Educational planning, is the application of rational, systematic analysis to the process of educational development with the aim of making education more effective and efficient in responding to the needs and goals of its students and society.
Educational planning
Educational planning, is the application of rational, systematic analysis to the process of educational development with the aim of making education more effective and efficient in responding to the needs and goals of its students and society.
Educational planning
Educational planning, is the application of rational, systematic analysis to the process of educational development with the aim of making education more effective and efficient in responding to the needs and goals of its students and society.
Educational management structure & roles at different levels by Dr R N Lenka ...RabindranathLenka
Educational Management Structure and Functions at Different Levels-National Level-Structure & Role of MHRD (MoE) in India.
Management is an art as well as Science. It is the systematic process of planning, organising, implementing, controlling and evaluating the systematic functioning for implementation of diverse programmes leading to the achievement of the organisational/institutional goals/objectives. Here is a presentation on Educational Management at Different Levels especially the Role & Functions of MHRD(MoE) at the national level.
It is a study of National University of Educational Planing and Administration. This paper consist of NUEPA's mission, vision, objective, function, and the work it has done. It is a collaborative work of G. Ghaus, A. Panchal, M. Mumtaz A., S. Maan, Luqman Ali, Satyam Chandan and Tauheed Ahmad. All are students of M.Ed. (2015-17) Department of Educational Studies, Jmaia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
This paper will help those who want to study about NUEPA.
Meaning of Educational Management
Management is the process of planning, organising, directing, controlling and evaluating to accompish predetermined objectives of an institution through coordinated use of human and material resources.
Management is the Art/Science of:-
Getting work done.
With the help of other people
Within the given budget
Within the given deadlines
Educational management structure & roles at different levels by Dr R N Lenka ...RabindranathLenka
Educational Management Structure and Functions at Different Levels-National Level-Structure & Role of MHRD (MoE) in India.
Management is an art as well as Science. It is the systematic process of planning, organising, implementing, controlling and evaluating the systematic functioning for implementation of diverse programmes leading to the achievement of the organisational/institutional goals/objectives. Here is a presentation on Educational Management at Different Levels especially the Role & Functions of MHRD(MoE) at the national level.
It is a study of National University of Educational Planing and Administration. This paper consist of NUEPA's mission, vision, objective, function, and the work it has done. It is a collaborative work of G. Ghaus, A. Panchal, M. Mumtaz A., S. Maan, Luqman Ali, Satyam Chandan and Tauheed Ahmad. All are students of M.Ed. (2015-17) Department of Educational Studies, Jmaia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
This paper will help those who want to study about NUEPA.
Meaning of Educational Management
Management is the process of planning, organising, directing, controlling and evaluating to accompish predetermined objectives of an institution through coordinated use of human and material resources.
Management is the Art/Science of:-
Getting work done.
With the help of other people
Within the given budget
Within the given deadlines
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
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We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
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Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
THE ROLE OF BUDGET POLICY IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR IMPROVING THE HUMAN DEVELOP...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the role of budget politics in achieving the Human Development
Index (HDI) in West Lombok Regency, especially in the education sector, and to determine the budget
allocation for education in increasing HDI in the education sector in West Lombok Regency. The research that
will be conducted is a form of qualitative descriptive research focusing on political budget policies in the
education sector in increasing HDI with indicators of Average Years of Schooling (AYS) and Expected Years of
Schooling (EYS). Data was collected using interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The results of his
research show that the West Lombok district government has allocated an education budget by the regulatory
mandate of 20 percent of the total APBD but has not yet been able to leverage the growth of Average Years of
Schooling, or growth is still slow. The increase in the education budget allocation did not significantly impact
the growth in the average length of schooling in the district of West Lombok.
KEYWORDS:Budget Politics, Human Development Index, Expectation of Length of School, Average Length
of School
This paper addresses the assessment questions of the Understanding systems module of BSc. Computing (Information Management) of Anglia Ruskin University
This study aims to analyze the effect of the regional GDP (GRDP), education expenditure, the
number of school participants between the 16-18 age groups, and the school building toward the Human
Development Index in West Java Province in 2015-2019. The analytical method used in this research is a
quantitative analysis and regression
An Analysis Of the Union Budget from 2010- 2015 Education SectorSneha J Chouhan
This presentation explains about the Highlights of the Indian Union Budget for 5 years in the education sector and its impact.
P.S: Refer for educational purposes only.
