Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
ย
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960โs) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
ย
Abstractโ This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
ย
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
ย
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960โs) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
ย
Abstractโ This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
ย
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
ย
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
ย
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
ย
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p โค 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p โค 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Green Manure of Leucaena leucoceph...BRNSS Publication Hub
ย
White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) was planted in the abandoned quarry to determine the growth and yield effects of mycorrhizal fungi, green manure, and other soil amendments. Seed yams were planted on the heaps (1 m ร 1 m) in three replicates and three blocks. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, green manure of Gliricidia sepium (GS), poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer influence yamโs shoot, root, and tuber weights. It was further observed that the combined treatments of GS and Leucaena leucocephala had better enhancement of growth and yield characters of yam. Biofertilizers together with plant and animal remains are therefore recommended for the bioremediation of quarry and other areas affected by natural, human, or ecological activities.
Role of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Performance of Some Medicin...Premier Publishers
ย
Medicinal plants are nutrient demanding plants for normal growth and to produce higher yield. The aim of this review is to assess and indicate the role of plant nutrients both organic and inorganic in some medicinal plants. Inorganic and/or organic fertilizers are needed to meet inadequate soil nutrients and the declining of soil fertility as a result of continuous cultivation. Maintaining soil organic matter concentration above the threshold level is critical for improving soil quality. A careful combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is widely recognized strategy of integrated nutrient management to sustain agronomic productivity and improve soil fertility. The effects of organic fertilization and combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer on crop growth and soil fertility depend on the application rates and the nature of fertilizers used. Interestingly, applications of organic fertilizers to plants have been reported to increase the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in them. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizers are crucial to increase the yield of medicinal plants like roselle within a short period of time. Most of the research conducted in plant nutrient demand for medicinal plants reported that integrated nutrient management for continuous and sustainable production of medicinal crop is necessary to gain quality products.
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
ย
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
ย
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p โค 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p โค 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Green Manure of Leucaena leucoceph...BRNSS Publication Hub
ย
White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) was planted in the abandoned quarry to determine the growth and yield effects of mycorrhizal fungi, green manure, and other soil amendments. Seed yams were planted on the heaps (1 m ร 1 m) in three replicates and three blocks. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, green manure of Gliricidia sepium (GS), poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer influence yamโs shoot, root, and tuber weights. It was further observed that the combined treatments of GS and Leucaena leucocephala had better enhancement of growth and yield characters of yam. Biofertilizers together with plant and animal remains are therefore recommended for the bioremediation of quarry and other areas affected by natural, human, or ecological activities.
From discourse to diagrams: research project on academic staffs digital liter...sarra saffron powell
ย
A presentation that demonstrates the use of diagrams across all stages of a research project at the University of Liverpool. The research explored academic staffs perspectives of and practices in digital literacies.
Influence of NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on the Growth of Okra (Abelmos...AI Publications
ย
Field trials were conducted during the 2018 rainy season at the Federal University Dutsin-Ma Teaching and Research Farm, Badole. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tonsโ ha-1) on the growth of okra. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The application of 4 and 8 tonsโ ha-1 of poultry manure showed significant difference on the number of plant per plot at 4 and 6WAS. While the application of NKP 15:15:15 at all level were statistically at par on the number of plant per plot. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatment to plant height, number of leaves, leaves area, stem girth at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on number plant, number of leave per plant, leave area, plant height, stem girth. And some of parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants and increase in the plant organs. Both NPK fertilizer and poultry manure were found to play a significant role in increasing the growth of okra plant.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Soil fertility improvement by Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray and its e...theijes
ย
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Organic farming with special reference to vermicultureTakeleZike1
ย
This presentation delves into the principles and practices of organic farming, with a particular focus on the innovative technique of vermiculture. Organic farming represents a sustainable approach to agriculture that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and biological processes to enhance soil fertility, conserve resources, and minimize environmental impact. Within this context, vermiculture, or the use of earthworms to process organic waste and create nutrient-rich vermicompost, emerges as a powerful tool for organic farmers.
Throughout the presentation, key aspects of organic farming are explored, including soil health management, crop rotation, companion planting, and natural pest control methods. The role of vermiculture in organic farming systems is examined in depth, highlighting its benefits in improving soil structure, increasing microbial activity, and supplying essential nutrients to plants. Practical guidance is provided on setting up and managing a vermiculture system, from selecting suitable earthworm species to optimizing environmental conditions for composting.
