Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
Equal Split Wilkinson Power Divider - Project PresentationBhanwar Singh Meena
This document discusses power dividers and describes the design of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. It explains that a power divider splits an input power signal into two or more output signals of lower power. A Wilkinson power divider uses quarter wave transformers to split power in a 3dB ratio. The document then provides specifications for designing a Wilkinson power divider to operate at 2.4GHz using a substrate with permittivity of 3.38 and thickness of 1.524mm. It calculates the impedance values needed for the divider and uses a circuit design tool to calculate the microstrip line lengths and widths.
This document discusses carrier synchronization techniques in digital communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for carrier recovery and symbol synchronization at the receiver. It then covers maximum likelihood estimation of signal parameters including carrier phase. Next, it describes carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop and decision-directed loops. It explains how the phase-locked loop works to continuously track and update the carrier phase estimate. Finally, it provides an example of decision-directed carrier phase estimation for a double-sideband suppressed carrier pulse amplitude modulation signal.
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
This document discusses the concept of diffraction as it relates to wireless communication. It explains that diffraction allows radio signals to propagate behind obstacles between a transmitter and receiver. It presents Huygen's principle, which states that each point on a wavefront can be considered a secondary source of wavelets. These wavelets combine to form a new wavefront. The document also covers knife-edge diffraction geometry and how to calculate the excess path length and phase difference between the diffracted and direct paths. It defines Fresnel zones and introduces the Fresnel zone diffraction parameter used to determine whether interference will be constructive or destructive. Additionally, it explains diffraction loss that occurs when secondary waves are blocked, resulting in only partial energy being diffract
The document discusses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems. It motivates MIMO by explaining how system designers aim to achieve high data rates and quality while minimizing complexity, transmission power, and bandwidth. It describes MIMO antenna configurations including SISO and MIMO. MIMO systems use multiple transmit and receive antennas to achieve high capacity. The document outlines diversity as a design criterion for MIMO systems to achieve reliable reception. It also discusses Alamouti's space-time coding scheme and how MIMO can be combined with OFDM to further improve performance. In conclusions, MIMO brings us closer to gigabit speeds while also providing reliable communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
Equal Split Wilkinson Power Divider - Project PresentationBhanwar Singh Meena
This document discusses power dividers and describes the design of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. It explains that a power divider splits an input power signal into two or more output signals of lower power. A Wilkinson power divider uses quarter wave transformers to split power in a 3dB ratio. The document then provides specifications for designing a Wilkinson power divider to operate at 2.4GHz using a substrate with permittivity of 3.38 and thickness of 1.524mm. It calculates the impedance values needed for the divider and uses a circuit design tool to calculate the microstrip line lengths and widths.
This document discusses carrier synchronization techniques in digital communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for carrier recovery and symbol synchronization at the receiver. It then covers maximum likelihood estimation of signal parameters including carrier phase. Next, it describes carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop and decision-directed loops. It explains how the phase-locked loop works to continuously track and update the carrier phase estimate. Finally, it provides an example of decision-directed carrier phase estimation for a double-sideband suppressed carrier pulse amplitude modulation signal.
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
This document discusses the concept of diffraction as it relates to wireless communication. It explains that diffraction allows radio signals to propagate behind obstacles between a transmitter and receiver. It presents Huygen's principle, which states that each point on a wavefront can be considered a secondary source of wavelets. These wavelets combine to form a new wavefront. The document also covers knife-edge diffraction geometry and how to calculate the excess path length and phase difference between the diffracted and direct paths. It defines Fresnel zones and introduces the Fresnel zone diffraction parameter used to determine whether interference will be constructive or destructive. Additionally, it explains diffraction loss that occurs when secondary waves are blocked, resulting in only partial energy being diffract
The document discusses MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems. It motivates MIMO by explaining how system designers aim to achieve high data rates and quality while minimizing complexity, transmission power, and bandwidth. It describes MIMO antenna configurations including SISO and MIMO. MIMO systems use multiple transmit and receive antennas to achieve high capacity. The document outlines diversity as a design criterion for MIMO systems to achieve reliable reception. It also discusses Alamouti's space-time coding scheme and how MIMO can be combined with OFDM to further improve performance. In conclusions, MIMO brings us closer to gigabit speeds while also providing reliable communications.
