The document discusses the process of elaborating an education plan through programming and project identification. It begins by explaining why education plans need to be elaborated with more details for implementation. There are then two main steps discussed: programming and project identification. Programming involves dividing the plan into broader programs, each aiming to achieve specific objectives. Project identification then further breaks down programs into identifiable units of expenditure called projects. Various concepts are defined and examples provided to illustrate the process. Key steps involved in programming and project identification are also outlined.
Educational planning models is a topic from the subject Educational Planning (EdM 405) for the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, planning process model, bell's strategic planning model, kaufman's strategic planning model, franco planning model
This PowerPoint presentation was made to understand what Strategic Planning is.
FRANCO, stresses that planning should build on past gains or achievements: at the same time, however, it should start new initiatives and strike for new grounds precisely because change never ends, is always taking place, and will even be more complex and rapid in years ahead.
Educational planning models is a topic from the subject Educational Planning (EdM 405) for the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, planning process model, bell's strategic planning model, kaufman's strategic planning model, franco planning model
This PowerPoint presentation was made to understand what Strategic Planning is.
FRANCO, stresses that planning should build on past gains or achievements: at the same time, however, it should start new initiatives and strike for new grounds precisely because change never ends, is always taking place, and will even be more complex and rapid in years ahead.
Educational Planning and its importance
Factors to consider when planning for a school
How to plan for a school if you are the manager
Effective Educational Planning tips for school managers
Educational Planning and its importance
Factors to consider when planning for a school
How to plan for a school if you are the manager
Effective Educational Planning tips for school managers
Part II. Project Planning and Implementation
(Garcia Tixce, Nicole Denisse, Gudiño Villarreal, Marilyn Cristina y Lasluisa Baños, George Michael)
Make a power point with a summary of the information you got from the book (15 slides)
Send me the ppt by webmail.
Implementation is defined as a specified set of activities designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. According to this definition, implementation processes are purposeful and are described in sufficient detail such that independent observers can detect the presence and strength of the "specific set of activities" related to implementation. In addition, the activity or program being implemented is described in sufficient detail so that independent observers can detect its presence and strength.
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Module 6: Implementing the Strategy Dima course contentMichael Kenny
This 13 slide presentation Implementing the Strategy is Module 6 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS IN TERMS OF ORGANI.docxarnoldmeredith47041
THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL
PROJECTS IN TERMS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY AND
CULTURE
Chapter 2
HOW ARE INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS LINKED TO ORGANIZATIONAL
STRATEGY?
An organization has a vision it pursues.
To achieve its vision, it has a kind of roadmap or plan: this
is also called its strategy.
To implement its strategy, the organization uses
(international) projects.
During the project and at the end of the project, the
organization checks whether the project has delivered the
desired results.
This is an ongoing cycle we also call strategic
management cycle.
2
Project 3
Project 2
Strategic Management Cycle
Business
Planning
Communi-
cating
and
high-level
aligning
Feedback
and
Learning
Translating
the Vision/
Mission
1
3 2
Project 1
4
Executing
Completing
Planning
Initiating
How (international) projects are part of the organization’s
strategy
3
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN (INTERNATIONAL) PROJECTS AND
(INTERNATIONAL) PROGRAMS
A program can be defined as a bundle of projects.
Compared to a project, a program typically is bigger, requires more resources,
and is crucial for the success of organizational strategy.
The projects within a program serve the same strategic objective.
Projects in a program are interdependent. They share the same objectives and
scarce resources.
They typically have a common infrastructure and share a certain set of risks.
Programs have the following advantages:
Ensuring strategic alignment through interdependency of objectives.
Reducing the complexity of ‘large projects’ by clearly breaking them down
into smaller, easy-to control projects contributes to clearer responsibilities,
minimizes risks, and boosts morale and motivation. It also improves the quality
of the results.
Programs are essentially managed in the same way as projects.
4
PROJECT PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT (PPM)
A project portfolio is a collection of projects managed under
one umbrella. These projects may be interrelated or not.
Purpose of PPM is to maximize the efficacy of projects in the
light of strategy execution.
There are two main management processes within project
portfolio management:
1. Selection and prioritization of projects.
2. Management of the projects within the portfolio by
monitoring target achievement.
A project portfolio is periodically adapted to the
organizational strategy.
The main activities of the PPM process are shown on the
following slide.
