Solar ponds can efficiently collect and store solar energy. They work by dissolving salt in layers to create density gradients that prevent convection currents, trapping heat in the bottom dense salt layer. This stored heat can then be used for applications like process heating, desalination, and refrigeration. Solar drying uses the sun's heat and airflow to dry foods, preserving crops. Different solar dryer designs include cabinet, tent, and tunnel dryers, which protect foods while allowing ventilation and efficient drying times of 1-3 days.
WED Student Energy Innovation Challenge - Solar pond technologyEenovators Limited
An exploration of solar pond technology using isobutene as the working fluid with an aim of realizing affordable clean energy. A project submitted during the World Energy Day Student Innovation Challenge 2018
PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER FROM SEA WATER BY SOLAR ENERGY KuldeepGadhia
This project aims of developing an apparatus which will provide pure drinking water without the need of electric current and expensive filtration apparatus. Solar energy is the energy used in this apparatus. The effectiveness of solar collection is increased by the integration of Fresnel lens. Unconventional desalination systems are costlier and require high maintenance cost. So this situation forced society to depend on conventional technologies. Thus we have built a system to answer the demands of the society. The main aim is to develop an apparatus to provide drinking water for the society with increased feasibility and also at reduced cost with zero carbon emissions.
Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values, gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System:
Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories:
Insulation-types and application, economic thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractorytypes, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery:
Classification, advantages and applications, commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
WED Student Energy Innovation Challenge - Solar pond technologyEenovators Limited
An exploration of solar pond technology using isobutene as the working fluid with an aim of realizing affordable clean energy. A project submitted during the World Energy Day Student Innovation Challenge 2018
PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER FROM SEA WATER BY SOLAR ENERGY KuldeepGadhia
This project aims of developing an apparatus which will provide pure drinking water without the need of electric current and expensive filtration apparatus. Solar energy is the energy used in this apparatus. The effectiveness of solar collection is increased by the integration of Fresnel lens. Unconventional desalination systems are costlier and require high maintenance cost. So this situation forced society to depend on conventional technologies. Thus we have built a system to answer the demands of the society. The main aim is to develop an apparatus to provide drinking water for the society with increased feasibility and also at reduced cost with zero carbon emissions.
Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values, gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System:
Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories:
Insulation-types and application, economic thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractorytypes, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery:
Classification, advantages and applications, commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. SOLAR POND
The sun is the largest source of renewable
energy and this energy is abundantly
available in all parts of the earth.
It is in fact one of the best alternatives to the
non renewable sources of energy.
Solar energy has been used since prehistoric
times, but in a most primitive manner.
2. • Before 1970, some research and
development was carried out in a few
countries to exploit solar energy more
efficiently, but most of this work
remained mainly academic.
• One way to tap solar energy is through
the use of solar ponds. Solar ponds are
large-scale energy collectors with
integral heat storage for supplying
thermal energy.
3. • It can be use for various applications,
such as process heating, water
desalination, refrigeration, drying and
power generation.
4. • A solar pond is a body of water that
collects and stores solar energy.
• Solar energy will warm a body of water
(that is exposed to the sun), but the water
loses its heat unless some method is used
to trap it.
• Water warmed by the sun expands and
rises as it becomes less dense.
• Once it reaches the surface, the water
loses its heat to the air through
convection, or evaporates, taking heat
with it.
5. • The colder water, which is heavier, moves
down to replace the warm water, creating
a natural convective circulation that mixes
the water and dissipates the heat.
• The design of solar ponds reduces either
convection or evaporation in order to
store the heat collected by the pond.
• They can operate in almost any climate.
• A solar pond can store solar heat much
more efficiently than a body of water of
the same size because the salinity
gradient prevents convection currents.
6. • Solar radiation entering the pond
penetrates through to the lower layer,
which contains concentrated salt solution.
• The temperature in this layer rises since
the heat it absorbs from the sunlight is
unable to move upwards to the surface by
convection.
• Solar heat is thus stored in the lower layer
of the pond.
7. • WORKING PRINCIPLE
• The solar pond works on a very simple
principle.
• It is well-known that water or air is
heated they become lighter and rise
upward.
• Similarly, in an ordinary pond, the sun’s
rays heat the water and the heated water
from within the pond rises and reaches
the top but loses the heat into the
atmosphere.