LEDs are of interest for fibre optics because of five inherent characteristics..
How it works?
Spectrum of an LED
Modulation of LED
LED Vs. Laser diode
disadvantages of LED
Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Optical Fiber CommunicationAmit Raikar
This document discusses dispersion in optical fiber communication systems and various techniques to compensate for it, including dispersion compensating fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, electronic dispersion compensation, digital filters, and optical phase conjugation. Dispersion increases pulse spreading and affects signal quality. These techniques help reduce dispersion to improve transmission over long distances. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
This document discusses two approaches for modeling path loss: analytical and empirical. It focuses on two specific path loss models: the log distance path loss model and the log normal shadowing path loss model. The log distance model describes path loss increasing logarithmically with distance, but does not account for environmental clutter. The log normal shadowing model adds a zero-mean Gaussian distributed random variable to the log distance model to account for random variations in path loss caused by environmental clutter. Both models can be used to estimate or predict received signal power probabilities based on distance.
The document discusses several topics related to wireless propagation modeling including:
1. The log-distance path loss model, which models received power as decreasing logarithmically with distance.
2. Log-normal shadowing, which describes how multipath effects cause random variations in the received signal at a given distance.
3. Methods for determining the percentage of coverage area where the received signal is above a threshold, including calculating the complementary cumulative distribution function.
4. Outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and the two-ray propagation raster model for irregular terrain.
5. Empirical models like Hata's model and its extension to personal communication services frequencies
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, including their motivations and capabilities. MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high data rates approaching 1 Gbps while maintaining quality of service. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity, design criteria like diversity and spatial multiplexing, practical architectures like V-BLAST and Alamouti's scheme, and applications to networking including MIMO-OFDM and MIMO MAC protocols.
Oc unit 2 - Part II - Transmission CharacteristicsKannanKrishnana
This document discusses transmission characteristics of optical fibers, including:
- Attenuation losses such as absorption and scattering losses that reduce signal strength.
- Dispersion which causes pulses to spread, interfering with each other (intersymbol interference) and limiting bandwidth. Types of dispersion include material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
- Single mode fibers which only propagate a single mode and have low dispersion. Dispersion can be optimized by designing the refractive index profile, such as in dispersion shifted or flattened fibers.
Optical detectors, as the name implied, can detect the amount of light received. It is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which can then be amplified and processed.
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
This document discusses transmission line basics and provides an overview of key concepts. It introduces transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations. The document outlines the agenda, which includes discussing the transmission line concept, equivalent circuits, reflection diagrams, loading, termination methods, propagation delay, and simple return paths. It also discusses two viewpoints of transmission lines - steady state in the frequency domain and transient in the time domain.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
TARA SAIKUMAR
2
Real Computer Issues
This document discusses optical fiber connectors. It begins by introducing the ferrule, which is a cylindrical tube used in connectors to precisely align the fiber cores. The document then covers the major types of connectors that have been introduced, including ST, SC, LC, FC, MU, and MPO connectors. ST and SC connectors became dominant in the 1980s-1990s due to their low loss and ease of use. Newer connectors like LC and MPO provide higher density by reducing size and combining multiple fibers. Proper connectors are important for achieving low insertion loss while providing easy installation and connection/disconnection of fibers.
The document discusses different types of linear-beam microwave tubes, specifically focusing on klystron tubes. It provides details on the operation of two-cavity klystrons and reflex klystrons. Two-cavity klystrons work by velocity modulating electrons in the first cavity which become current modulated before interacting with the second cavity to produce microwave power. Reflex klystrons use a single cavity and repeller field to reflect electrons, allowing them to interact twice with the cavity field and function as an oscillator. Quantitative analyses of velocity modulation, power output, and efficiency are also presented.
This presentation is about Array of Point sources which is a one of the topic of Antennas. The presentation was prepared in 2017.
Antennas subject in 7th sem (2010 scheme - now outdated) of VTU.
This document describes the design of an equal split Wilkinson power divider with the following specifications: frequency of 2.4 GHz, source and load impedances of 50 ohms, substrate permittivity of 3.38, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm, and conductor thickness of 0.15 mm. It provides background on Wilkinson power dividers, describes the calculation of microstrip line widths and lengths, shows the simulated circuit schematic and layout, and plots the resulting S-parameters which achieve the desired 3 dB power split with good port matching and isolation as expected.