Case studies and examples illustrate the real-world applications of organic farming and vermiculture, showcasing successful initiatives and their positive impact on agricultural sustainability, biodiversity, and food security. By promoting a holistic and ecologically sound approach to agriculture, this presentation aims to inspire farmers, researchers, and policymakers to embrace organic farming practices, with vermiculture as a valuable component in achieving long-term agricultural resilience and environmental stewardship.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
ย
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
GROWTH AND POD YIELD OF HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUML.) AS INFLUENCED BY FARMY...fstj
ย
Hot peppers are crucial vegetable crops in Ethiopia grown widely. Research regarding the nutritional and
beneficial objectives of the pepper plant is very inadequate. Accordingly, a field experiment was conducted
to evaluate the effect of NPS and FYM fertilizer on production at the Dambi Dollo, Western Ethiopia. The
study was organized by Complete Randomized Block Design with three replication. A variety of Marako
Fana hot pepper have been used. Four level of NPS fertilizer (0, 100, 200, 300kg N ha-1
) and four level of
FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 t ha-1 were allocated to the study area and a total of 20 treatments. The research
has shown that FYM and NPS fertilizer interacts to affect suggestively (P<0.05) most parameters
excluding unmarketable yield which is affected by the single effect of NPS and FYM. The maximum
commercial pod yield (2.19 t ha-1
) and entire pod harvest (2.62 t ha-1
) was noted through NPS fertilizer
rates of 100 kg ha-1 applied including 5 t ha-1 of FYM. Thus, it is possible to conclude that hot pepper
growers can use NPS fertilizer rate of 100 kg ha-1 with 5 t ha-1 of FYM that would improve productivity of
the hot peppers in the study area.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
ย
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (pโฅ0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
ISSN 2321 โ 9602
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Performance of indigenous celosia argentea variety and soil
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2014
Performance of Indigenous Celosia argentea Variety and Soil
Physico-chemical Properties as Affected by Dual Application of
Compost and Single N-mineral Fertilizer in Southern Guinea
Savanna Vegetation Zone of Nigeria
Peter Akintoye Babajide*1 and Noah Olugbemiga Olla2
1. Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, PMB
4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
2. Department of Agricultural Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture Igboora, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the correspondence author: akinbabajide@yahoo.com
69
Abstract
Both the organic and chemical fertilizer materials had been adjudged defective and imperfect,
especially while considering some of their embedded attributes, such as โrapid nutrients-releasing-and-varnishingโ,
residual effects, hoarding and high cost of purchasing the inorganic fertilizers. Also, the organic
residues are known to be slow in nutrients dissolving and releasing, apart from their competitive usages, as well
the time and drudgery involved in their preparations.
Two consecutive field studies were carried out in the year 2008, at the Teaching and Research Farms,
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, to assess the effects of combining four levels
(0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 t ha-1) of composted Tithonia-biomass and three rates (0.0, 20.0, 40.0 kg N ha-1) of urea on
growth, yield and nutrient uptakes of Celosia argentea and soil physico-chemical properties. Trial was laid out
in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Data collected on growth and yield
parameters were analyzed using ANOVA at p < 0.05. Growth and yield parameters increased significantly with
increasing level of the mineral-N fertilizer and compost applications, compared to the control during the
experiments. Combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 had significantly highest values of
all the growth and yield parameters measured. Data from plants which received combined application of 6.0 tons
ha-1 compost and 40.0 kg N ha-1 were not significantly different from those obtained from combined application
of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 but significantly higher than other treatment combinations. Moreso,
soil physico-chemical properties significantly improved with increasing application of tithonia-compost. Thus,
organic soil amendments such as Tithonia diversifolia biomass could favour crop performance and soil quality
and that, combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 is recommended for supplying
adequate nutrients required for optimum growth and yields of celosia and improved soil quality in the study area.
Key words: Indigenous celosia variety, compost, Tithonia diversifolia, soil physico-chemical properties, guinea
savanna.
