This document reviews factors influencing Ethiopian farm households' decisions to invest in soil and water conservation. Land degradation through soil erosion and nutrient depletion threatens food security and productivity in Ethiopia's highlands. While the government has promoted conservation, studies have found mixed results on adoption factors. The review finds adoption and investment intensity are influenced by different processes. Addressing all relevant factors is needed, as no single policy can drive major changes alone.
Techn. Session 5 "Rainfed Agriculture: Financing Smart Agriculture Projects“ Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation - MENA Case Study 1 - Water Productivity Enhancement, By Prof. Dr. Dieter Prinz, Karlsruhe, SW-Germany, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Techn. Session 5 "Rainfed Agriculture: Financing Smart Agriculture Projects“ Water Harvesting and Supplemental Irrigation - MENA Case Study 1 - Water Productivity Enhancement, By Prof. Dr. Dieter Prinz, Karlsruhe, SW-Germany, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Understanding Drought Coping Mechanisms in Smallholder Farm Households: Evide...Premier Publishers
The aim of this paper is to understand and identify factors affecting the choice of drought coping mechanisms in smallholder farm households living in dry lands of northern Eritrea. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and drought coping mechanisms were collected using a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions from a sample of 200 households drawn from dry lands of northern Eritrea using stratified random sampling. Multinomial logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the choice of household’s drought coping mechanism is influenced by livestock ownership, current asset holding, its level of food insecurity, access to credit and age of household head. A household with a high amount of livestock is more likely to depend on selling livestock as a drought coping mechanism. However, if a household is food insecure, it is more likely to choose migration, remittance, restriction of consumption, and borrowing as a means for coping with drought episodes. Moreover, younger household heads tend to look for off-farm work than the selling of livestock. Policies and relief programs aimed at enhancing rural household’s resilience to drought episodes need to consider a multi-dimensional approach.
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
HOW CAN AFRICAN
AGRICULTURE ADAPT TO
CLIMATE CHANGE?
INSIGHTS FROM ETHIOPIA AND SOUTH AFRICA
Edited by Claudia Ringler, Elizabeth Bryan, Rashid M. Hassan,
Tekie Alemu, and Marya Hillesland
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
Improving Vegetable Productivity in a Variable Climate and Global Warming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Understanding Drought Coping Mechanisms in Smallholder Farm Households: Evide...Premier Publishers
The aim of this paper is to understand and identify factors affecting the choice of drought coping mechanisms in smallholder farm households living in dry lands of northern Eritrea. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and drought coping mechanisms were collected using a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions from a sample of 200 households drawn from dry lands of northern Eritrea using stratified random sampling. Multinomial logistic regression and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the choice of household’s drought coping mechanism is influenced by livestock ownership, current asset holding, its level of food insecurity, access to credit and age of household head. A household with a high amount of livestock is more likely to depend on selling livestock as a drought coping mechanism. However, if a household is food insecure, it is more likely to choose migration, remittance, restriction of consumption, and borrowing as a means for coping with drought episodes. Moreover, younger household heads tend to look for off-farm work than the selling of livestock. Policies and relief programs aimed at enhancing rural household’s resilience to drought episodes need to consider a multi-dimensional approach.
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
HOW CAN AFRICAN
AGRICULTURE ADAPT TO
CLIMATE CHANGE?
INSIGHTS FROM ETHIOPIA AND SOUTH AFRICA
Edited by Claudia Ringler, Elizabeth Bryan, Rashid M. Hassan,
Tekie Alemu, and Marya Hillesland
Study on Impact of Land Fragmentation in Agriculture-A Case of Rajshahi Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract:The study was conducted in Rajshahi district to get clear picture on the status of land fragmentation. Total 30 respondents were interviewed to know about the status of land fragmentation in Rajshai, impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, environment, economics and sustainable development. This study was conducted with the view to assess the impacts of land fragmentation in agriculture, land uses as well as on society, and in particular, challenges for the agricultural land. Several factors were recognized and it is happening due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions and population growth. The land use pattern of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly due to unplanned human settlement and industrialization. Bangladesh is a small country but it supports a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use The following factors are driving country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance include: i) unexpected population growth; ii) human settlement; iii) increased number of nuclear family; and iv) scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. As a result, agricultural land is decreasing remarkably. Results showed that the land fragmentation of Rajshahi district is changing, especially the agricultural land is decreasing in an alarming rate and now it is becoming more and more vulnerable. The agricultural land of the study area is losing each and every year. The agricultural production also is decreasing due to lack of agricultural land, industrialization, decreasing soil fertility and making soils toxics by using chemicals. If this rate continues, the agricultural land will be totally exhausted within the next couple of years. Moreover the fragmentation of land is impacting sustainable development of the study area frequently. If the perceived problems could be solved by raising awareness among the people, go for vertical uses of land, motivate family to live in the extend family, adopting appropriate policy for human settlements and land use planning.
