.
Despite the large-scale production and various merits, teff production and productivity
have been far below the potential. Currently the average national productivity is 0.92 t ha-
1
, which is very low as compared to other small grain cereals grown in Ethiopia. This is
because of many yield-limiting factors of which poor soil fertility being among the most
important (Mwangi, 1995). Teff is produced in large plots, which is difficult to farmers
to apply organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility. To feed the ever increasing
population and generate income, continuous cultivation of land became a common
practice in major teff producing areas, which eventually led to soil fertility decline and
subsequent reduction of crop yields. Thus, as noted by Mwangi (1995) the use of
inorganic fertilizer is critical to increase crop yield. Gruhn et al. (1995) suggested that,
the levels of the fertilizer being used are very low and this must be increased to meet the
demand for food with population growth. In many cases farmers are being forced to
either not use or use low rates of fertilizer due to high fertilizer costs. Use of blanket
recommendation rate irrespective of soil variations, however was found to be one of
discouraging factors to farmers producing teff on relatively fertile soils. Thus, cost
effective use of fertilizers on teff, which is low yielder and at the same time the most
expensive grain crop in Ethiopia, is very crucial. Fertilizer recommendations are site,
crop and soil specific; hence fertilizer rates should also be established for each site or
crop and soil separately. These experiments were thus conducted with the objective to
determine the economic optimum fertilizer rates for production of teff on different soils
in southern Ethiopia.
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3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
Materials and Methods
The study sites and Characteristics of the soils
Bobicho(Hossana)
Bobicho research sub-center is found in Hadiya zone about 3 km northwest of Hossana town on
gently slopping land (6% slopes). It is located on geographic coordination of 70 34’ 14.6’’ northern
latitude and 370 50’ 06.1’’ eastern longitudes and an elevation of 2275 masl with tepid to cool sub-
humid (SH2) agro-ecology. The type of the soil is Profondic Luvisols, which is very deep (>150cm)
and well-drained. The pH value of the surface soil varies from 4.23 to 5.4, and is rated as extremely to
strongly acidic. When moist, it has dark brow (7.5 YR2.5/2) color, clay loam texture, and moderate
medium sub angular blocky structure (Abaineh, 2003). The CEC (19.2 to 23 cmol (+)/kg soil) and
base saturation (41 to 54%) of the soil are medium. He further reported that the organic matter and
total nitrogen content ranges from 0.99-4.51% and 0.056-0.37%, respectively, which is rated as very
low to high for both parameters. Available P content is low (0.12 to 4.62 mg kg-1).
Areka
Areka research center is found in western part of Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia on a very gently
undulating topography with a gradient of 0 - 10% slope and altitude ranging from 1730 to 1840 masl
in and around the center. Its geographic extent is 70 3’ 26’’ to 70 4’ 24’’ northern latitude and from 370
40’ 52’’ to 37041’ 30’’ eastern longitude. It receives mean annual rainfall of 1520 mm in a bi-modal
pattern with extended rainy season from March to September (Abaineh and Ashenafi, 2003). The
mean annual maximum temperature is 260C, whereas the mean annual minimum is 140C. The area is
thus endowed to have 240 consecutive days of length of growing season (LGP) and with SH2 agro-
ecology.The soil of the center is Haplic Alisols, which is very deep (>150cm), very dark brown (10
YR2/1.5) to black (7.5 YR3/1) in color and clay loam to silt loam in texture. The pH H2O of surface soil
is 4.7 and it increases to 6.0 in subsurface horizons. Abaineh (2003) reported that both the CEC (10 to
32 cmolc kg-1 soil) and base saturation (18 to 69%) of the soils are low to high, values decreasing with
depth. The soil has got 0.3 to 9.7% organic carbon (OC), which is rated as low to medium. He further
noted that available P (Olsen) content of the center’s soil is <4.2 mg kg-1, which is rated as low for
most of the crops. Total nitrogen content varied from 0.01 to 0.53% and is rated as very low to
medium.
