This document provides an overview of solar energy and its applications. It discusses 6 applications of solar energy: 1) solar water heaters, 2) solar cookers, 3) solar ponds, 4) solar electricity using photovoltaic cells, 5) the world scenario of large solar power plants, and 6) India's scenario and goals for solar energy. The document outlines the components and functioning of each solar energy application.

1. A PRESENTAION ON :
SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS
APPLICATIONS

2. Solar energy
 The sun is a source of enormous energy
which is at a distance of about 150 x 106
km from earth.
 The energy from the sun in form of radiation
is called solar energy.
 It is estimated that with 0.1 % of 75,000
trillion kWH of solar energy that reaches
the earth, the planet’s requirements can be
easily fulfilled.


3. 1. Solar water heater
Solar water heaters use the sun's heat to provide hot water for a
home or building.
A typical 100 LPD (litre per day) system is sufficient to provide
approximately 100 litres of hot water at an average temperature of
65°C every day on all sunny days.
A typical direct solar thermal system consists of collector, pipes
and an insulated tank.
There are two types of collectors used in a solar hot water service:
1. flat plate collectors
2. evacuated tubes

4. Flat Plate Collector system

5. Evacuated Vacuum Tube system

6. of the box is attached a plane mirror with help of clamp. The plane mirror can be adjusted at an angle is that the solar energy cou
and it is turned towards the sun, so that solar radiation enters it directly. The angle of solar reflector is also adjusted so that more
2. Solar Cooker
1.A solar cooker consists of a rectangular wooden box which is lined from inside with some
insulation material, such as thermocol or glass wool. The insulating material prevents heat
losses due to conduction and convection.
1.Within the wooden box is placed a light fitting metallic box, whose inner surface is painted
black, as black surface are good absorbers a heat energy.

7. 1.Solar ponds are large-scale energy collectors with integral heat
storage for supplying thermal energy.
2.The solar pond works on a very simple principle. It is well known
that water or air is heated they become lighter and rise upward e.g.
a hot air balloon. Similarly, in an ordinary pond, the sun’s rays heat
the water and the heated water from within the pond rises and
reaches the top but loses the heat into the atmosphere.
3. Solar pond

8. 5. A solar pond has three zones. The top zone is the surface zone, or UCZ (Upper
Convective Zone), which is at atmospheric temperature and has little salt content.
6. The bottom zone is very hot, 70°– 85° C, and is very salty. It is this zone that
collects and stores solar energy in the form of heat, and is, therefore, known as the
storage zone or LCZ (Lower Convective Zone).
7. Separating these two zones is the important gradient zone or NCZ (Non-Convective
Zone). Here the salt content increases as depth increases, thereby creating a salinity or
density gradient.
8. This gradient zone acts as a transparent insulator permitting sunlight to reach the
bottom zone but also entrapping it there. The trapped (solar) energy is then withdrawn
from the pond in the form of hot brine from the storage zone.
9. Though solar ponds can be constructed anywhere, it is economical to construct them
at places where there is low cost salt and bittern, good supply of sea water or water for
filling and flushing, high solar radiation, and availability of land at low cost. Coastal
areas in Tam

9. The first solar pond in India (6000 m²) was built at Bhuj. The project was sanctioned
under the National Solar Pond Programme by the Ministry of Non-Conventional
Energy Sources in 1987 and completed in 1993. The solar pond successfully
demonstrated the expediency of the technology by supplying 80,000 litres of hot water
daily to the plant.
Solar pond

10. I.A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is an electrical device that converts the
energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
I.It works on the principle of photoelectric effect- when light falls on certain metals
like silicon, the electron gets excited and escape from metal, which are then collected
by another metal and passed through wires in a stream; the electron flow thus
constitutes the electric current.
I.Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of semiconducting materials such as silicon. There
are two basic types of semiconductor material, called positive (or P type) and
negative (or N type).
4. (i) Solar electricity-photovoltaic

11. Photovoltaic cell

12. 6. Solar refrigerator
1.Solar refrigerators can be classified into two types: Solar refrigerators that use
batteries and ones that don’t.
2.A solar fridge that uses batteries uses a combination of solar panels and lead batteries.
The batteries serve as back up overnight and on sunless days. These fridges have many
disadvantages. These are expensive; the batteries are heavy and deteriorate quickly in
hot climates.
3.Solar power fridges that don’t require batteries can be made from basic household
materials. These are modern and better suited to developing countries. Although these
fridges are technically solar powered, they don’t use solar panels for power. They rely
on conduction, convection and evaporation and operates at an even 6°Celsius.

14. World Scenario of Solar energy
As of January 2015, the largest solar power plants in the world are:
 For PV, the 550 MW Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, both
located in southern California.
 For CSP (solar thermal), the 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in
California's Mojave Desert.
 Other large solar thermal power stations include the 35 (MW) solar energy generating
systems power installation in the USA, Solnova solar Power Station (Spain,
150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 150 MW) and the first part of Shams solar
power station (United Arab Emirates, 100 MW).
 Other large PV farms include the 320 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park in China, the
224 MW Charnka Solar Park and the 166 MW Solapark Meuro in Germany.

15. UNESCO REPORT

16. 1.India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for
using solar power in India.
2.In the solar energy sector, some large projects have been proposed, and a 35, 000 km2
area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to
generate 700 to 2,100 GW.
3.In July 2009, India unveiled a US$19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power
by 2020. Under the plan, the use of solar-powered equipment and applications would be
made compulsory in all government buildings, as well as hospitals and hotels.
4.In January 2015, the Indian government significantly expanded its solar plans,
targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022.
5.In India 10,000 domestic and 5,000 industrial solar water heating systems have been
developed.
Indian Scenario of Solar energy

17. THANK YOU !!