Algorithms
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The document discusses algorithms and their properties. It defines an algorithm as a set of rules or steps to solve a problem. Key points include: - Algorithms must be finite, unambiguous, and have a defined sequence of execution and input/output. They must effectively solve the problem. - Common ways to specify algorithms include pseudocode, flowcharts, and programming languages. - Developing a program involves stating the problem, planning steps, coding, running/debugging. - Common flowchart symbols are shown to visually represent algorithm logic and flow. Pseudocode guidelines aim to balance readability and necessary detail.
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Inheritance in object-oriented programming allows new objects to take on the properties and behaviors of existing objects. There are different types of inheritance including single, hierarchical, multiple, multilevel, and hybrid inheritance. The main advantages of inheritance are reusability, extensibility, and data hiding. Inheritance enables overriding methods of the base class in derived classes. However, a main disadvantage is that inheritance tightly couples the base and derived classes, meaning changes often need to be made in both classes.
0/1Knapsack
The document discusses the 0/1 knapsack problem and different approaches to find the optimal solution. It describes the problem as filling a knapsack from objects with given weights and benefits to maximize the total benefit within a weight limit. It then summarizes dynamic programming and greedy approaches to solve the problem, and shows the optimal solution is to choose items with weights 3, 4, and 5 to get a total benefit of 9 within the weight limit of 7.
Computer system architecture
The document summarizes the Von Neumann architecture, which was proposed by John von Neumann in 1945. It consists of four main components: a memory to store both instructions and data, a processing unit to perform arithmetic and logical operations, a control unit to interpret instructions, and a bus connecting the components. This architecture is used in most modern computers but suffers from the Von Neumann bottleneck due to the shared bus, which limits throughput between the CPU and memory. Mitigation techniques include using caches, separate memory paths for data and instructions, and on-chip scratchpad memory.
Aids Awareness , Nss , Healthcare !
AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus that weakens the immune system. A seminar on AIDS awareness and prevention was being presented by the NSS UNIT and LNCT INDORE to educate attendees on what AIDS is, how it is caused, and how to prevent the spread of HIV. The seminar aimed to inform people about AIDS and HIV by addressing questions like what AIDS is and how it is caused before beginning the presentation.
D Flip Flop
The document discusses the design and analysis of a D-flip flop. It begins by introducing flip flops and their use for storing state information. It then discusses the need for a D-flip flop due to limitations in the basic SR flip flop. A D-flip flop overcomes these limitations using a gated SR flip flop with an inverter between the S and R inputs, allowing a single data input. The circuit and working of the D-flip flop are shown, noting it will store and output the data input while the clock is high.
Optical fiber
This document presents information on optical fibers through a slideshow. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including the evolution, structure, workings, classification, communication systems, advantages/disadvantages, and applications of optical fibers. Key points are that optical fibers transmit light through total internal reflection and have refractive index profiles that allow either single-mode or multi-mode transmission. Applications highlighted include use in telecommunications, space, broadband, computing, medicine, and the military.
Optical Fiber
The document discusses optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, and applications. Optical fibers first emerged in the late 19th century and were refined over the 20th century. An optical fiber consists of a core and cladding layer that uses total internal reflection to guide light along its path. Fibers are classified based on the number of propagation modes as either single-mode or multi-mode, and also by refractive index profile as step-index or graded-index. Optical fibers have numerous applications in telecommunications, computing, medicine, and other fields due to their advantages over electrical cables.
Algorithms
The document discusses algorithms, including definitions, properties, and methods of specifying algorithms. An algorithm is defined as a process or set of rules to follow to solve a problem or perform calculations. It must be finite, unambiguous, have a defined sequence of execution and inputs/outputs. Two common methods of specifying algorithms are pseudocode and flowcharts. Developing a program involves stating the problem clearly, planning instructions logically, coding the program, running/debugging it. The document also provides guidelines for pseudocode and examples of common flowchart symbols.
Lasers
The laser is an optical amplifier that works on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation. Einstein first predicted stimulated emission in 1917, but it was not utilized until the 1950s when the maser was developed. In 1960, Maiman built the first laser, a ruby laser, and shortly after the first gas laser was developed. The basic components of a laser are an active medium to amplify light, an excitation mechanism to energize the medium, and optical resonators with at least one mirror to provide feedback. Common laser types include He-Ne, CO2, and semiconductor lasers which have various applications like optical storage, surgery, manufacturing.
