The document discusses solar thermal technology and its applications for rural India. It begins by explaining how solar thermal works by heating a liquid using sunlight. It then classifies solar thermal systems based on achievable temperature (low, medium, high) and concentration type (concentrating vs. non-concentrating). The main solar thermal devices discussed are flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, compound parabolic concentrators, and cylindrical parabolic trough collectors. Applications include water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes. The document also examines thermal energy needs across different sectors like household, industry, agriculture, and provides temperature ranges for various processes.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
This is presentation of boiling water reactor.
In this overview of boiling water reactor power plant.
comparison between boiling water reactor and pressurise water reactor.
Contain - control system , Steam turbine,fuel of boiling water reactor system and their advantages and disadvantages.
Contain - control system , Steam turbine,fuel of boiling water reactor system and their advantages and disadvantages.
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
This is presentation of boiling water reactor.
In this overview of boiling water reactor power plant.
comparison between boiling water reactor and pressurise water reactor.
Contain - control system , Steam turbine,fuel of boiling water reactor system and their advantages and disadvantages.
Contain - control system , Steam turbine,fuel of boiling water reactor system and their advantages and disadvantages.
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
Gas Turbine Power Plant
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
Types of gas turbine power plant
1 Open cycle gas power plant
2 Closed cycle gas power plant
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Technical Seminar on Vertical Axis Wind TurbinesShivaling1
An academic technical seminar on the topic of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, presented in the Final Year Technical Seminar as a requirement for partial fulfillment for the award of BE in Mechanical Engineering, by Visvesvaraya Technological University.
Contents based on an overview of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, their types, advantages and disadvantages, working principle and Betz's Limit for VAWT
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
Gas Turbine Power Plant
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
Types of gas turbine power plant
1 Open cycle gas power plant
2 Closed cycle gas power plant
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Technical Seminar on Vertical Axis Wind TurbinesShivaling1
An academic technical seminar on the topic of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, presented in the Final Year Technical Seminar as a requirement for partial fulfillment for the award of BE in Mechanical Engineering, by Visvesvaraya Technological University.
Contents based on an overview of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, their types, advantages and disadvantages, working principle and Betz's Limit for VAWT
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Introduction to operation and Control of Thermal Power PlantSWAPNILTRIVEDI6
The slides gives a brief introduction of operation and control of a Thermal power plant.
Posting from my personal Experience during my internship at Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mils (RSWM) Ltd. It gives a brief introduction of the installed 46 MW Generation system used by company along with the overall process.
The aim is to help undergraduate students to learn about the overall introduction to Power Plant engineering.
AccuThermo AW 610 Rapid Thermal Annealing EquipmentPeter Chen
The AccuThermo AW610 was derived from the AG Associates 610 production-proven design. Allwin21 Corp. is the exclusive manufacturer of the AG Associates Heatpulse 610 desktop atmospheric RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) system. The system uses high intensity visible radiation to heat single wafer for short process periods of time at precisely controlled temperatures. The process periods are typically 1 600 seconds in duration, although periods of up to 9999 seconds can be selected. These capabilities, combined with the heating chamber's cold-wall design and superior heating uniformity, provide significant advantages over conventional furnace processing.
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Solar Thermal is a clean, highly efficient means of using
renewable energy from the sun to provide hot water for
domestic, commercial and industrial process . Put in
simple terms, if you place a container full of liquid in
the garden on a sunny day, in a short time the contents
of the container become warm. Solar Collectors work in
much the same way, but are very more efficient.
3. Classification of Solar Thermal Systems
(A) On the basis of
Achievable
Temperature
(i)Low Temp.