5
Required inputs:
1. Program/ project title
2. Project objective in light of
overall strategy
3. Risk level
4. Timeframe
5. Dependencies with other
programs/ projects
6. Estimated budget or ROI
7. Impact of not delivering the
program/project
1
3
2
4
Build or
Update
Project
Portfolio
Analyze
& Prioritize
Project
Portfolio
Monitor
& Adjust
Project
Portfolio
Consider
new
proposed
projects
The Project
Portfolio
Management
Process
1. Categorization.
THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS IN TERMS OF ORGANI.docxrtodd643
THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL
PROJECTS IN TERMS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY AND
CULTURE
Chapter 2
HOW ARE INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS LINKED TO ORGANIZATIONAL
STRATEGY?
An organization has a vision it pursues.
To achieve its vision, it has a kind of roadmap or plan: this
is also called its strategy.
To implement its strategy, the organization uses
(international) projects.
During the project and at the end of the project, the
organization checks whether the project has delivered the
desired results.
This is an ongoing cycle we also call strategic
management cycle.
2
Project 3
Project 2
Strategic Management Cycle
Business
Planning
Communi-
cating
and
high-level
aligning
Feedback
and
Learning
Translating
the Vision/
Mission
1
3 2
Project 1
4
Executing
Completing
Planning
Initiating
How (international) projects are part of the organization’s
strategy
3
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN (INTERNATIONAL) PROJECTS AND
(INTERNATIONAL) PROGRAMS
A program can be defined as a bundle of projects.
Compared to a project, a program typically is bigger, requires more resources,
and is crucial for the success of organizational strategy.
The projects within a program serve the same strategic objective.
Projects in a program are interdependent. They share the same objectives and
scarce resources.
They typically have a common infrastructure and share a certain set of risks.
Programs have the following advantages:
Ensuring strategic alignment through interdependency of objectives.
Reducing the complexity of ‘large projects’ by clearly breaking them down
into smaller, easy-to control projects contributes to clearer responsibilities,
minimizes risks, and boosts morale and motivation. It also improves the quality
of the results.
Programs are essentially managed in the same way as projects.
4
PROJECT PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT (PPM)
A project portfolio is a collection of projects managed under
one umbrella. These projects may be interrelated or not.
Purpose of PPM is to maximize the efficacy of projects in the
light of strategy execution.
There are two main management processes within project
portfolio management:
1. Selection and prioritization of projects.
2. Management of the projects within the portfolio by
monitoring target achievement.
A project portfolio is periodically adapted to the
organizational strategy.
The main activities of the PPM process are shown on the
following slide.
5
Required inputs:
1. Program/ project title
2. Project objective in light of
overall strategy
3. Risk level
4. Timeframe
5. Dependencies with other
programs/ projects
6. Estimated budget or ROI
7. Impact of not delivering the
program/project
1
3
2
4
Build or
Update
Project
Portfolio
Analyze
& Prioritize
Project
Portfolio
Monitor
& Adjust
Project
Portfolio
Consider
new
proposed
projects
The Project
Portfolio
Management
Process
1. Categorization.
It is a brief overview presentation on portfolio management. It gives a brief idea of what Portfolio Management is and also specifies the processes as mentioned in OGC's Management of Portfolio and PMI's PfMP.
Project management material from chapter one up to chapter fourGetachewAbera3
Power point presentation (Project management material) it includes about definitions, meanings features of project and the difference between project and programs. Project cycle and phases of project and financial tools of NPV, PI, IRR, AR are included
Similar to Educ 208 Identification of Programs and Projects (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO ELABORATE AN EDUCATION PLAN?
PLAN ELABORATION
FIRST: Programming
SECOND: Project Identification
Regionalization:
Hierarchy of activities
Steps in Programming and Project Identification
Step I: Identify sub-objectives
Step II: Relate targets and provisions to sub-objectives
Step III: Determine administrative unit
Step IV: Regionalize Programmes
Step V: Analyse packages of action and identify projects:
Classification of Projects
Stages of a Project
Table of Contents
3. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO
ELABORATE AN EDUCATION
PLAN?
1.Whether an Education Plan forms only a section
of a national development plan or is an
independent document, it remains a brief and
succinct presentation of objectives, policies,
targets and financial outlay.
2. For implementation many more details are
necessary. Each action unit which has to be put
into operation must be clear.