A STUDY ON FACTORS DETERMINING PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEM IN SELF FINANCING COL...IAEME Publication
Training is entering into the computerized period where having the option to peruse and compose is essentially insufficient. Individuals additionally need data proficiency which is the ability to understand data and information. School and understudies need to figure out how to see the world from alternate points of view through different sorts of assets, while additionally having the option to acknowledge various perspectives. They additionally must probably pick the right answer from the 20,000 outcomes offered by Google. The substance of school instruction could be viewed as a little box, wherein we are attempting to fit however much data as could reasonably be expected. Along these lines, in many nations, the profundity of instruction is falling, while its 'width' is developing. Thus, younger students may successfully duplicate information or data, yet they are not ready to think as specialists, investigate procedures and realities, or do tests. In all nations, family riches is a decent indicator of a tyke's instruction level. Simultaneously, kids are immensely extraordinary as far as the nature of their training, contingent upon where they go to class. At most schools today, educational plans is structured some place from outside and instructors should then train this to kids. Nonetheless, this model isn't sufficient. In contemporary society, instructors ought not exclusively be free, yet should likewise gain from their best companions. By 2035, instruction will be 'freed' on a worldwide scale. At the end of the day, nations ought to abrogate the foundational supervision of educators' work. Simultaneously, the requirement for appraisals of the nature of educators' work, and above all, their abilities, is still there. Likewise, educators ought to be definitely keen on selfimprovement and proceeding with instruction, since the advancement of longseparation training can guarantee better outcomes in a base measure of time. In general, specialists don't endorse a similar drug for all patients. So also, educators ought to customize their instructive methodology relying upon every tyke's needs. For this reason, courses ought to be structured in an unexpected way, while instructors themselves shouldn't be required to pursue brought together benchmarks and actualize obviously institutionalized methodologies. A venture approach as opposed to a subjectcentered methodology ought to be sought after more regularly in the learning procedure. With this foundation the specialist has taken this theme to break down the variables deciding the present training arrangement of self-account schools in Thanjavur District.
Children in any society constitute the most vulnerable group which needs ‘protection’ and is a responsibility of the state as well as the members of the society. Despite some commendable efforts and achievements of the Indian state, it is an explicit fact that the majority of children in India are suffering, deprived of basic resources and needs for an average human existence. Due to their own incapacity to fight for their rights, the ‘unprotected child’ in India is a collective failure of the Indian.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Discussion on economic aspects of education has acquired great significance in education research during the new millennium earmarked as Knowledge Economy. Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) refers to efforts at production of the highly skilled and flexible human capital needed to compete effectively in today’s dynamic global markets. Experiences of last one decade in the IT enabled BPO sector has proved India’s ability to produce and use knowledge as a major factor in economic development and has proved to be critical to India’s comparative advantage. Economists have recognized importance of EKE to develop a workforce that is well-trained and capable of generating knowledge-driven economic growth.
Economics of Education analyzes both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes, to enhance knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labour market; and to build and support a network of education economists for education policy planning and evolve structures and mechanisms for implementation.
Islamic Education On Regional Autonomy (Case Study of Managerial and Financia...inventionjournals
This study aims to know the managerial functionalization of Langkat Regency government towards Islamic educational institutions, Langkat Regency government financial policy towards Islamic educational institutions, Langkat Regency government programs overcome the obstacles that faced by Islamic educational institutions and models to improve the Islamic education that conducted by Langkat Regency Government. This research uses qualitative approach through Case Study model design. Data collection techniques were conducted through: (1) interviews, (2) participant observation, (3) documentation study, and (4) reference investigation. Informants were taken by purposive sampling technique and then combined with snowball sampling. Data is processed using Miles and Huberman model, that are through three steps, the first is data reduction, the second is presenting the data, and the third is withdrawal or verification conclusion. The result of the research shows that the managerial functionalization of Langkat Regency Government towards Islamic educational institution is done by 4 (four) activities: planning with steps that is identify problem, formulate the purpose, assess the benefit, set the target goal, and followed by a form of planning; resource management, curriculum development and coaching of madrasah personnel to achieve the planning targets, organizing with job description activities, developing working hours, and developing working mechanisms with unity targets in integrity, carrying out activities with resource management, accountability, personnel guidance, development of education planning according to target of implementation target, and conduct supervision; preliminary supervision, supervision of the implementation of activities, monitoring of feedback on target implementation targets. Langkat Regency Government’s financial policy towards Islamic Educational institution by conducting financial assistance from regional APBD each year. The obstacles of the Islamic Educational institution to regional autonomy are the lack of Preparation from Islamic Education Resources, the socialization of the Regional Autonomy Policy is done only temporarily. Langkat Regency Government program in overcoming obstacles in improving the quality of Islamic Educational Institution conducted in synergy with the government of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Langkat Regency.
Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve organizational goals. It is the capacity of management to set and achieve challenging goals, take fast and decisive action when needed, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform at the highest level they can. Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behaviour and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation
World Health Organization (WHO) defined Life Skills as "the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday”.
LIFE SKILL EDUCATION According to UNICEF, Life Skills is a behavior change or behavior development approach designed to address balance of three areas:
• Knowledge
• Attitude
• Skills.
National Education Policy 2020
The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the National Education Policy 2020 today, making way for large scale, transformational reforms in both school and higher education sectors. This is the first education policy of the 21st century and replaces the thirty-four year old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986. Built on the foundational pillars of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability, this policy is aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and aims to transform India into a vibrant knowledge society and global knowledge superpower by making both school and college education more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, suited to 21st century needs and aimed at bringing out the unique capabilities of each student.
Team teaching
Team teaching involves a group of two or more teachers working together to plan, conduct, and evaluate the learning activities for the same group of learners.
Blended learning strategies vary according to the discipline, the year level, student characteristics and learning outcomes, and have a student-centred approach to the learning design. Blended learning can increase access and flexibility for learners, increase level of active learning, and achieve better student experiences and outcomes.
Models of Teaching include many but not all of the major philosophical and psychological orientations towards teaching and learning. Each of them has coherent theoretical bases. An advance organizer is a tool used to introduce the lesson topic and illustrate the relationship between what the students are about to learn and the information they have already learned. They are used during expository instruction, which is the use of an expert to present information in a way that makes it easy for students to make connections from one concept to the next.
The term model is used to mean a teaching episode done by an experienced teacher in which a highly focused teaching behaviour is demonstrated, in it an individual demonstrating particular patterns which the trainee learns through imitation.
Bruce Joyce and Marsha Weil describe a Model of Teaching as a plan or pattern that can be used to shape curricula, to design instructional materials and to guide instruction in the classroom and other settings.
Commerce Education
As a branch of knowledge, Commerce imparts experience of business world at large in all its manifestations. It prepares its learners for personally fruitful and socially desirable careers in the field of business
Ecopsychology studies the relationship between human beings and the natural world through ecological and psychological principles. Theodore Roszak is credited with coining the term in his 1992 book, The Voice of the Earth. The field seeks to develop and understand ways of expanding the emotional connection between individuals and the natural world, thereby assisting individuals with developing sustainable lifestyles and remedying alienation from nature.
The integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students.
This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Educational Planning- India
Ani Vadakke Purayil
M.Com, M.Ed. NET(Com),NET(Edu),SET
Faculty
Department of Teacher Education
Kannur University
Kannur, Kerala.
anivpknr@gmail.com
2. Educational Planning
Introduction
Planning is the formal process of making
decisions for the future of individuals and
organizations.
Plans are statement of things to be done and
the sequence and timing in which they should
be done in order to achieve a given end.
Planning implies thinking about the future and
trying to assume control over future events by
organizing and managing resources so that they
cater to the successful completion of the
objectives set forth.
3. Educational planning, is the application of
rational, systematic analysis to the process of
educational development with the aim of
making education more effective and efficient
in responding to the needs and goals of its
students and society.
4. Features of Educational Planning
The main objective of education planning is to get
the most and best educational results and to
maximize educations contribution to each individual
and to the whole society.
Planning is a continuous process . Educational
planning deals with the future, drawing
enlightenment from the past.
The important function of educational planning in
linking a society’s educational system to its goals,
whatever these goals may be.
An educational plan cannot make in a vacuum it has
to be integrally related to social and educational and
cultural background.
The educational planner must plan first ascertain the
goals of national development.
The investment in education should be properly
planned so as to get the maximum return . social
return. It’s part of the community's resources
5. Two Aspects of Planning
Planning of education in the underdeveloped
economies has a negative as well as a positive
aspect.
On the negative side, it implies a reasonable
restraint on investment in types of education the
capital formed wherefrom has only a low
marginal efficiency to the individual and to the
society and which play only a minor role in
increasing national output.
On the positive side, planning of education
implies a scientific projection of the long-term
requirements of the quantum and quality of skills
and, in that context, the drawing up of an
educational plan and its execution. Educational
planning has to proceed along with manpower
planning and both these should form an integral
part of the overall economic plan.
6. Planning in Indian Education
Education in India is primarily a state sponsored activity.
Therefore, the pattern of educational development depends,
to a great extent, on the availability of governmental
resources for education.
There are multiple sources of finances for education in India.
These sources can be broadly classified into external and
internal or domestic sources of financing.