Keywords:Extend family; land fragmentation; nuclear family; vertical scope; sustainable development.
Improving Vegetable Productivity in a Variable Climate and Global Warming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Soil erosion which is now one of the impacts of climate change due to increased precipitation events across the globe needs adaptations for adjusting to the actual and expected change in its occurrence more than mechanical/engineering measures for the management of the phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to conduct an in-depth review of adaptation strategies to soil erosion. The research made a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, news articles, conference papers, books and publicly available materials on adaptations to soil erosion. From the review, most authors have a unity of opinion on adaptive strategies to soil erosion, including the use of mulching, cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour bonds, tree planting, wood logs and ploughing across the slope as they have been found to increase soil yield and reduce soil loss as well as its accompanying adverse impacts. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) enhancement of the existing adaptive measures; (2) a shift from rain-fed agriculture to dry season farming; (3) training the affected people on adopting the adaptive measures which are currently ignored in most communities; and (4) encouragement of the participation of land holders through grants in soil erosion management based on the adaptive techniques.
Land Degradation in Semi-Arid Areas and Farmers’ Livelihoods: Experiences fro...Premier Publishers
This study examines farmers’ experiences and perspectives on land degradation and livelihoods in the Lawra Municipality, a semi-arid area in north-western Ghana. An explanatory sequential mixed method approach, which combines both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, was used. Data was collected through a survey of 228 farming households, two key informant interviews and observation. The study revealed that land degradation, in the form of reduced vegetation cover, soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, is mainly caused by over-cultivation and inappropriate land use practices. Majority of farming households experienced transitory food shortages as a result of land degradation. Farmers’ livelihoods are threatened as farming has become unattractive with several long-term implications including pushing many people into other ventures such as illegal small-scale mining. The land degradation challenge in the Municipality needs to be approached differently from conventional ways of addressing the problem. This paper recommends the adoption of new and innovative ways of regulating land use by incorporating wider social processes of efficient land management and alternative sustainable livelihood strategies.
Increased agricultural production through both intensification and extensification is a major driver of the current biodiversity crisis. As a response, two contrasting approaches have been advocated: ‘land sparing’, which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield, and ‘land sharing’, which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but decreases agricultural yields. While these approaches have been useful in drawing attention to the impact of meeting the growing global demand for agricultural products on biodiversity, they have been driven mainly by conservation ecologists, and have often overlooked important issues related to farming. As agronomists with practical experience in developing, testing and scaling alternative forms of agriculture in some of the most biodiversity-rich areas of Latin America, Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia, we are pointing in this paper at what we see as being two major limitations of the land sparing/sharing framework: (1) the reliance on yield-density relationships that focus on trade-offs and overlook synergies between agriculture and biodiversity, and (2) the overemphasis on crop yield, neglecting other metrics of agricultural performance which may be more important to local farmers, and more strongly associated with positive biodiversity outcomes. It is our hope that this paper will stimulate other agricultural scientists to contribute to the land sparing/sharing framework, in order to develop together with conservation ecologists viable solutions for both improved agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.
Effect of Farmyard Manure and Mineral NP Fertilizers on Yield Related Traits ...Premier Publishers
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems causing yield reduction in Ethiopia. Farmers at Areka apply both organic and inorganic fertilizers to overcome the problem and increase yield of potato. However, information on the application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer is inadequate to the area to increase the yield of potato crop. Therefore, an experiment was conducted at Areka, Southern Ethiopia during the 2016 cropping season with the objective of assessing the effect of farmyard manure and mineral NP fertilizers on yield related traits and yield of potato. There were twenty treatments comprising of four levels of FYM (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) with five levels of combined mineral NP fertilizers [0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of blanket recommended rates of NP (110 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1)] in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that the main effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers were significant (P<0.01) on tuber number per hill, tuber size category and tuber yield in tha-1. There was significant interaction effect of FYM and mineral NP fertilizers on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height. The maximum total and marketable tuber yields of 35.11t ha-1, and 33.97 t ha-1recorded at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1 FYM respectively while the maximum total and marketable tuber yield of 37.97 t ha-1and 36.78 t ha-1respectively were obtained in response to the application of 100% blanket recommended mineral NP fertilizer rate.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.