T<100oC
(ii) Medium Temp
100o≤ T ≤ 300oC
(iii) High Temp
T>300oC
4. Classification of Solar Thermal Systems
(B) On the basis of
Concentration Type
Concentrating
CPT, CPC, CRS, DRS, Solar Cooker,
Parboloid
Non-Concentrating or
FPC Type
FPC, Solar Pond, Basin Type Still,
ETC
Imaging
CPC, DRS, Paraboloid
Non-Imaging
Solar Cooker, CRS, CPC
Line Focusing
CPT, Linear Fresnel
Point Focusing
Parboloidal Dish, Fresnel Lens
5. Solar Heating Applications and Systems
Temperature Applications Systems Imaging
Systems
Low Temperature
T<100oC
Water heating,
Space heating,
Drying,
Distillation
FPC, Solar Pond,
Solar Still
Air Dryer
Nil
Medium
Temperature
100o≤ T ≤ 300oC
Cooking, Air
heating,
Refrigeration and
AC, Distillation
FPC, CPC, Solar
Cooker, ETC,
Honeycomb CSD,
Linear Fresnel
Nil
High
Temperature
T>300oC
Process heat,
Power
CPT, Central
Receiver system,
Distributed
Receiver System,
Paraboloid
Paraboloid
6. S.N. Sector Conventional
Resources Used
Temperature
Range
1 Household Biomass, Coal, Oil,
Natural Gas
Low, Medium
2 Transportation Oil, Natural Gas --
3 Industry Coal, Oil, Natural Gas Low. Medium,
High
4 Agriculture Oil, Animal Power,
Biomass
Low, Medium
5 Commerce Coal, Oil, Natural Gas,
Biomass
Low, Medium
Thermal Energy Utilization Sectors/Resources
8. Household Sector
Basic Needs Energy Activity Temp Range
Drinking Water Water distillation/purification Low
Food Cooking Low, Medium
Crop drying Low
Milk Pasteurization Low
Comfort Space heating Low
Water heating Low
Active space cooling and
refrigeration
Medium
Passive space heating, cooling
and lighting
Low
9. Industry Process Temperature (◦ C)
Dairy Pressurization 60–80
Sterilization 100–120
Drying 120–180
Concentrates 60–80
Boiler feed water 60–90
Tinned food Sterilization 110–120
Pasteurization 60–80
Cooking 60–90
Bleaching 60–90
Flours and by-products Sterilization 60–80
Tea Pre-heating 80-90
Drying 110-120
Industrial Sector : Food Industry-1
Mekhilef et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1777–1790
10. Industry Process Temperature (◦ C)
Meat Washing, sterilization 60–90
Cooking 90-100
Fish Washing, Sterlization 60-90
Drying 80-90
Beverages Washing, sterilization 60–80
Pasteurization 60–70
Industrial Sector : Food Industry-2
11. Industry Process Temperature (◦ C)
Textile Bleaching, dyeing 60–90
Drying, degreasing 100–130
Dyeing 70–90
Fixing 160–180
Pressing 80-100
Paper Pulp cooking, drying 60–80
Boiler feed water 60–90
Bleaching 130–150
Industrial Sector : Paper and Textile
Mekhilef et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1777–1790
12. Industry Process Temperature (◦ C)
Chemical Soaps 200–260
Synthetic rubber 150–200
Processing heat 120–180
Pre-heating water 60–90
Plastics Preparation 120–140
Distillation 140–150
Separation 200–220
Extrusion 140–160
Drying 180–200
Blending 120–140
Industrial Sector : Chemical Industry
13. Industry Process Temperature (◦ C)
Timber by-products Thermo diffusion beams 80–100
Drying 60–100
Pre-heating water 60–90
Preparation pulp 120-170
Bricks and blocks Curing 60–140
Industrial Sector : Building Materials
Mekhilef et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1777–1790
14. Item/Detail Process Temperature (◦ C)
Food grain Drying 80–100
Parboiling
60–100
Fruit Drying 60-80
Pulp processing
100-110
Sericulture Cocoon processing
100
Pisciculture(Cold region) Reproduction/Growth
40-50
Poultry Chick brooding Growth
30-40
Plant conditioning Growth/quality
40-50
Agriculture: Crop/fruit
16. Solar Thermal Collectors
Flat Plate Collector(FPC)
Spherical Parabolic
Concentrating Collector
Linear Cylidrical Parabolic
Concentrating Collector(CPC)
Evacuated Tubular Collector(ETC)
17. Collector
System
Detailed
Temperature
Range
FPC Flat Plate Collectors Low
Flat Plate Collectors with double glazing Medium
SP Solar Pond Low
ETC Evacuated Tubular Collectors Medium
CPC Compound Parabolic Concentrators Medium
CPT Cylindrical Parabolic Trough(linear) Medium-High
Cylindrical Parabolic Trough(Surface of
revolution)
High
CRS Central Receiver System High
Solar Thermal Conversion Collectors
21. FPC
It can easily achieve a temperature 60-80oC above ambient
temperature.