1.0 Introduction
Celosia argentea L. belongs to the pigweed family โAmaranthaceaeโ. It is an important leaf vegetable
of the southwestern Nigeria, which is well known for its succulent leaves rich in protein, vitamins and minerals
(Akanbi et al., 2007). Celosia argentea is commonly found in the traditional mixed and inter-cropping systems
of the tropics as seen on small patches of pure over crowded stands (when drilled) or single plants (when
transplanted) at regular or irregular spacing (Akanbi et al., 2007). Its leaves (which are slightly mucilaginous)
and young shoots are useful in soup and stew preparations. Boiled shoots are served with carbohydrate foods
such as yam or yam flour, rice etc. Moreso, celosia leaves can be dried and preserved against the dry season in
India (Aruna, 2009). Its uses beyond dietary and extend to medicinal purposes and treatment of ailments such as
abscesses, cough, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, eczema, eye problems, gonorrhea, infected sores, liver ailments,
menstruation problems, muscle troubles, skin eruptions, snakebites and wounds (Schippers, 2000).
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray. is a common weed, which is also known as Wild flower or
Mexican sunflower. It is an annual shrub belonging to the family Asteraceae which grows aggressively to a
height of 2.5m or beyond and adaptable to most soils (Consolacion et al., 2006; Olabode et al., 2007). It could be
ranked amongst the numerous indigenous wild plant species which could be easily exploited as suitable potential
fertilizer materials. The plant is well known to be found growing on or near small holder farms. It is believed to
be originated from Mexico and now widely distributed all over the humid and sub-humid tropics of the Central
and South America, Asia and Africa (Nziguheba et al., 2002; Consolacion et al., 2006). It was probably
introduced into Africa as an ornamental plant. It had been observed to be widely spread in Nigeria on abandoned
waste-lands, beside highways, waterways and cultivated farmlands (Chukwuka and Omotayo, 2009). Although
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2014
the plant is relatively high in nutrient concentrations, little is known about its potentials as a dependable nutrient
source for improved soil fertility and crop yields (Jama et al., 2000).
Rapid decline in tropical soil fertility and crop productivity has become a major concern, and indeed a
great hindrance to achieving food sufficiency in the tropics. However, continuous and intensive use of highly
priced synthetic fertilizer materials, for boosting crop productivity in the past decades had been obviously linked
to this problem as earlier reported to influence nutrient imbalances, nitrate pollution, microbial activities, soil
acidity and fatal threats to man (Sobulo, 2000; Akanbi, 2002; Babajide et al., 2008). Hence, it is important to
provide alternative sources of nutrients for effective and efficient crop production. Much research had been done
to assess the suitability of organic materials (such as crop residues and animal manures) as potential sources of
nutrients to replace inorganic fertilizers (Akanbi et al., 2007; Chukwuka and Omotayo, 2009) but, the proposed
organic alternatives to inorganic fertilizers were identified as potential fertilizer materials with relatively low
nutrient concentrations per given volume. This implies that the organic materials cannot be sufficiently available
to reverse soil fertility conditions particularly on large scale farms, apart from the competitive versatility of the
same organic materials (for livestock fodder, mulching, fencing, ornamental, medicine etc.), as well as the
drudgery involved in preparation and application of the organic materials (Olabode et al., 2007; Palm et al.,
2001). Therefore, since both nutrient sources have their attributed advantages and disadvantages, adoption of an
organo-mineral nutrient management approach which combines the two major nutrient sources at certain
proportions that will reliably elicit crop production efficiency with little or no damage to the soil physico-chemical
properties, is a worthwhile technology (Palm et al., 1997). This research was then carried out to assess
the effects of combining composted Tithonia biomass and synthetic fertilizer at different application rates on
growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Celosia argentea and post-cropping soil quality.
70
2.0 Materials and Methods
Field studies were carried out in the year 2008, at the Teaching and Research Farms, Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology, Ogbomoso (latitude 80 10โ N and longitude 40 10โ E), Nigeria, to evaluate the
response of Celosia argentea to combined application of four rates (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 t ha-1) of composted
Tithonia diversifolia biomass and three rates (0.0, 20.0, 40.0 kg N ha-1) of N-mineral (urea) fertilizer and the
effects of these treatment combinations on post-cropping soil conditions. Ogbomoso falls under southern guinea
savanna of the south-west Nigeria, and characterized by bimodal rainfall distribution with two peaks (between
1150 mm and 1250 mm) in late July / early August and October / November.