External sources do not form a significant part of educational
finances in India. The domestic sources of funding are broadly
divided into public and private sources.
The public sources include contributions made by central, state
and local governments.
The private or non-governmental sources include fees and other
household expenditures incurred by the direct beneficiaries
(students/parents) of education and endowments and
donations made by individuals, trusts, etc.
Among the private sources, fees are a compulsory payments
whereas others are voluntary contributions
7. There are three layers of control of education
in India — the central, the state and the
district levels.
Among these, districts are not constitutional
or statutory units though they are important
administrative units.
Therefore, resource allocation mechanisms are
based on centre-state partnership in
educational endeavours.
8. Education in India is financed by both central
and state governments. The governments at
these levels provide funds for their own
institutions and to institutions set up by private
individuals or societies to whom grants are
made on the basis of grants-in-aid policies of
the government. The state governments differ
in terms of the system of grants and they also
differ by levels of education
9. Generally, private institutions which come
under the purview of grants-in-aid code are
given recurring and non-recurring grants.
The recurring grant includes salary grant,
hostel grant and maintenance grant.
Non-recurring include building grant,
equipment grant, etc.
The grants-in-aid policies also help to keep a
check on and ensure certain levels of
standards in terms of teacher qualifications,
fees, maintenance of accounts, etc.
Moreover, all the institutions receiving grants-
in-aid are subjected to governmental
inspection and supervision.
10. The Constitution of India has categorised the
government functions into three:
List I : list of union or central government
functions;
List 2 : list of state government functions; and
List 3 : list of concurrent functions.
In 1976, through a constitutional amendment,
education was shifted from the state list to the
concurrent list. This legalised the involvement
and dominance of the central government in
educational development
11. The following sectors of education were listed as
functions of the central government (List 1):
central universities
Union agencies and institutions for professional and
technical education
Union agencies for co-ordination and determination of
standards in institutions for higher education and any
other institution declared by the Parliament to be an
institution of national importance.
These provisions of the Constitution resulted in the
establishment of such institutions as the Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the University
Grants Commission (UGC) , Deemed Universities, the
National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT ) and The National University of
Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA).
Vocational and technical training of labour was listed in
the concurrent functions.
All other areas and sectors of education were under
List 2.
12. The Central Government intervenes in
education in three main ways:
the Central government has its own central
sector in education, which includes, besides the
sectors listed in the Union List (List 1),
the Central schools, the Regional Colleges of
education, National scholarships, the
programmes of the University Grants
Commission (UGC ) such as the creation of
Centres for Advanced Study, etc.
Administrative as well as financial functions of
this sector are the total responsibility of the
Central government. These activities are
planned, implemented and financed exclusively
by the Centre.
13. Secondly, there is a sector known as centrally
sponsored sector the responsibility of which the
states do not accept on their own . The central
government could however persuade the state
governments to accept the responsibility of their
implementation.
They constitute part of the central plan in respect
of which the states act as executive agencies.
They are designed and developed by the centre.
The activities in this sector include promotion of
Sanskrit, Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states,
promotion of students tours, etc.
The central government takes care of the
financial part of these activities.
14. Finally there is the centrally assisted sector
which includes activities in the promotion of
which the centre is actively interested though
they are embodied in the state plans. The
states only partially accept the financial
responsibilities of this sector.
The opening of non-formal education centres,
enrolment of handicapped students in the
integrated schools, etc., are some of such
activities.
The financial contribution of the centre to
such activities might vary between 25 per
cent to 100 per cent of the total cost of these
activities. (Chelliah et al: 1981).
15. The plan and non-plan expenditure in education.
The educational budget in India contains two
parts
plan (also called developmental) and
non-plan (also called committed) expenditures.
The plan expenditure is mainly for development
purposes such as the building of new schools or
the introduction of a new programme in a
school.
The non-plan expenditure is generally for
maintenance of on-going programmes as well
as of buildings, furniture and equipment
16. The Planning Commission and centre-state
transfer of resources The Planning
Commission, which deals with transfer of
resources between the centre and states on
account of the plan expenditure, was
established in the early fifties when the five-
year planning process started in India.
The level of plan expenditure of the centre and
states on any sector, including education, is
determined by their respective five-year
plans.
The Planning Commission and the Finance
Commission have two distinct functions to
perform in the development of education —
the former to work for the growth of the
system, and the latter for its maintenance.
17. Mean Years of Schooling
MYS is the average completed years of
schooling of population in the age group of
15 years and above( Barro-Lee, 2010).
India’s MYS at 4.67 in 2001(Census) had
increased to 5.98 in 2009-10(NSS).
