Editing documents with LaTeX

Editing documents
with L TEX
A

Laura M. Castro Souto

Master on Free Software

List of topics
1 Introduction

2 Creating documents

3 Formatting documents

4 Editting documents

5 Conclusions


Introduction: what is LaTeX?
Software system to produce high-quality digital
documents


documents . . . oh, yet another text processor?


documents . . . oh, yet another text processor?
Not really:
• Not a WYSIWYG tool
• Any text editor can be used for editing
• Together with the text content, some
commands are written
• Commands specify how the text is turned
into the digital document



Input file Document

Text
+
Commands
LATEX



Input file Document

Text
+
Commands
LATEX

Actually, this is L TEX too.
A


Introduction: what for?
Text typesetting = Text processing

• Page numbering
• Context-sensitive headings
• Chapters, sections, ﬁgures. . . numbering
• Management of indexes, notes, refs. . .



• Page numbering

L TEX automatizes text processing
A



• Page numbering

L TEX automatizes text processing
A

. . . so that you can focus on text typesetting.



• Articles, reports
• Dissertations, manuals, books



• Articles, reports
• Dissertations, manuals, books

also,
• letters
• presentations
• web content
• ...


Introduction: how?
1 Source text edition
• Input ﬁle (plain text, .tex)
• Embedded L TEX commands
A

2 Compilation
• L TEX compiler processes source code,
A

applying commands to text content to
produce ﬁnal document
3 Visualization/printing
• L TEX’s compiler DVI output is usually
A

transformed into Postscript or PDF


Introduction: how?

document.aux
document.log
... document.ps
dvips
pdf2ps
LA T E X document.dvi
document.tex
ps2pdf
dvipdfm

P D F LA T E X document.pdf


Introduction: how?

• Linux:
• texlive; kile, texmaker; evince, okular. . .
• Windows:
• MikTEX; TEXnicCenter
• Mac:
• MacTEX; TEXShop, iTEXMac


Creating documents:
basic structure

L TEX source ﬁles are logically divided in two
A

parts:
Preamble At the beginning of the document,
includes general settings
Body After the preamble, includes text
content together with embedded
commands with limited scope


Creating documents:
basic structure

documentclass{ a r t i c l e }

begin{document}

This i s my f i r s t LaTeX document .

end{document}


Creating documents:
basic structure
Preamble

begin{document}


end{document}


Creating documents:
basic structure
Preamble

begin{document}


end{document}
Body


Creating documents:
basic structure

documentclass{ a r t i c l e } command

begin{document}


end{document}


Creating documents:
basic structure

documentclass{ a r t i c l e } command

begin{document}


end{document}

environment


Creating documents:
document types
Every document begins with the command:
documentclass [ options ]{document−class−name}

Basic L TEX document classes:
A

article, proc Suitable for short documents
book, report Suitable for long documents
letter, slides Speciﬁc purpose documents


Creating documents:
document types

Document class options:
Base font size: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt
Paper format: letterpaper, a4paper. . .
Page format: oneside, twoside ⇒
openright/openany
Column format: onecolumn, twocolumn
Title page: titlepage, notitlepage


Creating documents:
global settings

L TEX assumes English language, but:
A

usepackage [ spanish ]{babel}
usepackage [ utf8 ]{ inputenc}

• Command usepackage loads modules
• Placed always in the preamble
• May receive options (spanish, utf8. . . )


Formatting documents:
front (title) page

L TEX generates simple title pages if we provide
A

some information in the preamble:
t i t l e {Document t i t l e }
author{Author or authors of the document}
date{Document date}

To actually display the title page, in the body:
maketitle


divisions
Syntax:
section [ Short t i t l e ]{Long t i t l e of d i v i s i o n}

L TEX divisions: part, chapter, section,
A

subsection, subsubsection, paragraph,
subparagraph

Related commands: tableofcontents, appendix


styles
There are 3 basic headings/footers styles:
empty empty headers and footers
plain empty header, centered page
number in footer
headings page number and current division
title in header
Used/changed adding to the preamble:
pagestyle{style −name}


Editting documents:
basic elements
An environment is a document portion
between a pair of begin-end commands:
begin{environment−name}
...
end{environment−name}

Similarly, a block is a document portion
between two brackets:
{ ... }


Editting documents:
basic elements

Environments and blocks:
• affect the portion of the document inside
• can be nested
• when nested, their effects are combined