3. The purpose of educational planning is to
ensure the systematic accomplishment of a series
of activities leading toward the achievement of set
objectives of educational development.
4. Ultimately, the plan has to be cut up into
packages of action with sufficient
information on each as regards:
What are the
activities to
be
undertaken?
01 02 03
05
04
Who will
undertake
them?
What
resources will
they consume?
What targets will
they accomplish?
How will the success of
these activities be evaluated?
6. Plan Elaboration
The process of plan
elaboration includes two steps:
FIRST: Programming
SECOND: Project Identification
Projects are described as the
“cutting edge of development” or
as “building blocks of
development.”
The function of plan elaboration
was referred to above as that of
cutting up the plan into "packages
of action".
"Packages of action" is a loose
term but it conveys what the
educational planner has to
undertake.
The Department of Education,
(DepEd) elaborates on the
government process of breaking
7. FIRST: Programming
Programme is
the larger
package of
action and each
programme
consists of
several
projects.
A Programme
is a
combination of
activities of
related areas. It
is defined as a
set of projects
which
collectively aim
at achieving
one or more
related
objectives of a
plan.
The projects are
linked together in
that they are so
complementary that
if one is to be carried
out then all should
be. Further, they are
all intended to be
carried out during a
certain period by the
same administrative
unit.
The task of
dividing up the
plan into broad
action areas
each of which
aims at
accomplishing
specific
objective(s).
8. In the education plan of Country X, the development of
science education is an objective. This has to be achieved by
increasing intake to science classes, building and equipping
laboratories, revising and modernizing science curricula, producing
textbooks and other teaching materials, providing pre-service and in-
service training of teachers and establishing a machinery for
evaluation of science education.
Each of these packages of action, either as they are or in a
modified form, is a project, and the package which incorporates all
these inter-related projects, is a Programme.
In the elaboration of this plan, therefore, a Programme for
development of science education is clearly indicated. In actual
practice, a particular branch, unit, department or institute of the
Education Ministry will handle its operation.
Illustration:
9. SECOND: Project Identification
A project is any unit
of expenditure
which is
administered or
accounted for as an
identifiable group of
activities.
A project is defined as
any unit of expenditure
which is administered or
accounted for as an
identifiable group of
activities. A project
achieves one or more
targets, which collectively
lead to the
accomplishment of a sub-
objective of the
programme.
10. In the example given in Illustration #1, a number of
packages of action were seen as constituting the programme. These
packages of action may now be put together in a form that units of
expenditure which can be administered or accounted for together are
identified. The result of this exercise may be the identification of two
groups of activities such as the following:
1. Curriculum development; design and production of text-books and
teaching materials; pre-service and in-service training of teachers;
and evaluation - to be administered by the Curriculum Development
Centre.
2. Design and construction of laboratories, design and production of
equipment and distribution of equipment - to be administered by the
Educational Buildings and Facilities Branch.
Example:
11. The process of distributing the
provisions made in a plan, a
programme or a project to States,
Provinces, Regions, Districts,
Municipalities, Towns, Villages or
Institutions.
Regionalization is optional. All
programmes or projects need not
or cannot be regionalized.
Regionalization
:
12. Hierarchy of Activities
The plan, programmes,
regional programmes, projects
and regional projects
constitute a hierarchy of
activities which can be
graphically represented in the
following manner
13. Hierarchy of Activities
The authority that undertakes programming
and project identification must fulfil two
important conditions:
(a) He must have a thorough grasp of the
objectives, the targets and the provisions of
the education plan.
(b) He should also have an equally
thorough understanding of the
administrative organization available for
plan implementation. He should, in
particular, know (i) source of policies,
(ii) power structure of the organization,
(iii) lines of authority,
(iv) operational harries, and
(v) personnel limitations and other
constraints.
14. The first task which he has to perform is to spell out the objectives of the plan in
operational terms. Usually, plans are based on objectives which are couched in very general
terms. But to implement them, they have to be elaborated. In the process, a series of sub-
objectives is developed.
If the educational plan has been correctly formulated, the plan itself would have
given adequate clues to this type of operational sub-objectives. But if the plan is sketchy and
hastily formulated, this task falls on the authority which handles programming and project
identification.
Step I: Identify sub-
objectives:
Steps in Programming and Project
Identification
15. The next task is to relate the targets and provisions of the plan with the
operational sub-objectives.