8. • The net result is that the pond water
remains at the atmospheric temperature.
• The solar pond restricts this tendency by
dissolving salt in the bottom layer of the
pond making it too heavy to rise.
• A solar pond is an artificially constructed
water pond in which significant
temperature rises are caused in the lower
regions by preventing the occurrence of
convection currents
9. • The more specific terms salt-gradient
solar pond or non-convecting solar pond
are also used.
• The solar pond, which is actually a large
area solar collector, is a simple
technology that uses a pond between
one to four metres deep as a working
material.
10. • The solar pond possesses a thermal
storage capacity spanning the seasons.
• The surface area of the pond affects the
amount of solar energy it can collect.
• The dark surface at the bottom of the
pond increases the absorption of solar
radiation.
• Salts like magnesium chloride, sodium
chloride or sodium nitrate are dissolved in
the water, the concentration being densest
at the bottom (20% to 30%) and gradually
decreasing to almost zero at the top.
11. • Typically, a salt gradient solar pond
consists of three zones.
• An upper convective zone of clear fresh
waters that acts as solar collector/receiver
and which is relatively the most shallow in
depth and is generally close to ambient
temperature.
• A gradient which serves as the non-
convective zone which is much thicker and
occupies more than half the depth of the
pond.
12. • Salt concentration and temperature increase
with depth.
• A lower convective zone with the densest
salt concentration, serving as the heat
storage zone.
• Almost as thick as the middle non-
convective zone, salt concentration and
temperatures are nearly constant in this
zone.
13. • When solar radiation strikes the pond, most of
it is absorbed by the surface at the bottom of
the pond.
• The temperature of the dense salt layer
therefore increases.
• But the salt density difference keeps the
‘layers’ of the solar pond separate.
• The denser salt water at the bottom prevents
the heat being transferred to the top layer of
fresh water by natural convection, due to
which the temperature of the lower layer may
rise to as much as 95°C.
14.
15.
16. • APPLICATIONS
• Process heat
• Studies have indicated that there is excellent
scope for process heat applications (i.e.
water heated to 80 to 90°C.),
• when a large quantity of hot water is
required, such as textile processing and dairy
industries.
• Hot air for industrial uses such as drying
agricultural produce, timber, fish and
chemicals and space heating are other
possible applications
18. • Desalination Drinking water is a chronic
problem for many villages in India.
• In remote coastal villages where seawater
is available, solar ponds can provide a cost
effective solution to the potable drinking
water problem.
• Desalination costs in these places work
out to be 7.5 paise per litre, which
compares favourably with the current
costs incurred in the reverse osmosis or
electrodialysis/desalination process.
19. • Refrigeration applications have a
tremendous scope in a tropical country
like India.
• Perishable products like agricultural
produce and life saving drugs like
vaccines can be preserved for long
stretches of time in cold storage using
solar pond technology in conjunction
with ammonia based absorption
refrigeration system.
20. • ADVANTAGES
• Low investment costs per installed
collection area.
• Thermal storage is incorporated into the
collector and is of very low cost.
• Diffuse radiation (cloudy days) is fully
used.
• Very large surfaces can be built thus large
scale energy generation is possible.
• Expensive cleaning of large collector
surfaces in dusty areas is avoided.
21. Solar Distillation
• There is an important need for clean, pure
drinking water in many developing
countries.
• Often water sources are brackish (i.e.
contain dissolved salts) and/or contain
harmful bacteria and therefore cannot be
used for drinking.
22. • In addition, there are many coastal
locations where seawater is abundant but
potable water is not available.
• Pure water is also useful for batteries and
in hospitals or schools.
• Distillation is one of many processes that
can be used for water purification.
• This requires an energy input, as heat,
solar radiation can be the source of
energy.
23. • In this process, water is evaporated, thus
separating water vapour from dissolved
matter, which is condensed as pure water.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. • Energy requirements for water distillation
• The energy required to evaporate water is
the latent heat of vaporisation of water.
• This has a value of 2260 kilojoules per
kilogram (kJ/kg).
• This means that to produce 1 litre (i.e. 1kg
since the density of water is 1kg/litre) of
pure water by distilling brackish water
requires a heat input of 2260kJ.
