OUTLINE OF THE TOPICS Planning According to Time-Horizon Planning According to Purpose Standard Planning Cycles According to UNESCO

1. The Plan for Planning
By: Ladie M. Ballesteros, Ed.D.
University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos

2. Outline of Topics
• Planning According to Time-Horizon
• Planning According to Purpose
• Standard Planning Cycles According to
UNESCO
Arcelo & Franco, 1994 2

3. Watch the video and answer these
questions.
1. What targets of the Department of Education were
highlighted in the video?
2. With education planning in consideration, why was
DepEd not able to achieve the GO EDUCATION
targets within its expected time frame?
• GO! Education Music Video - DepEd
Philippines.mp4
Arcelo & Franco, 1994 3

4. Planning According to
Time-Horizon
1. Long-term or perspective plan
2. Medium-term plan
3. Short-term plan
4. Single-purpose plan
Arcelo & Franco, 1994 4

5. Planning According to
Time-Horizon
• Long-term or perspective plan
– 10 to 20 years or eve 25 years
– May extend for a few days to a couple of
years
– Used to measure the results of an activity as a
whole after several decades
Arcelo & Franco, 1994 5

6. Planning According to
Time-Horizon
• Medium-term plan
– 4 to 7 years
– Prepared against the backdrop of a long-term
plan
– Examples
• First Five-Year Plan (1960-64), Second Five-Year
Plan (1965-69), Third Five-Year Plan (1970-74)
• Rolling Plan (1990-94,1991-95, 1992-96,1993-97,
1994-98) Arcelo & Franco, 1994 6

7. Planning According to
Time-Horizon
• Short-term plan
– 1 to 3 years
– Needs to be adopted only as an inevitable
alternative to medium-term planning and that,
too, on an emergency basis
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8. Planning According to
Time-Horizon
• Single-purpose plan
– Plan of action to achieve an identified goal in
a short time
– Administrative operation which is usually
adopted when a particular objective like
implementing a reform measure, building an
institution or piloting legislation is to be
achieved
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9. Planning According to
Purpose
1. An attempt to bring about a balanced development of
all sectors of the educational system as well as
learning opportunities provided outside the system
2. The correlation of the educational effort with the
national policy for economic and social development
3. An effort to coordinate quantitative expansion with
qualitative improvements in structure, content and
methods
4. The determination to ensure that the investment in
education brings good dividends both to society and the
individual
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10. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
1. Pre-planning Stage
2. Planning Stage
3. Plan Formulation Stage
4. Plan Elaboration Stage
5. Plan Implementation Stage
6. Evaluation, Revision and Planning Stage
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11. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
I. Pre-planning Stage
• Formulation of Objectives
• Have the national educational objectives defined
by the appropriate authority
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12. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
II. Planning
1. Diagnosis
• Ascertain whether the current educational effort of the
country is adequate, relevant and conducive to their
achievement
• Matching the output of the educational effort with the
objectives and noting the salient divergences
• Criteria for diagnosis: Relevance to national and social
aspirations, effectiveness in achieving national objectives in
full, efficiency in the best use of resources to achieve
maximum results
• Defects and deficiencies which are to be corrected so as to
relevance, effectiveness and efficiency
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13. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
II. Planning
2. Formulation of Policy
• A set of policies to remedy each of the defects and
deficiencies revealed by the diagnosis will form the
national educational policy
• Policy formulation is an instrument of educational
reform
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14. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
II. Planning
3. Costing of Future Needs
• Total financial outlay which should be available if
all needs are to be satisfied
• With due consideration to fluctuations in the prices
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15. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
II. Planning
4. Establishment of Priorities and Target-Setting
• Reviews future needs, establishes priorities
among competing candidates for resources and
sets the targets which can realistically be achieved
with the anticipated investment of resources
• Alternative means of achieving the objectives are
examined in order to determine the most relevant
and effective ones within the allowable cost.
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16. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
II. Planning
5. Feasibility Testing
• Another serious look at the target to ensure
whether they are consistent and doable
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17. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
III. Plan Formulation Stage
– Purposes of Planning
• To present a set of decisions to the appropriate
national authorities for approval
• To provide a blue-print for action by the various
agencies responsible for implementing those decisions
– A clear statement of what is proposed, why it is proposed,
and how the proposals are going to be implemented
(Educational Plan)
– The educational plan has to be brief, succinct and
adequate
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18. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
IV. Plan Elaboration Stage
– The educational plan has to be elaborate, that
is expanded up to the point that individual
action units become clearly identifiable.
– Process of Elaboration
1) Programming
2) Project Identification and Formulation
3) Regionalization (optional stage)
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19. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
IV. Plan Elaboration Stage
1) Programming
• dividing the plan into broad action areas each of which aims at accomplishing a specific
objective
• each action area is called a programme
• a programme comprises all activities which are supervised by the same administrative
unit or which are so interdependent and complementary that all have to be done
simultaneously or sequentially
2) Project Identification and Formulation
• Each programme consists of activities which can be grouped together to form a unit for
administrative or accounting purposes is called a project
• A project usually aims at achieving a specific sub-objective or target within the main
objective of the programme
3) Regionalization (optional stage)
• The distribution of provisions of a plan to geographically identifiable units such as
states, provinces, regions, districts, municipalities, villages, etc.
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20. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
V. Plan Implementation
• The implementation of an educational plan begins
individual projects are taken up for execution
• Planning process merges with the management
process
• The organization framework is developed based on
the annual plan
• Resources
• Time
• Operation details
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21. Standard Planning Cycles
According to UNESCO
VI. Evaluation, Revision and Replanning
• It highlights weaknesses in the plan (unrealistic
targets, inadequate financial provisions, improper
phasing) and throws up matters for revision of
the plan for the balance of the plan period.
• It takes the place of diagnosis of the planning
stage in providing the basis for re-planning
• Beginning of the next cycle of planning
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22. Reference
• Arcelo, A. A., & Franco, E. A.
(1994). Educational planning. Metro
Manila, Philippines: National Book Store.
Arcelo & Franco, 1994 22