2.1 Land Clearing and Preparation
Land clearing and preparation were carried out manually, following farmersโ conventional practice,
using hoe, cutlass, mattock, rake etc. Plots of 2.0 by 2.0 m2 size were then made.
2.2 Preparation of Compost
The compost used was prepared mainly from Tithonia biomass and cured poultry manure. Fresh
Tithonia plants available at the fallowing experimental plot were cut at eight weeks after emergence and
shredded (into smaller fragments of less than 5 cm in length with stem girths ranging from 2.8 cm to 4.2 cm).
These materials were air-dried for 14 days to reduce the moisture content to about 6 %.The poultry manure was
obtained from the poultry section of the livestock production unit at the Teaching and Research Farms,
LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Stone, metals and other foreign / non-biodegradable materials were carefully removed
from the manure before air drying for ten days. Samples were randomly collected from both the Tithonia plant
materials and cured manure for laboratory chemical analyses using standard methods (IITA, 1982). Under the
shade of Gmelina arborea-Tectona grandis plantation located at the opposite side of the Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, a wooden frame of compost bin with a base of 3m (length) by 2m (breadth)
and 5m height was erected. Wooden planks of about 10cm wide were nailed at interval of 30cm round the frame.
It was a roofless structure with a door-like opening which allows entrance into the structure. The walls and the
floor were not cemented to ensure proper ventilation into the structure and water drainage out of the structure as
required. When the materials to be composted were ready, the floor and the walls were carefully lined with a big
jointed fertilizer sack on which ten (10) layers of Tithonia biomass and cured poultry manure were laid in ratio
3:1 respectively (Abad et al., 1997; Akanbi, 2002). Each layer consists of 30kg Tithonia biomass and 10kg
poultry manure. At the completion of the layering, vertical insertion (through the core of the manure) of three
plastic pipes of 2.5m long and 10 cm in diameter were carried out. This reduces excessive heating up of the
manure. The layers were finally covered with a thin layer of good topsoil, to enhance microbial population of the
compost. Adequate watering which allows even saturation of the manure layers with water was done
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2014
immediately. The layers were then sealed-up with a big black polythene sheet and the terminal edges of the
underlined jointed fertilizer sack overlapped that of big black polythene sheet and finally weighed down by
heavy objects such as stone, logs of wood etc. Watering and turning of the decomposing manure were carefully
done fortnightly. Matured and odourless composted materials were evacuated from the erected structure at the
eight week. The compost was then spread thinly on a cemented floor for air-drying for ten days. The materials
were then sieved (using 0.8 x 0.8 cm2 sieve) and spread for further air-drying, before bagging in jute sacks for
storage in a cool dry store until when needed. Samples were collected for chemical analyses, using standard
methods according to IITA (1982).
2.3 Sowing, Fertilizer Application and Maintenance of Celosia argentea
Celosia argentea seeds of variety Ogbomoso-Local were surface sterilized by using 95% ethanol for 10
seconds and later rinsed six times with sterile water after shaking for three to five minutes in 3% hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2). Seeds were sown at a spacing of 50 cm by 20 cm per plot size of 2.0 by 2.0 m2 on July 1st 2008.
Emerged seedlings were later thinned to one per hole or stand, at one week after sowing (WAS). Plant residues
found on the farm site were applied as basal manure application. Urea fertilizer (46% N), was used as the only
inorganic nitrogen (N) source. Application of compost was done by incorporating the materials into the soils two
weeks before sowing. Regular watering was maintained as at when due. Plots were manually weeded by hoeing,
fortnightly.
2.4 Experimental Design
There were twelve treatment combinations introduced as derived from combination of four rates (0.0,
1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 t ha-1) of composted Tithonia diversifolia biomass and three rates (0.0, 20.0, 40.0 kg N ha-1) of
inorganic nitrogen (urea). The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four
replications.
2.5 Soil and Plant Samplings and Analyses
During land preparation, soil samples were collected for pre-cropping physico-chemical analyses,
according to IITA 1982. The soil was an Alfisol belonging to Egbeda (Smyth and Montgomery, 1962; Bridges,
1997). After harvesting at six weeks after sowing, plant samples were oven dried at 80oC for 48 hours and
analysed following the procedures of AOA C (1980) and Heanes, (1984). The nutrients accumulated in plant
parts were calculated as; Nutrient uptake = % Nutrient content x sample dry weight according to Ombo (1994)
and Gungunla (1999).