Awassa
Awassa Agricultural Research Center is found in the central part of the Great Rift Valley (Southern
Ethiopia), geographic extent that ranges from 070 03’ 19.1’’ to 070 04’ 00.2’’ north latitude and from
380 31’ 08’’ to 380 31’ 01.8’’ east longitude. It is located on an undulating topography with altitude
ranging from 1695 to 1713 masl. It receives mean annual rainfall of about 948 mm. It has a bimodal
rainfall pattern with extended rainy season from March to September. Its mean annual maximum and
minimum temperatures are 27.30C and 12.60C, respectively. It is endowed with 200- 240 consecutive
length of growing period (LGP) and a tepid to cool sub humid (SH2) in agro-ecology.
According to Abaineh et al. (2006), the soil type of the farm is Vitric Andosols with 80-152 cm depth
and its slope ranges from 0-2%. The soil is slightly acidic to neutral with the top soil (0-30 cm) pH
values ranging between 6.4 and 6.9. Its total N content varied between 0.165 and 0.270%, which is
rated as low to medium. It has got low organic carbon content (2.1- 3.0 %). The farm has very high
available P (34.2- 164.6 mg kg-1), which might have been accumulated as a result of continuous
phosphatic fertilizer application for the last almost half a century by both the then Awassa Agro-
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Vol.1, No.1, 2011
industry and lastly by the research center itself. That is why no response to P application had been
recorded for different crops at the center (Kelsa, 1998, 1988a, b). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of
the soil is in the range of 17.4- 39.8 cmol(+) kg-1 soil, which is medium to high and is highly base
saturated (76- 96%).
The experiments were conducted on 4mx4m plot size at Awassa and Areka, and on 3mx4m plot size at
Bobicho. Verification trials were conducted in the third years of the experiment on both farmers’ fields
and on the research sites using 10mx10m plot size. Four levels of N (0, 23, 46, and 69 kg N ha-1) and
five levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg P ha-1) were applied in the form of Urea and TSP, respectively,
at Bobicho. In Awassa and Areka, however three levels of urea (0, 50 and 100kg/ha) and five levels of
DAP (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) were used. All experiments were conducted in a factorial
randomized complete block design in three replications. Urea was applied in a split: half of the
suggested dose at planting and the remaining half at a month after planting when the soils were moist
and all the weeds were removed. All doses of DAP and TSP were applied at planting. Medium
maturing tef variety ‘Ajora’ was sown at Bobicho; whereas, late, medium and early maturing varieties
‘DZ- 01- 354’, ‘DZ-01-196’ and ‘Dhabi’, respectively, were sown at Areka and Awassa at a rate of 25
kg/ha seed.
Thirty surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were randomly (following zigzag way) collected and
composited before planting. At harvest, eight surface soil samples were collected from every plot and
composited for each plot. Soil analysis was done following the procedures in laboratory manual
prepared by Sahlemedhin Sertsu and Taye Bekele (2000). The soil samples were air dried and ground
to pass 2 mm sieve and 0.5 mm sieve (for total N) before analysis. The pH of the soil was measured in
1:2.5 (soil: water) ratio. Organic carbon content of the soil was determined following the wet
combustion method of Walkley and Black. Total nitrogen content of the soil was determined by wet-
oxidation (wet digestion) procedure of Kjeldahl method. The available phosphorus content of the soil
was determined by Bray II method as the experimental soil is acidic.
Teff yield data were statistically analyzed using the proc Glm function of SAS and means were
compared using LSD at a probability level of 5 %. The economic value of applied fertilizer was
analyzed using value cost ratio (the ratio between the value of the extra yield obtained by using
fertilizer and the cost of the fertilizer applied) method taking only value cost ratio greater than 2 as
economical. Current prices of commodities were considered for the economic analysis.