Editting documents: fonts
L TEX font families:
A

1 roman (default)
2 sanserif
3 typewriter
textrm{Short text} { rmfamily Text }
t e x t s f{Short text} { sffamily Text }
t e x t t t{Short text} { t t f a m i l y Text }
begin{rmfamily} Long text end{rmfamily}
begin{sffamily} Long text end{sffamily}
begin{t t f a m i l y} Long text end{t t f a m i l y}


L TEX font shapes:
A

1 up (default) 3 slanted
2 italics 4 small caps
textup{Short text} { upshape Text }
t e x t i t {Short text} { itshape Text }
t e x t s l{Short text} { slshape Text }
textsc{Short text} { scshape Text }
begin{upshape} Long text end{upshape}
begin{itshape} Long text end{itshape}
begin{slshape} Long text end{slshape}
begin{scshape} Long text end{scshape}


L TEX font faces:
A

1 medium (default)
2 bold
textmd{Short text} { mdseries Text }
textbf{Short text} { bfseries Text }
begin{mdseries} Long text end{mdseries}
begin{bfseries} Long text end{bfseries}

Different font families, shapes and fonts can be
combined, but not every combination exists. . .


{tiny Text }
{scriptsize Text }
{footnotesize Text } L TEX font sizes
A
{small Text }
{normalsize Text }
{large Text }
{Large Text }
{LARGE Text }
{huge Text }
{Huge Text }

Context-sensitive emphasis:
emph{Text}

Underline:
underline{Text}

Unprocessed text:
begin{verbatim}
Verbatim environment
end{verbatim}


Editting documents: lists
There are three kinds of lists in L TEX:
A

• this is one of them
• a list of items
• the most widely used

begin{itemize}
item t h i s i s one of them
item a l i s t of items
item the most widely used
end{itemize}



1 This is another kind of list,
2 a list of items with a numbered label,
3 presents ordered items.

begin{enumerate}
item This i s another kind of l i s t ,
item a l i s t of items with a numbered label ,
item presents ordered items .
end{enumerate}



last this is the third kind of lists
keyword a description after the highlighted
term

begin{description}
item [ l a s t ] t h i s i s the t h i r d kind of l i s t s
item [keyword] a description a f t e r the
highlighted term
end{description}


1 Of course:
• different kinds of lists
• can be combined
2 as needed.

begin{enumerate}
item Of course : begin{itemize}
item d i f f e r e n t kinds of l i s t s
item can be combined
end{itemize}
item as needed .
end{enumerate}


Editting documents:
text alignment

L TEX always aligns text in both margins.
A

begin{ f l u s h l e f t }
Left−only aligned text
end{ f l u s h l e f t }

l e f t l i n e {Left−only aligned l i n e }


Editting documents:
text alignment

But we can customize it. . .

begin{f l u s h r i g h t}
Right−only aligned text
end{ f l u s h l e f t }

r i g h t l i n e {Right−only aligned l i n e }


Editting documents:
text alignment

. . . to ﬁt our needs.

begin{center}
Centered text
end{center}

centerline{Centered l i n e }


Editting documents:
citations and notes

Side notes and footnotes1 :
footnote{Footnote text}
marginpar{Side note text}

Text in a quote or quotation environment:
Wider margins and emphasized font,
so that it stands out among the rest.

1
Are very easy to include.

Editting documents:
floating elements

Text can be rearranged; some elements can’t:
floating elements
• position of a floating element will be
determined depending on its context
• dimensions and placement of the floating
element are as important as its content
Typical floating elements: tables and figures


Editting documents: tables
Text can be arranged as a table using the
tabular environment:
this is just a simple
example of a table

begin{tabular}{ r c l }
this & i s j u s t & a simple
example & & of a table
end{tabular}


There are several commands to draw lines
alongside rows and columns:

example of a table

begin{tabular }{| r | c | l |} hline
this & i s j u s t & a simple hline
example & & of a table hline
end{tabular}


There are several commands to draw lines
alongside rows and columns:

example of a table

begin{tabular }{| rc | l |} hline hline
this & i s j u s t & a simple c l i n e{1−2}
example & & of a table hline hline
end{tabular}


Same-row/-column cells can be combined:

this is just
table
a simple example of

multicolumn{2}{c}{t h i s i s j u s t}
& multirow{2}{*}{table } c l i n e{1−2}
a simple & example of & c l i n e{1−2}
end{tabular}