It uses both beam and diffuse radiation.
Does not require tracking.
Requires little maintenance.
Efficiency: ~ 45% at 80oC
Applications: air heating,
water heating,
industrial process heating,
passive air conditioning
15 % of all the thermal requirements are in this range*
* Mekhilef et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 15 (2011) 1777–1790
23. Major parts of FPC
A metallic flat absorber plate (cu, steel, aluminium
and having black coated( 0.5 mm to 1 mm)
Tube or channels are soldered to the absorber plate
A transparent toughened glass of 5 mm
Fibre glass insulation of thickness 2.5 cm to 8 cm
A container encloses the whole assembly in a box
made metallic sheet or fibre glass
25. ETC
It can easily achieve a temperature 80-120oC above ambient
temperature.
It uses both beam and diffuse radiation.
Does not require tracking.
Requires little maintenance.
Mode: Heat pipe; U tube water; Integrated Collector/storage
Efficiency: ~ 55% at 80oC(for water heating)
Applications: air heating,
water heating,
industrial process heating,
passive air conditioning
27 % of all the thermal requirements are in this range*
*Mekhilef et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 15 (2011) 1777–1790
29. ETC performance
• Efficiency of ETC in heat pipe mode is better but pay back period of
U-tube/water in glass is very short.
• Evacuated tube of 58 mm ED is standard with centre to centre
spacing of 75 mm.
• Solar water heaters performance parameter Efficiency in terms of
ratio of tank volume to collector area ratio suggests that it is
highest(58%) for the ratio 75 L/m .
• Shorter tube 1800mm performed better than longer 2100mm due to
stagnation at the bottom.
• Angle has little influence on the thermal performance i.e. can be
installed vertically as well.
Zhang et al, Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
31. Compound Parabolic Concentrating (CPC) collector
θc
• Concentration Ratio
• Highest for the given
Acceptance Angle
• Needs less tracking
• Temperature ~150oC
• Limitation:
CR~10
33. Cylindrical Parabolic Trough (CPT) collectors
• Concetration Ratio ~10-80
• Needs one axis continuous
tracking based on mounting
• Higher the concentration ratio
more is the tracking
requirement
• Temp~400oC Su
n
ray
s
34. Parabolic Trough
The largest ‘solar thermal-electric’ installation of its kind in the world,
the Luz project in California’s Mojave Desert, has a peak output of some
350 megawatts and occupies several square kilometers of land
36. Fresnel lens collector
Made of an acrylic plastic sheet, flat on one side,
fine longitudinal grooves on the other side
Angle of grooves~ line focus
CR ~ 10 to 80
Temp~ 150 to 400o C
47. Benefits of Solar Cooking
Consumes no fuels/wood
No loss of trees & habitat
Trees sequester carbon
Generates no air pollution
Generates no greenhouse
gases
Produces no smoke
Cooking smoke kills over 1.6
million people each year,
mostly women & children,
according to a recent report
Eliminates fire dangers
48. More Benefits of Solar Cooking
Eliminates work
No daily search for
firewood
2 Billion people rely on
wood for cooking fuel!