NOTE: Where an important sub-objective cannot be developed into a programme or a project
due to the absence of targets or provisions in a plan, this fact has to be noted for remedial action
when the revision of the plan is undertaken.
Step II: Relate targets and provisions to sub-
objectives:
Steps in Programming and Project
Identification
16. The third task is to find out the administrative unit which exists in the
country to undertake the overall supervision and guidance of the activities required
achieving each of the sub-objectives for which targets and provisions are found in the
plan. In this analysis it may be found that more than one sub-objective falls within the
purview of one such administrative unit. In theory, all such activities, which lead to
one sub-objective or a number of related sub-objectives, constitute a Programme if
they fall within the purview of one administrative unit. But this is not a hard and fast
rule. There is nothing to prevent one administrative unit handling a number of parallel
programmes.
NOTE: It is also possible that none of the existing administrative units are able to
handle some of the activities connected with some sub-objectives. In this case,
remedial action in the form of establishing the requisite administrative organization
Step III: Determine administrative unit:
Steps in Programming and Project
Identification
17. Once the programming is completed, one has to ascertain whether any of
the programmes has to be further elaborated into regional/local/ institutional
programmes. It is after this exercise that one proceeds to identify projects.
Step IV: Regionalize Programmes:
Steps in Programming and Project
Identification
Step V: Analyse packages of action and identify projects:
Project identification is best handled by making a complete list of all the
packages of action which are to be accomplished to achieve the sub-objective(s) of
each Programme.
Note: A specific target or a set of related targets of the plan will invariably coincide with a
project.
The same administrator or administrative unit may handle several projects
18. Status
Classification of Projects
A project is either new
or already, existing or
on-going.
Organization
A project is managed by
either an existing
organization or a new one.
Sector
A project belongs to an elementary,
vocational, agricultural, general
secondary or college/university level:
or the public or private sector.
Origin
A project may be initiated by
the school, division, regional
or national level.
Projects may be classified as to their:
19. Each project stage is characterised by a distinct set of
activities that take the project from its first idea to its
conclusion. Each stage is of equal importance and
contributes to the overall success of the project.
The stages of a project within the strategic planning
discipline provide a step-by-step approach to generating and
implementing an effective strategy, for either a corporation or
strategic business unit (SBU). Implementing a framework for
generating a project planning cycle, complete with strategic
objectives, implementation methods, and assessment, is a
primary responsibility of strategic managers.
21. Stages of a Project
1. Definition
Before a project starts the project manager must make sure the project goals, objectives,
scope, risks, issues, budget, timescale and approach have been defined. This must be
communicated to all the stakeholders to get their agreement. Any differences of opinion need
to be resolved before work starts.
2. Initiation
This is perhaps the most important stage of any project as it sets the terms of reference within
which the project will be run. If this is not done well, the project will have a high likelihood of
failure. The initiation stage is where the business case is declared, scope of the project
decided and stakeholder expectations set. Time spent on planning, refining the business case
and communicating the expected benefits will help increase the likelihood of success. It is
tempting to start working quickly, but a poor initiation stage often leads to problems and even
failure.
22. Stages of a Project
3. Planning
The key to a successful project is in the planning. Creating a project plan is the first task you
should do when undertaking any project. Often project planning is ignored in favour of getting
on with the work. However, many people fail to realise the value of a project plan in saving
time, money and many other problems.
4. Execution
Doing the work to deliver the product, service or wanted result. Most of the work related to the
project is realised at this stage and needs complete attention from the project manager.
5. Monitoring and Controlling
Once the project is running it is important the project manager keeps control. This is achieved
by regular reporting of issues, risks, progress and the constant checking of the business case
to ensure that expected benefits will be delivered and are still valid. A project that is not
controlled is out of control.
23. Stages of a Project
6. Closure
Often neglected, it is important to ensure a project is closed properly. Many projects never
end because there is no formal sign-off. It is important to get the customers agreement that a
project has ended and no more work will be carried out. Once closed, the project manager
should review the project and record the good and bad points, so successes can be repeated
and failures avoided. A project that is not closed will continue to consume resources.
This step-by-step process highlights each feasible step in the project management cycle. By
appropriately incorporating each step of the model into the planning stage, managers can
effectively forecast the deliverables and avoid losing value through accurately assessing the
margins that will be produced in a given strategic initiative. This allows for informed and
knowledgeable decisions to be made at each relevant point in the operation.