2.6 Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
Data on growth and yield parameters were collected and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Significant
means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), according to SAS (2009).
3.0 Results and Discussion
The results from the pre-cropping physical and chemical soil analyses revealed that the soil used for this
experiment was mildly-acidic (Table 1) and texturally sandy-loam (sand, 85.4%, silt, 11.4% and clay, 3.2%).
Also, the soil was grossly low in essential nutrients (total N, 0.04%, available P, 4.78 mg kg-1 and exchangeable
bases (C mol kg-1), K, 0.62, Ca, 1.31 and Mg, 0.38) and organic carbon, 1.78%. These results agreed with
Olabode et al. (2007) and Babajide et al. (2008), who reported that the soils at the study area was slightly acidic
and also that they were grossly low in nutrient concentrations to support successful completion of the vegetative
and reproductive stages of most tropical crops.
The significantly highest values of nutrient uptake for N, P and K were not obtained through combined
application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 but through combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost
and 40.0 kg N ha-1 of urea although, the values of uptake of P and K were statistically similar (Table 1). These
results corroborated the findings of Akanbi (2002), Babajide et al., 2008 and Chukwuka and Omotayo (2009)
who reported the potential of Tithonia biomass as potential fertilizer which could supply adequate nutrients for
improved crop yield and nutrient uptakes of crop plants whenever incorporated into the soil.
The pH value of the matured compost was higher than any of the Tithonia materials and poultry manure
used for composting (Table 2). Also, the values of N (%), P (%), and K (%), Ca (g kg-1) and organic C (g kg-1)
improved in the matured compost and were better than any of the materials used for composting (Table 2). This
is a reflection of significance of composting crop residues which creates a better improvement in the nutritional
compositions of the compost over the materials used for compost making. These results supported the findings of
Chen et al., 1993; Ghosh et al., 2004; Chukwuka and Omotayo, (2008) and Akanbi, (2002) who reported
variation in the percentages of nutrient concentrations of organic manure depending on the sources, handling
techniques and management strategies. However, the lower values of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu observed in the
matured compost compared to those of the materials used for compost making could be attributed to one or more
71
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2014
of the factors that could induce variation in the percentages of nutrient concentrations of organic manure as
mentioned above.
Growth and yield parameters significantly increased with increasing rate of Tithonia and N-mineral
fertilizer applications (Table 3). The control had the significantly lowest values for all the parameters measured.
Combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 had significantly highest values of all the
growth and yield parameters measured (Table 3). Generally, values obtained from plants which received
combined application of 6.0 tons ha-1 compost and 40.0 kg N ha-1 were statistically similar to those obtained
from combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of compost and 20.0 kg N ha-1 but significantly higher than other
treatment combinations (Table 3). These results supported the findings of Palaniappan et al (1999); Babalad
(1999); Nanjundappa et al (2001) and Imayavarambani et al (2002) who reported improvement in the general
performance of crops which received a combination of different nutrient sources. Also, soil physical and
chemical properties significantly improved with increasing application of tithonia-compost. These results agreed
with the reports of Nziguheba et al., (2002) and Jama et al., (2000) who reported the potential of Tithonia
biomass as a potential fertilizer which improved crop yield and nutrient uptake of crop plants when incorporated
into the soil.