Solar Energy
This document provides an overview of solar energy and its applications. It discusses 6 applications of solar energy: 1) solar water heaters, 2) solar cookers, 3) solar ponds, 4) solar electricity using photovoltaic cells, 5) the world scenario of large solar power plants, and 6) India's scenario and goals for solar energy. The document outlines the components and functioning of each solar energy application.
Solar Energy
This document discusses different methods of harnessing solar energy, including:
- Solar thermal systems use collectors to heat a fluid that is then used for water heating or generating electricity in solar thermal power plants.
- Photovoltaic (PV) panels directly convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells made of semiconductors. When light hits the cells, it creates an electric current.
- Concentrated solar power plants focus sunlight using mirrors or lenses to heat a receiver and produce steam to drive turbines for electricity generation.
Solar Energy
This document provides an overview of solar energy and its applications. It discusses that solar energy from the sun can fulfill the planet's energy requirements with just 0.1% of the solar energy that reaches Earth. It then summarizes several applications of solar energy including solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar ponds for heat storage, solar photovoltaic cells for electricity generation, and solar refrigerators. The document also provides details on the world's largest solar power plants and India's growing focus on solar energy, with a target of 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022.
Beam , support and reaction
This presentation discusses different types of beams and beam supports and reactions. It defines a beam as a structural element that can withstand loads by resisting bending. There are several types of beams including simply supported beams, fixed beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, and continuous beams. The types of supports include simply supported, fixed, and hinged. The reaction in a beam depends on the type of beam, loads applied, and support type. Reactions always occur at support ends and can be in the form of forces or couples.
Beam , support and reaction
This document discusses different types of beams and beam supports and reactions. It defines a beam as a structural element that can withstand loads by resisting bending. It describes simply supported beams, fixed beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, continuous beams, and trussed beams. It also discusses types of loads and notes that the reaction in a beam depends on the type of beam, loads, and supports, with reactions always generated at support ends for forces or couples.
Cement
This document provides an overview of different types of concrete. It begins by defining concrete as a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Concrete is then described as being widely used in architectural structures, foundations, pavements, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. The document goes on to summarize the main raw materials used in concrete and its basic composition. It also outlines several types of concrete including normal concrete, high strength concrete, high performance concrete, light weight concrete, and self compacting concrete. For each type, it provides a brief definition and notes on characteristics and applications.
Cement
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its composition, uses, raw materials, types, and properties. Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. It is widely used in construction for buildings, infrastructure like roads and bridges, and other structures. The main types discussed are normal concrete, high-strength concrete, lightweight concrete, and self-compacting concrete. High-strength and lightweight concretes use special additives and aggregates to achieve higher strength or lower density, while self-compacting concrete requires no vibration during pouring. Concrete continues to be a vital building material worldwide.
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Algorithms
- 1. Lakshmi narain college of Technology ALGORITHMS SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY : Harish Patidar Sir Pradhan Rishi Sharma
- 3. ALGORITHM ● A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations. ● A finite set of an instruction that specifies a sequence of operation to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem. ● It is a recipe for solving problems.
- 4. Methods of Specifying Algorithm Pseudocode - specifies the steps of algorithm using essentially natural language of superimposed control structure. Flowchart - a traditional graphical tool with standardized symbols. Show the sequence of steps in an algorithm.
- 5. Properties of an Algorithm Finiteness - there is an exact number of steps to be taken and has an end. Absence of Ambiguity - means that every instruction is precisely described and clearly specified. Sequence of Execution - instructions are performed from top to bottom. Input and Output - defined the unknowns of the problem is specified and with the expected outcome. Effectiveness - the solution prescribed is guaranteed to give a correct answer and that the specified process is faithfully carried out. Scope Definition - applies to a specific problem or class of problem.
- 6. Steps in Program Development State the problem clearly- a problem cannot be solved correctly unless it is being understood. Plan and Write the Logical Order of Instructions - the computer follows the direction exactly at the given sequence. Code the Program - write the programming statements in the desired language. Enter the program into the computer - key in or type the statement into the computer. Run and Debug the program - check if you have the desired output; if not, trace the possible error.
- 8. Psuedocode Guidelines ● Mimic good code and good English:Using aspects of both systems means adhering to thestyle rules of both to some degree ● Ignore unnecessary details:If you are worrying about the placement of commas, you are using too much detail ● Don’t belabour the obvious:In many cases, the type of a variable is clear from context;unless it is critical that it is specified to be an integer or real, it is often unnecessary to make it explicit ● Take advantage of programming shorthands:
- 9. THANK YOU !!
- 10. THANK YOU !!