The perspective is to achieve a MYS of 8 years
in 10 years and the target set for the 12th
Plan is 7 years. The main challenge is
bridging gender and social gaps in MYS.
18. Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)/Gross Enrollment Index (GEI)
It is a statistical measure used in the education sector and by the UN in
its Education Index to determine the number of students enrolled in school
at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high
school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in
that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.
An elementary formula used by most countries to calculate the Gross
Enrollment Ratio is that, the country divides the number of individuals who
are actually enrolled in schools by the number of children who are of the
corresponding school enrollment age.
Purpose of GER
Gross Enrolment Ratio is widely used to show the general level of
participation in a given level of education.
It indicates the capacity of the education system to enrol students of a
particular age-group.
It is used as a substitute indicator to net enrolment ratio (NER) when data on
enrolment by single years of age are not available.
Furthermore, it can also be a complementary indicator to NER by indicating
the extent of over-aged and under-aged enrolment.
Calculation method:
Divide the number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education regardless
of age by the population of the age-group which officially corresponds to
the given level of education, and multiply the result by 100.
19. Gender Parity
The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a socioeconomic
index usually designed to measure the relative
access to education of males and females.
In its simplest form, it is calculated as the
quotient of the number of females by the
number of males enrolled in a given stage of
education.
20. Twelfth Five Year Plan and Education
Learning Outcomes and Continuous
Comprehensive Evaluation
Ensuring Residual Access & Equity- Regional,
Social & Gender
Pre-primary Education for school
preparedness
Teacher Education on a Mission mode
School Leadership Development
Integration of Sports & Physical Education
21. Twelfth Plan Monitorable Targets
Achieve Mean Years of Schooling of 7 by
2016-17
Eliminate social & gender gaps in enrolment
by 2016-17
Other Targets:
Increase Secondary Education GER to 90%,
Increase Sr. Secondary GER to 65%
Reduce secondary drop out rate less than 25%
reduce gender gap in literacy to 10
percentage points.
22. Elementary Education 12th Plan
Support to States for children in private schools (RTE 25% quota) and
focused efforts in enhancing the access of urban poor children to
elementary education.
Improved teacher training with emphasis on effective pedagogy given the
multi age, multi grade, multi level contexts.
Governance reforms promoting school education and easing regulations
that impede growth of private investments in school education.
Increase Secondary Education GER to 90%, Sr. Secondary GER to 65%
Common syllabi & Examination/Assessment Reforms, Quality Assurance
&TET
Revamped vocational education with new National Vocational Education
Curriculum Framework- Competency based Modules-Mobility- and linked
with sector skill councils.
Partnership with employers who provide trainers and internships, advice on
curricula, assessment and certification
Dropout rate at secondary level to be reduced < 25%
Strong focus on learning outcomes for good quality education.
Ensuring all children acquire basic reading and numeracy skills by Class 2
and skills of critical thinking, expression and problem solving by Class 5.
Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) institutionalized and made mandatory for
teacher recruitments.
Launch National Mission on Teachers and Teaching to deal with issues of
teacher education in a holistic manner.
Periodic review of school textbooks by NCERT/SCERT.
23. 12th Plan Focus : Secondary Education
Ensure quality secondary education with relevant skills including basic
competency in mathematics, science, languages and communication;
Implement common curricula and syllabi of nationally acceptable
standards for Science, Maths and English in all schools in the country:
Develop life skills including skills of critical and constructive thinking,
use of ICT, organisation and leadership, and community services:
Extend RMSA gradually to Higher Secondary stage and cover all
Government and Aided Schools –
Set national norms of secondary schooling for Universalisation of
Secondary Education (USE).
Setting up all the 6000 high quality model schools at Block level- 3500
schools in partnership with States approved and 2500 Model schools in
PPP mode
Up gradation of 11,200 upper primary schools to Secondary Schools to
meet increased demand.
Direct Benefit Transfer of Scholarships/ Incentives linked with Aadhar.
Increasing the intake capacity of 44,000 existing government secondary
schools, residential schools & hostels facilities for boys and girls.
Strengthening of infrastructure facilities in existing schools with
provision of Lab/Library/ICT in schools.
Ensuring 100% trained teachers in all schools.
24. References:
Ш Р Research Report No . 92 The Financing
Education in India : N.V . Varghese Jandhyala
B.G . Tilak Paris 1991 International Institute
for Educational Planning (established by
UNESC)
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/plan
rel/12thplan/pdf/vol_3.pdf
http://planningcommission.nic.in/
http://www.mhrd.gov.in/