29. • This does not allow for the efficiency of the
heating method, which will be less than 100%,
or for any recovery of latent heat that is
rejected when the water vapour is condensed.
• It should be noted that, although 2260kJ/kg is
required to evaporate water, to pump a kg of
water through 20m head requires only
0.2kJ/kg.
• Distillation is therefore normally considered
only where there is no local source of fresh
water that can be easily pumped or lifted.
30. • How a simple solar still operates
• Figure shows a single-basin still.
• The main features of operation are the
same for all solar stills.
• The incident solar radiation is transmitted
through the glass cover and is absorbed as
heat by a black surface in contact with the
water to be distilled.
• The water is thus heated and gives off
water vapour.
31. • The vapour condenses on the glass
cover, which is at a lower temperature
because it is in contact with the ambient
air, and runs down into a gutter from
where it is fed to a storage tank.
32. • Design objectives for an efficient solar
still
• For high efficiency the solar still should
maintain:
• a high feed (undistilled) water
temperature
• a large temperature difference between
feed water and condensing surface
• Low vapour leakage.
33. • A high feed water temperature can be
achieved if:
• a high proportion of incoming radiation
is absorbed by the feed water as heat.
• Hence low absorption glazing and a
good radiation absorbing surface are
required
• heat losses from the floor and walls are
kept low
• the water is shallow so there is not so
much to heat.
34. • A large temperature difference can be
achieved if:
• the condensing surface absorbs little or
none of the incoming radiation
• condensing water dissipates heat which
must be removed rapidly from the
condensing surface by, for example, a
second flow of water or air, or by
condensing at night.
•
35. SOLAR DRYING
• The heat from the sun coupled with the
wind has been used to dry food crops for
preservation for several thousand years.
• Other crops such as timber need to be
dried before they can be used effectively,
in building for instance.
36. • This sun-drying has often developed
into solar-drying,
• where the drying area is in an enclosed
ventilated area – often with polythene,
• acrylic or glass covering - as a more
efficient harnessing of the elements of
the drying operation.
37. • There are innumerable designs in use
and each has its advantages and
disadvantages.
• However, there are three basic designs
upon which others are based:
• solar cabinet dryer,
• tent-dryer, and
• solar tunnel dryer.
• These are discussed below after a brief
description of the principles of drying.
38. • Basic principles of drying depend upon:
• Temperature, humidity and quantity of
air used
• Size of the pieces being dried
• Physical structure and composition
• Airflow patterns within the drying
system
39. • Heat is not the only factor which is
necessary for drying.
• The condition, quality and amount of air
being passed over and through the
pieces to be dried determine the rate of
drying.
• The amount of moisture contained in
the air to be used for drying is
important and is referred to as absolute
humidity.
40. • The term relative humidity (RH) is more
common and is the absolute humidity
divided by the maximum amount of
moisture that the air could hold when it is
saturated.
• RH is expressed as a percentage and fully-
saturated air would have an RH of 100%.
• This means that it cannot pick up any more
moisture.
• Air containing a certain quantity of water
at a low temperature will, when heated,
have a greater capacity to hold more
water.
41. • The table below gives an example of air
at 29oC with an RH of 90%.
• Such air, when heated to 50oC will then
have an RH of only 15%.
• This means that instead of only being
able to hold only an extra 0.6 grams of
water per kilogram (at 29oC), it is able to
hold 24 grams per kilogram.
• Its capacity to pick up moisture has been
increased because it has been heated.
42. The effect of air temperature upon relative humidity
43. • When placed in a current of heated air,
food initially loses moisture from the
surface.
• This is the constant rate period.
• As drying proceeds, moisture is then
removed from inside the food material,
starting near the outside.
• Moisture removal becomes more and
more difficult as the moisture has to move
further from deep inside the food to the
surface.
44. • This is the falling-rate period.
• Eventually no more moisture can be
removed and the food is in equilibrium
with the drying air.
• During the falling-rate period, the rate of
drying is largely controlled by the chemical
composition and structure of the food.
• Design of a dryer depends upon the drying
rate curve of the material to be dried but
these curves are indicative only and
depend upon the factors mentioned
above.
45. • The heat required to evaporate water is
2.26kJ/kg.
• Hence, approximately 250MJ (70kWh) of
energy are required to vaporise 100kg
water.