No risks to women and
children
Frees time for other
activities
No need to stir food
Helps to liberate
women
49. More Benefits of Solar Cooking
• Cooks foods slowly and
thoroughly
• Preserves nutrients
• Foods will not burn
• Pots are easy to clean;
less clean water is
needed
• Use for canning
vegetables
• Use for dried fruit
• Kill insects in dry grains
50. Solar Cooking
How Long Does it Take?
Vegetables: 1.5 hrs
Rice/wheat: 1.5-2 hrs
Beans: 2-3 hrs
Meats: 1-3 hrs
Bread: 1-1.5 hrs
51. SOLAR COOKERS
Three types of cookers
1. Box type: for boiling type cooking
2. Concentrator type: for boiling, frying,
baking, roasting
3. Advanced type: for indoor cooking
53. Box type
Double walled box with insulator in between. The inner
box is metallic and is inclined at 45 deg and coated black
on top. Which cooking pots (coated black outside) are kept
over the inner box. Booster mirror.
50 cm x 50 cm x 14 cm
Covered with two clear window glasses(70cm x 70 cm)
fixed in a frame hinged on one side of the box.
Over 10 lakh such cookers distributed in India.
55. Concentrating type
Boiling, frying possible
Out of various types, the
paraboloid concentrator
solar cooker(PCC) can meet
that demand by delivering
power up to 0.6kW which
can boil 3-4 litres of water in
about half an hour.
CONCENTRATOR TYPE
0.70 m2 area
700 W
56. SCHEFFLER COOKER FOR COMMUNITY
COOKING AT SHIRDI
Also at Tirupati Balajee Temple, Tamilnadu and Prajapita
Brhmakumari, Mount Abu, Gujarat
57. Solar Power Tower
In 1995 Solar One was converted into Solar Two, by adding a second ring
of 108 larger 95 m² (1,000 ft²) heliostats around the existing Solar One,
totaling 1926 heliostats with a total area of 82,750 m² (891,000 ft²)
58. Solar Dish
Stirling Energy Systems‘ solar dish technology is the world’s most efficient
device for the conversion of solar energy to grid-delivered electricity,
nearly twice as efficient as any alternative solar technology.
59.
60. Solar Pond
Top layer at ambient
temp, whereas bottom
layer temp 60°- 85°C
surface convection zone
2.concentration
gradient zone
3. Lower convective
zone
Artificially designed pond filled with salty water maintaining a define concentration
gradient is called a “Solar Pond”
Three basic zones: 1. surface convective zone(SCZ)(thickness 10-20 cm),
2. Non-convective zone(NCZ) (half the depth of the pond, as insulator layer)
3. Lower convective zone(LCZ)(nearly same as NCZ, constant temp. and conc.
61. Salt Gradient Solar Pond
1. There are 3 distinct layers of water in the pond:
a) The top SCZ layer, which has a low salt content.
b) The bottom LCZ/SZ layer , which has a high salt content.
c) An intermediate insulating NCZ/GZ layer with a salt gradient,
which establishes a density gradient that prevents heat
exchange by natural convection
2. Solar collector-cum-storage system
3. Average storage temperature ~ 80oC
4. Large collection and storage capacity, Efficiency ~ 14%
5. The lowest thermal energy cost amongst all solar & conventional
technologies.
6. Applications: water purification, water heating, space
heating, refrigeration, power
7. Drawbacks: low temperature, instability, environmental
problems
62. ElPaso
Solar Pond,
Texas
The El Paso Solar Pond project is a research, development, and demonstration
project initiated by the University of Texas at El Paso in 1983. It has operated since
May 1986 and has successfully shown that process heat, electricity, and fresh water
can be produced in the southwestern United States using solar pond technology. An
organic Rankine-cycle engine generator was installed on site in 1986, making it the
first in the U.S. to generate grid connected power, producing up to 70kW. Most of
this power has been delivered to Bruce Foods Corporation for peak power shaving.