Results and Discussion
Soil properties as influenced by application of increasing levels of NP fertilizers
The analysis result of composite soil samples collected before planting indicated that soil of Bobicho
was extremely acidic with pH value of 4.23. The soil pH on treatment plots was increased after
harvest ranging from 4.60 to 5.40, which is still in a position to inhibit the availability of most plant
nutrients. Like wise, organic matter content of the top soil (0 – 30 cm) also was slightly increased for
post harvest samples, which might be attributed to decays of weeds and roots of the test crop and/or
reduction of organic matter decomposition rate during the growing period of the crop. Total N content
did not show much variation as compared to the before planting data (Table 1). This might be
attributed to uptake by the crop during growing period. On all higher N dose treatments (46 and 69 kg
N ha-1), the crop was lodged indicating that it took up excessive N. Soil test N was very highly
correlated with organic matter content (r=0.87***) (Table 4).
The available P content of the soil with no P treatments was reduced from the initial value. The soil P
content increased only in the treatments with highest P application (40 kg P ha-1). However, the
increment is small (1.5 mg kg-1), which might be attributed to P uptake by the crop and fixation as the
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ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
soil is strongly acidic. According to Pushparajah (1997), who classified available P as low (< 11 mg
kg-1), medium (11-20 mg kg-1), high (20-30 mg kg-1), and very high (> 30 mg kg-1), both before
planting and after harvest, available P values are rated as low indicating phosphorus is deficient in the
soil of the experimental site. The available P was very highly correlated with applied P (r=0.67***).
Yield and yield components of teff as influenced by application of increasing levels of NP
fertilizers
The result of the experiment conducted at Bobicho indicated that, though statistically not significant,
teff grain yield was slightly increased with application of 23 kg/ha N, which gave 386 kg/ha yield
advantage over the control. The grain yield gradually decreased with additional use of N. On the other
hand, the use of 10 kg/ha P alone increased teff grain yield from 788 to 1377 kg/ha with a 75% yield
increment. Phosphorus influenced teff grain yield very highly significantly (P< 0.0001) and the mean
maximum of 1571 kg/ha was obtained from application of 30 kg/ha P. Though the maximum yield of
1606 kg/ha was obtained with the use of 23/30 kg/ha N/P, no significant response was recorded from
the interaction of N and P (Table 2).
Teff straw yield was also very highly significantly (P< 0.0001) influenced by application of N and P
fertilizers, but not by their interactions. Straw yield increased from 5167 – 6958 kg/ha when N levels
increased from 0 - 46 kg/ha, but declined with further N addition. Mean yield continuously increased
with increased levels of P from 0 to 30 kg/ha, but it was declined with further P application (Table 3).
The maximum teff grain and straw yields were obtained with the application of 30 kg/ha P.
Phosphorus was highly correlated with grain yield (r=0.23**) and straw yield (r=0.3**). There was
also positive correlation between grain and straw yields (r=0.95***) (Table 4). Taking the values of
both grain and straw yields into account, gross benefit increased form birr 16,250 to 25,082, with
corresponding DAP rates from 0 – 150 kg/ha. Value cost ratios of 10.83, 4.51 and 3.87 were obtained
with the use of 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha DAP, respectively. However, the gross benefit was declined and
the corresponding VCR became negative when the amount of DAP was increased to 200 kg/ha (Table
5) suggesting that the amount of DAP should not exceed 150 kg/ha for teff production on Profondic
Luvisols of Bobicho
The findings of the experiment conducted on Haplic Alisols of Areka indicated that there was no
variation among the different maturity groups of tef varieties in response to fertilizer application. Yield
of all the three tested teff varieties were not influenced by the application of nitrogen; whereas, it was
highly significantly influenced by the application of P. For the first 10 kg/ha P applied in the form of
DAP, an additional mean grain yield of 394 kg/ha as compared to the control was obtained. But
thereafter, mean grain yield was increased at a decreasing rate despite that the use of 100 kg/ha DAP
gave statistically significantly higher yield than 50 kg/ha (Table 6).
The net economic benefit obtained from the sales of both grain and straw was progressively increased
when DAP up to 100 kg/ha. The highest VCR (10.43) was obtained with the application of 50 kg/ha
DAP followed by 3.54 with the application of 100 kg/ha DAP. The VCR was fallen below 1.0 with
additional application of DAP suggesting that the fertilizer rate for teff production on Haplic Alisols of
Areka should not exceed 100 kg/ha DAP (Table 7).