Same-row/-column cells can be combined:

this is just
table
a simple example of

multicolumn{2}{c}{t h i s i s j u s t}
& multirow{2}{*}{table } c l i n e{1−2}
a simple & example of & c l i n e{1−2}
end{tabular}

usepackage{multirow}

Tabular is not a ﬂoating environment, we use
table to wrap it as such:

this is just
table
a simple example of
Table: Sample table

begin{table }[hp ! ]
TABLE DEFINITION HERE
caption{Sample table}
end{table}


Floating elements placement preference
options:
h preferred location is here
b preferred location is page bottom
t preferred location is page top
p preferred location is exclusive page
! demands ﬂexibility
Table index: listoftables


Editting documents: images

Images can be inserted using command
includegraphics from package graphicx:

includegraphics [ width=2cm]{ figures / sample . png}


Includegraphics options:
width = integer/decimal + unit
height = integer/decimal + unit
scale = scale factor (decimal)
angle = rotate factor (0 ≥ |integer| ≥ 360)

Useful commands:
textheight textwidth columnwidth


Includegraphics does not turn an image into a
floating element, figure environment does:

begin{figure }[hp ! ]
IMAGE DEFINITION HERE
caption{Sample image}
end{figure}

Figure: Sample image Image index:
listoffigures



Image formats supported by
includegraphics depend on the tool
we use to produce the ﬁnal document!

dvips eps, ps
dvipdf eps, jpg, pdf, png, ps
pdﬂatex jpg, png, pdf, tiff


Editting documents:
references
To include references in a L TEX document:
A

1 Mark referrable elements with a label:
label{label −name}
• enumerate items
• ﬂoating elements with caption
• document sections
• (and pretty much anything with a number)

2 Refer to a label:
• element number ref{label−name}
• element page number pageref{label−name}


Editting documents:
bibliographic references
begin{thebibliography}{ZZ}
bibitem{libroLaTeX}
Bernardo Cascales Salinas .
{ itshape El l i b r o de LaTeX{}}.
Prentice Hall , 2004.
bibitem{iniciacionLaTeX}
J a v i e r Sanguino Botella .
{ itshape I n i c i a c i o n a LaTeX{}}.
Addison−Wesley , 1997.
end{thebibliography}

References are made using cite{bibitem−label}

Editting documents:
BibTEX is a complementary tool to L TEX which
A

• allows an easier management of
bibliographic reference sets
• integrates with L T X and automatically
A
E
generates thebibliography environment

1 Create bibliographic references file (.bib)
2 Include .bib file usage in L TEX source file
A


Editting documents:
Bibliographic references ﬁle (.bib) format:
@BOOK{libroLatex ,
author = {Cascales Salinas , Bernardo} ,
publisher = {Prentice Hall } ,
title = {El l i b r o de LaTeX{}},
year = {2004}}
@ARTICLE{iniciacionLaTeX ,
author = {Sanguino Botella , J a v i e r } ,
title = {I n i c i a c i o n a LaTeX{}},
journal = {Addison−Wesley Series } ,
year = {1997}}


Editting documents:
BibTEX ﬁle (sample.bib) usage in L TEX source:
A

bibliography{sample}
bibliographystyle{bibliography−style −name}

plain numbered refs, alphabetic order
unsrt numbered refs, citation order
alpha alphanumeric refs, alphabetic order
abbrv shortened version of plain


Editting documents:
latex document . tex
bibtex document . aux
latex document . tex

• BibT X uses cites information in .aux
E
• Only cited references will be part of the
generated bibliography
• We can use nocite{bibitem−label}, to
consider uncited references (or nocite*)


Conclusions
L TEX is a very powerful tool which
A

• automatizes many of the formatting
tasks involved in producing a digital
document
• generates high-quality results
• requires very lightweight source ﬁles
• produces consistent output regardless of
editor or platform


Conclusions
We have learned to create a L TEX document,
A

• choose the appropriate document class
and/or modify its basic appearance,
• generate basic title pages,
• select font families, shapes, faces, sizes,
alignment. . . ,
• insert lists, notes, tables, images,
references, bibliography,
and deliver a standard, safe version (PS/PDF).