Table 1: Effect of Combined Application of Composted Plant Residues and Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil
Physical and Chemical Properties and Nutrient Uptakes of Celosia
72
Nutrient uptakes
Treatments
Temperature (o
C)
Moisture
content (%)
pH
Pre-cropping
pH
Post-cropping
N
(g kg-1)
P
(gkg-1)
K
(g kg-1)
T0N0 30.4a 19.2c 6.02NS 5.70c 3.80e 1.00f 0.65e
T0N1 30.2a 20.6bc 6.02NS 5.70c 18.90d 3.63ef 10.10d
T0N2 30.2a 21.2b 6.02NS 5.70c 31.50bc 5.23de 15.47bcd
T1N0 28.0a 24.0b 6.02NS 5.90b 31.70bc 7.13abcd 19.60ab
T1N1 28.2a 22.8b 6.02NS 5.90b 33.43bc 8.17abc 20.20ab
T1N2 28.2a 22.0b 6.02NS 5.92b 37.30ab 8.80a 21.67ab
T2N0 24.0b 30.0a 6.02NS 6.19a 26.73bcd 5.67cde 18.20abc
T2N1 22.7c 31.2a 6.02NS 6.16a 30.00bcd 7.23abcd 21.67ab
T2N2 24.8b 31.1a 6.02NS 6.16a 44.37a 8.43ab 23.03a
T3N0 20.8c 32.0a 6.02NS 6.20a 37.50ab 8.33ab 21.70ab
T3N1 21.2c 30.1a 6.02NS 6.21a 27.53bcd 6.90bcd 17.87abc
T3N2 21.0c 29.9a 6.02NS 6.18a 23.33cd 4.40de 12.37cd
NS= Not Significant, T0= zero application of tithonia compost, T1= application of 1.5tons ha-1 of tithonia compost, T2= application of 3.0
tons ha-1, T3= application of 6.0 tons ha-1 of tithonia compost, N0= zero application of urea, N1= 20.0kg N ha-1 application of urea, N2= 40.0
kg N ha-1 application of urea
Table 2: Chemical Properties of Composted Materials and Matured Compost Used
Properties Tb Pm Mc
pH (H20) 5.90 6.00 6.22
N (%) 3.62 3.50 3.90
P (%) 0.91 0.29 0.47
K (%) 2.18 1.20 2.09
Ca (g kg-1) 8.70 7.60 9.19
Mg (g kg-1) 3.35 4.10 4.56
Fe (mg kg-1) 10.80 13.82 12.76
Zn (mg kg-1) 118.20 145.10 145.82
Cu (mg kg-1) 30.16 29.81 31.20
Organic C ( g kg-1) 34.60 33.70 37.60
Tb = Tithonia biomass, Pm = poultry manure, Mc = matured compost.
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.19, 2014
Table 3: Growth and Yield Parameters of Celosia argentea as Influenced by Combination of Tithonia
Compost and N-Mineral Fertilizer.
Treatments
73
Plant Height
(cm)
Stem
Circumference
(cm)
Number
of
Leaves
Number
of
Branches
Above-ground
Dry yield (tons ha-1)
Below-ground
Dry yield (tons ha-1)
T0N0 23.3c 1.6a 24.6d 5.0f 2.3d 0.4e
T0N1 34.0b 2.0b 37.8c 6.2e 3.1c 1.0d
T0N2 39.6b 2.0b 44.2b 7.1d 3.4c 1.7c
T1N0 41.0b 2.3b 45.6b 8.2c 3.6c 1.8c
T1N1 40.3b 2.2b 46.3b 8.3c 4.0c 1.8c
T1N2 42.0b 2.4b 49.8b 9.3c 4.4c 1.9c
T2N0 43.8b 2.4b 51.9b 9.6c 6.6b 2.5b
T2N1 58.3a 3.41a 79.4a 13.6a 11.7a 4.6a
T2N2 62.3a 3.5a 80.6a 14.0a 10.9a 4.6a
T3N0 60.8a 3.5a 81.5a 14.2a 11.0a 4.6a
T3N1 62.7a 3.5a 82.5a 14.0a 10.3a 4.7a
T3N2 60.9a 3.5a 85.6a 13.9a 10.7a 4.5a
T0= zero application of Tithonia compost, T1= application of 1.5tons ha-1 of Tithonia compost, T2= application
of 3.0 tons ha-1, T3= application of 6.0 tons ha-1 of Tithonia compost, N0= zero application of urea, N1= 20.0kg
N ha-1 application of urea, N2= 40.0 kg N ha-1 application of urea.
4.0 Conclusion
This research has established that Tithonia is a potential fertilizer material and suitable soil amendment
for the tropics which could be easily exploited for improved crop productivity through positive and effective
enhancement of the soil physical, chemical and biological conditions of the tropics where soils are mostly
marginal. Thus, to ensure continuous flow of nutrients for optimum growth and yield of Celosia and
maintenance of soil physical and chemical properties, combined application of 3.0 t ha-1 of Tithonia compost and
20.0 kg N ha-1 is therefore recommended in the study area.
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