There was no response of all the three tef varieties to the application of both fertilizers (DAP and urea)
at Awassa (Table 8). The finding was verified both on farm (10mx10m plot size) and station (in large
scale). As a result, it was concluded that there is no need of applying any type of fertilizer for teff
production at Awassa irrespective of varietal differences (Kelsa, 1998). This indicates that the soil is
not deficient in N and P. An experiment conducted on NP requirement of sunflower also indicated that
the soil was not deficient in these nutrients (Kelsa Kena, 1988a).
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Conclusion and Recommendations
Teff production is widely practiced in Ethiopia on different soils, which respond differently to the use
of fertilizers. Application of organic fertilizers on crops like teff, which are grown in large acreage, is
also a difficult area of intervention. Thus wise use of inorganic fertilizers supported by economic
feasibility is of paramount importance. Straw yield has also considerably contributed to the economic
benefit of fertilizer use for teff production on different soils.
Accordingly, on Profondic Luvisols of Bobicho, around Hossana, teff grain yield was highly
significantly increased due to P fertilizer application, whereas the straw yield was highly significantly
increased with the use of both N and P fertilizers. The economic analysis result, taking the values of
both teff grain and straw yields into consideration, indicated that gross benefit was considerably
increased for the use of DAP at rates ranging from 50 to 150 kg/ha. Thus, application of 50 to 150
kg/ha is recommended depending on the availability of the fertilizer and affordability of the farmer.
On Haplic Alisols of Areka, there was no response to N application for teff production. However, both
grain and straw yields were highly significantly increased due to application of P. The gross benefit
was considerably increased with application DAP until the level of 100 kg/ha, but increased at a
decreasing rate with further increase of DAP. The VCR varied between 10.43 and 3.54, for the use of
DAP at 50 to 100 kg/ha, respectively. Consequently, application of 50 to 100 kg/ha DAP is
recommended for teff production on Haplic Alisols of Areka.
For tef yield was not influenced by application of fertilizers, no fertilizer use is recommended for teff
production on Vitric Andosols of Awassa irrespective of variations in variety.
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Watershed Development and Land Use Department MONRDEP, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
Purcell Mountain Farms (2008), “INGREDIENTS: Whole Grain Teff. Nutrition Facts”, Moyie
Springs -Idaho, USA.
Pushparajah, E. (1997), “World Fertilizer Use Manual”, Bankog, Thailand.
Sahlemdhin Sertsu and Taye Bekele (2000), “Procedures for Soil and Plant Analysis”, National Soil
Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Technical paper No.
74.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Seifu Ketema (1993), “Breeding, Genetic resources, Agronomy, Utilization and role of tef in
Ethiopian Agriculture”, Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys, Ministry of Mines
and Energy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Table 1. Selected soil chemical properties as influenced by application of NP fertilizers at
Bobicho Research Site, Hossana
N /P Soil pH OC OM Av. P, Olsen Total N
(kg ha-1) (H2O) (%) (%) (mg kg-1) (%)