• If the ambient air is dry enough, no heat
input is essential.
• The greatest potential for drying crops in a
short time is when the ambient air is arid
and warm.
46. • If the air is warm then less air is needed.
This temperature will itself depend mainly
on the air temperature but also on the
amount of solar radiation received
directly by the food being dried.
47. • Solar drying Operation
• All dryers need ventilation to be able to
dry crops effectively.
• Air movement can be by natural
convection or can be assisted using fans.
• Solar food drying can be used in most
areas but how quickly the food dries is
affected by the variables indicated above,
especially the amount of sunlight and
relative humidity.
48. • Typical drying times in solar dryers are
from 1 to 3 days depending on sun,
• air movement,
• humidity and the type of food to be
dried.
• Most dryers are black inside, either
painted or with black polythene inserts
to absorb as much solar radiation as
possible.
50. Figure 2: Section through the cabinet dryer showing the flow of air in through
the vent holes in the underside past food placed on the drying trays and out of
the holes at the top of the cabinet.
51. • Tent dryers
• The distinguishing feature of tent and
cabinet driers is that the drying
chamber and the collector are
combined.
• Such dryers provide protection from
dust, dirt, rain, wind, and pests.
54. • A much smaller tent dryer is shown below.
• Very similar to a cabinet dryer, it
demonstrates the overlap in designs
between solar dryers):
Figure 4: A small solar tent dryer, Ghana. Figure 5: Large solar tent dryer, Ghana
55. • Solar tunnel dryers
• Many solar dryers employ the use of
photovoltaic cells to power fans to blow air
across the drying area. Chief among this type of
dryer is the Hohenheim dryer produced by
Innotech in Germany.
• By using a fan to create the airflow, drying time
can be reduced substantially.
• Air flows across an area usually painted black
(the collector area) to absorb the sun’s heat and
is blown across trays containing the material to
be dried. The diagram below shows the features
of the dryer.
57. Figure 7: A Hohenheim dryer, Ghana. Black paint being applied to the collector
58. • There are several other types of solar
dryer, many involving insulation and
different air-flow methods.
• Some have a chimney fitted to the outlet
to encourage better airflow, other make
use of external heating sources such as hot
water to allow further drying at night or
when cloud cover prevents efficient
drying.
• However, all are essentially variations on
the three described above.
59. Solar drying compared with solar drying
Figure 8: View inside a Hohenheim solar tunnel dryer
60. • The great advantage of open-air drying is
that it there is minimal capital outlay.
• It is labour-intensive, although where
labour is cheap this is not a drawback.
• An important advantage of solar drying is
that the product is protected from rain,
insects, animals and dust.
61. • This improves the hygiene and quality of
the product as well as avoiding the
covering, or transferring the crop to a
sheltered area during rain.
• Solar drying, especially when using fans,
gives some control of the drying process
at elevated temperatures, and can be
faster, which reduce the likelihood of
mould growth and spoilage of the
product.
62. • However care is needed when drying food at
too high a temperature since too rapid drying
can result in the outside of the food becoming
dry on the outside and still wet on the inside.
• This is called “case-hardening”.
• This can give a false impression that the whole
food is dry.
• On subsequent storage the trapped moisture
will migrate to the outside of the food, raising
the humidity and resulting in mould growth and
spoilage.
63. • Solar driers compared to fuel- driers
• The choice between using solar radiation
or fuel-fired dryers using, for instance,
wood, charcoal, diesel, gas or electricity
depends upon the equipment capital cost,
cost of raw material to be dried, operating
costs of running the dryer and the likely
price obtained for the final dried product.
64. • Fuel heating allows much better control
of the drying operation than solar
heating and does not depend on the sun
to be shining.
• However, it is possible to combine solar
drying with a fuel-source to reduce fuel
costs.
• Such systems include pre-heating of air
by solar energy.
65. • Choice of solar dryer
• The choice between alternative types of
solar drier will depend on local
requirements including scale of operation
as well as the budget available.
• If intended for smallholder farmers drying
crops for their own needs then capital cost
may well be the main constraint and so
low-cost plastic-covered tent or box driers
may be the most suitable choice.
66. • However, commercial farmers with an
assured market for their product may
consider banks of fan-assisted, glass-
covered solar dryers more appropriate
for their needs.