L TEX references
A

El libro de L TEX.
A

Bernardo Cascales Salinas et al.
Prentice Hall, 2004.
Iniciación a L TEX 2ε .
A

Un sistema para preparar documentos.
Javier Sanguino Botella.
Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Una descripción de L TEX 2ε .
A

Toms Bautista et al.
www.lsi.upc.es/~eipec/pdf/ldesc2e.pdf


L TEX references
A

The Comprehensive TEX Archive Network
(CTAN)
www.ctan.org
L TEX – A document preparation system
A

www.latex-project.org
CervanTEX: Grupo de usuarios
hispanohablantes de TEX
www.cervantex.es


Advanced topics:
what do you want to know?

How do I. . . ?
• structure a document in different ﬁles?
• set up my own customized title page?
• arrange text into columns?
• change the headings of a document?
• customize the margins in a document?


Advanced topics:
what do you want to know?

• adjust spacing?
• personalize an itemize list?
• use color in text or tables?
• write a letter?
• create a slide presentation?


How to:
structure a file (physically)

input{ f i l e . tex}
include{ f i l e }

Diferences:
• include assumes .tex file extension
• include starts over in a new page
• include cannot be nested
• for each included file, a .aux is generated


How to:
create your title page

To create a customized front/title page:

begin{titlepage}

TITLE PAGE DEFINITION HERE

end{titlepage}


How to:
set up columns
Whole document: documentclass[twocolumn]{...}
Document portion: usepackage{multicol}
begin{multicols}{3}
This text i s automatically rearranged into a
many columns as stated in the argument of
the multicols environment .
end{multicols}

This text is into as many argument of
automatically columns as the multicols
rearranged stated in the environment.


How to:
change headings
Customizable page style myheadings,
enables use of
markright{right −header}
markboth{ l e f t −header}{right −header}

in preamble (default values match headings).
Useful commands: thesection, sectionname
For more complex customization:
usepackage{fancyhdr}, usepackage{titleref}


How to:
customize margins

Easiest way:
usepackage{anysize}

enables use of
marginsize{ l e f t }{r i g h t}{top}{bottom}

in preamble.


How to:
mess with spacing
Change line spacing:
usepackage{setspace}
singlespacing onehalfspacing doublespacing

Introduce page changes:
newpage clearpage cleardoublepage

Introduce blank spaces:
hspace{length} vspace{length}

To ﬁll in space:
hfill dotfill hrulefill vfill


How to:
personalize lists
Customizable list environment: list
♣ list
♣ with customized
♣ symbol
begin{ l i s t }{$ clubsuit$}{}
item l i s t
item with customized
item symbol
end{ l i s t }


How to:
use color
Using package color we can:
text textcolor{green}{text}
background colorbox{green}{background}

Predefined colors: white, black, red, blue, green,
cyan, magenta, yellow

Define colors:
definecolor{color−name}{schema}{specification}


How to:
use color
Using package color we can:
text textcolor{green}{text}
background colorbox{green}{background}

Predefined colors: white, black, red, blue, green,
cyan, magenta, yellow
gray|rgb|RGB|HTML|cmyk
Define colors:
definecolor{color−name}{schema}{specification}


How to:
use color
example of a table

begin{tabular }{| rc |>{columncolor{green}} l |}
hline hline
rowcolor{green} t h i s & i s j u s t & a simple
c l i n e{1−2} example & & of a table
hline hline
end{tabular}


How to:
create letters
documentclass{ l e t t e r }
begin{document}
begin{ l e t t e r }{Chalmers University}
opening{To Whom i t May Concern:}

Please consider the following . . .

signature{Laura M. Castro}
closing{Sincerely ,}
end{ l e t t e r }
end{document}


How to:
create slides
• First L T X document class aimed for slide
A
E
presentations: slides
• Each slide:
begin{s l i d e}{ T i t l e }
SLIDE CONTENTS
end{s l i d e}

• Poor results
• No ﬂexibility, no customizability


How to:
create slides
• One of the ﬁrst alternatives: Prosper
• Best result/effort ration
• documentclass{prosper}, environment slides
• Predeﬁned designs (document option):
alienglow autumn azure contemporain
darkblue frames lignesbleues nuancegris
troispoints gyom rico
• Still low customization level, no dynamism


How to:
create slides
• 3rd tool generation: Beamer
• The most ﬂexible, powerful, popular
• Class beamer, environment frame

begin{frame}{ T i t l e }{S u b t i t l e}
begin{itemize}
item One
item Two
item Three
end{itemize}
end{frame}


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