0/0 4.89 1.2 2.07 1.0 0.16
0/10 4.60 1.16 2.00 1.5 0.16
0/20 4.80 1.25 2.33 1.5 0.16
0/30 5.04 1.41 2.43 1.5 0.18
0/40 4.91 1.14 1.97 2.5 0.16
23/0 4.71 1.56 2.69 1.0 0.19
23/10 4.80 1.50 2.59 0.5 0.19
23/20 4.90 1.21 2.09 1.0 0.21
23/30 4.86 0.60 1.03 1.0 0.11
23/40 4.81 1.02 1.76 3.0 0.15
46/0 4.74 1.80 3.10 0.5 0.22
46/10 4.73 1.20 2.07 1.5 0.16
46/20 5.40 1.30 2.24 1.0 0.16
46/30 5.10 1.37 2.19 1.0 0.17
46/40 4.95 0.94 1.62 1.5 0.14
69/0 4.88 1.00 1.72 1.0 0.15
69/10 4.73 1.01 1.74 1.0 0.15
69/20 4.86 1.30 2.24 1.5 0.17
69/30 4.77 1.16 2.00 1.0 0.16
60/40 4.7 1.19 2.05 3.0 0.16
Composite (0/0) 4.23 0.62 1.07 1.5 0.18
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Table 2. Mean teff grain yield (kg/ha) as influenced by NP fertilizer use on Profondic Luvisols of
Bobicho
N levels (kg ha-1) P levels (kg ha-1) N mean
0 10 20 30 40
0 788 1377 1336 1563 1582 1329
23 1174 1245 1546 1606 1606 1440
46 1058 1400 1366 1585 1562 1403
69 976 1287 1577 1501 1440 1370
P mean 999 1329 1461 1571 1557 1386
N P N*P
LSD, 5 % : NS 131.76 NS
CV (%): 16.56
Table 3. Mean teff straw yield (kg/ha) as influenced by NP application on Profondic Luvisols of
Bobicho
N levels (kg ha-1) P levels (kg ha-1) N mean
0 10 20 30 40
0 5167 7750 7708 8833 9083 7708
23 6417 7708 9000 9625 9750 8505
46 6958 8083 8875 9125 9083 8434
69 6500 8208 9167 9875 8750 8514
P mean 6260 7940 8693 9372 9177 8290
N P N*P
LSD, 5 % 598.21 597.62 NS
CV (%) 14.05
Table 4. Correlations among fertilizers, crop and soil parameters
Nap Pap Year N soil P soil OM pH Gy By
Nap 1 0 0 -0.11 -0.08 -0.11 0.27 0.02 0.07
Pap 1 0 -0.4 0.67*** -0.43 0.28 0.23** 0.30**
Year 1 0 0 0 0 -0.87*** -0.85***
N 1 -0.33 0.87*** -0.09 -0.30 -0.015
soil
P 1 -0.28 -0.19 0.15 -0.02
soil
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OM 1 -0.06 -0.36 -.22
pH 1 0.30 0.14
Gy 1 0.37
By 1
Nap - applied N, Pap - applied P, N soil - soil test N, P soil - soil test P, OM - organic matter, Gy -
grain yield, By - biomass yield
** Significant at p=0.001, *** significant at p=0.0001
Table 5. Economic Analysis for teff production at Hossana using VCR as an indicator
DAP Fertilizer Benefit (Birr) from sales of Gross benefit VCR
(kg/ha) Cost, Grain Straw (Birr)
(Birr)
0 0 9990 6260 16250 -
50 460 13290 7940 21230 10.83
100 920 14610 8693 23303 4.51
150 1380 15710 9372 25082 3.87
200 1840 15570 9177 24747 (0.73)
Table 6. DAP and Urea fertilizers effect on mean tef grain yield (kg/ha) on Haplic Alisols of
Areka
Urea, kg/ha DAP kg/ha N Mean
0 50 100 150 200
0 708 1081 1178 1238 1222 1085
50 659 1059 1230 1228 1288 1093
100 753 1159 1194 1231 1224 1112
P Mean 706c 1100b 1201a 1232a 1245a 1097
Means in a column with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
Significance:
P- **
N- NS
Interaction- NS
CV= 16.47%
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Table 7. Economic Analysis for teff production at Areka using Value Cost Ratio as an indicator
DAP, Fertilizer Benefit (Birr) from sales of Gross VCR
Kg/ha Cost Grain Straw Benefit
0 0 7060 2535 9595 -
50 460 11000 3392 14392 10.43
100 920 12010 4011 16021 3.54
150 1380 12320 4134 16454 0.94
200 1840 12450 4279 16729 0.60
Table 8. Response in grain yield of teff (kg/ha) to NP fertilizers (kg/ha) on Vitric Andosols of
Awassa
Urea, kg/ha DAP, kg/ha
0 50 100 150 200 Urea Mean
0 1005 1003 918 994 1007 985
50 962 935 994 1033 1007 986
100 952 1010 1022 988 952 985
DAP Mean 973 983 978 1005 989
Significance:
P- NS
N- NS
Interaction- NS
CV= 15.73%
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