This demonstrates one of the primary benefits of solar ponds: power on demand --
even at night or after long periods of cloudy weather.
63. Solar pond
Largest solar pond: Bet ha Arava in Israel, area 250,000m2
generate 5 Mwe of electrical power with an organic fluid
working rankine cycle principle
India 1st solar pond: area 1200 m2 was built at Central salt
Research Institute, Bhavnagar in 1973,
6000 m2 , built at Bhuj(Gujarat), 2nd largest in world, it
provides daily 90,000 litres of hot water at 80c as process
heat for can sterilization, -temp 99C, capable of generating
150 kW of power
66. This picture of the Solar pond at
Pyramid Hill (near Kerang in
Northern Victoria) shows the
mesh of pipes running down
the wall of the pond. These run
across the bottom of the pond
and up the other side. Fresh
water (or radiator coolant) is
circulated through them, and is
heated by the saline pond water.
This hot fluid is then used to
heat glass houses, boil
refrigerant in a rankine engine
to make electricity, or (in the
case of Pyramid Hill) used to
heat air to flash dry gourmet
salt products.
(The plastic rings visible on the
surface of the water are used to
reduce water movement caused
by wind)
67. Passive Solar
Passive Solar is accommodated in
the design of some homes where
living rooms are south facing with
large windows and floors and
sometimes walls have a large thermal
mass.
While it is necessary to use the solar
to heat in winter overheating in
summer has to be avoided, this is
normally done by having a roof
overhang which blocks the high
summer sun but not the low winter
sun.
While it can provide some free heat it
doesn’t supply hot water and there
are design constraints.
The key is designing a passive solar
home to best take advantage of your
local climate.
69. Solar crop drying
Air inside is heated and
natural air circulation starts
Temperature inside ranges
from 50 to 75C
Drying time for products like:
dates, grapes, apricots,
Cashew nuts and chillies
from 2 to 4 days
Large scale drying: seasoning
of timber, corn drying, Tea
processing, tobacco curing,
fish and fruit drying
73. Solar Distillation
Arid, semiarid and costal area
Salt works, Bhavnagar, capacity: 1000 m3/day, Evaporating area: 350 m2 for
drinking water for workers in salt works sea water
74. World Water Resources
Salt Water
Fresh Water The Worlds Water
97% Sea Water
3% Fresh Water
California Coastline
http://www.windycityart.com/californiawallpa
per/ocean%20wallpaper.jpg
Solar Powered Desalination
75. World Fresh Water Resources
Ice
Ground Water
Riparian Areas
The Worlds Fresh
Water
77% Ice
22% Ground Water
1% Rivers, Lakes and
Streams
Solar Powered Desalination
76. Desalination
The separation and removal of
ions, salts and other dissolved
solids from water.
Heat Based
Membrane Based
Evaporation pool (Saudi Arabia)
http://www.cea.fr/gb/publications/Clefs44/an-
clefs44/clefs4481a.html
Solar Desalination
77. Water Distillation
Process that removes impurities & contaminants
How?
Heat water to point of vaporization
Water vapor condenses on cooler surfaces
Condensate runs off into collection bin
78. Patent & Periodical Research Results
Beneficial Ideas
Troughs
Water height < 2 cm
Mirrors
Beneficial Information
Asymmetrical superior to
other designs
30% more efficient
79.
80. Market Search Rainmaker 550TM
•Unit Cost - $479.00•Estimated cost $400-$600
•Built & supplied by aid
organization
El Paso Solar Energy Association
(EPSEA) Aid Project
•Not currently in
production
•Very low output
The Water Cone®
81. Looking Towards The Future
Due to the impending global water scarcity crisis,
many human rights organizations are funding
research on desalination in order to provide
people with adequate drinking water.
Everyone need water
http://news.bbc.co.uk