1) The document introduces MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) wireless communication systems and discusses their advantages over traditional SISO systems, including higher spectral efficiency and ability to benefit from multipath propagation.
2) It describes the MIMO channel model and derives the capacity of MIMO systems using singular value decomposition and water-filling principles. MIMO capacity is shown to increase approximately linearly with the number of antennas.
3) Cooperative communication techniques that enable single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits are introduced, along with the concepts of cognitive radio networks and spectrum pooling.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the course EC8491-COMMUNICATION THEORY. The objectives are to introduce concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, understand properties of random processes, and study the effect of noise on communication systems. The content covers topics such as amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization. The goal is for students to understand fundamental communication system design principles and limits set by information theory. References for further reading are also provided.
This document describes the design of a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) circuit. It includes the goals of providing a 3.3V output voltage from a 5V input. The key components of an LDO - pass transistor, error amplifier, and voltage reference - are discussed. Calculations are shown for efficiency, transistor sizes, setting the bias voltage, and sizing additional transistors. A block diagram and final schematic are presented. Post-layout simulations demonstrate the line regulation as the input voltage is changed.
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Switched capacitor filters use capacitors and switches controlled by non-overlapping clocks to emulate resistors. This allows filters to be implemented using only capacitors and switches, avoiding the large silicon area needed for resistors. The document discusses the basic building blocks, operation, analysis of switched capacitor filters and compares them to other filter types. It covers advantages like reduced power and high integration density, and disadvantages like noise from sampling and need for clock circuits.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the block diagram, working principle, different architectures, advantages, disadvantages and applications of free space optical communications apart from the comparison of free space optics with fiber optics and other counterparts such as RF and metallic cables. The material will be extremely useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
This document describes Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan's master's thesis project on the design of a complementary cross-coupled oscillator for ultra-low power consumption and low phase noise. The project aims to improve an existing oscillator topology using a NMOS cross-coupled pair by replacing it with a complementary cross-coupled structure. Analysis shows the complementary structure offers about 50% reduction in power consumption and significant improvement in thermal noise performance compared to the NMOS structure. Proper design considerations were also able to optimize the flicker noise performance of the complementary structure.
Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Optical Fiber CommunicationAmit Raikar
This document discusses dispersion in optical fiber communication systems and various techniques to compensate for it, including dispersion compensating fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, electronic dispersion compensation, digital filters, and optical phase conjugation. Dispersion increases pulse spreading and affects signal quality. These techniques help reduce dispersion to improve transmission over long distances. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
This document discusses two approaches for modeling path loss: analytical and empirical. It focuses on two specific path loss models: the log distance path loss model and the log normal shadowing path loss model. The log distance model describes path loss increasing logarithmically with distance, but does not account for environmental clutter. The log normal shadowing model adds a zero-mean Gaussian distributed random variable to the log distance model to account for random variations in path loss caused by environmental clutter. Both models can be used to estimate or predict received signal power probabilities based on distance.
The document discusses several topics related to wireless propagation modeling including:
1. The log-distance path loss model, which models received power as decreasing logarithmically with distance.
2. Log-normal shadowing, which describes how multipath effects cause random variations in the received signal at a given distance.
3. Methods for determining the percentage of coverage area where the received signal is above a threshold, including calculating the complementary cumulative distribution function.
4. Outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and the two-ray propagation raster model for irregular terrain.
5. Empirical models like Hata's model and its extension to personal communication services frequencies
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, including their motivations and capabilities. MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve high data rates approaching 1 Gbps while maintaining quality of service. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity, design criteria like diversity and spatial multiplexing, practical architectures like V-BLAST and Alamouti's scheme, and applications to networking including MIMO-OFDM and MIMO MAC protocols.
Oc unit 2 - Part II - Transmission CharacteristicsKannanKrishnana
This document discusses transmission characteristics of optical fibers, including:
- Attenuation losses such as absorption and scattering losses that reduce signal strength.
- Dispersion which causes pulses to spread, interfering with each other (intersymbol interference) and limiting bandwidth. Types of dispersion include material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
- Single mode fibers which only propagate a single mode and have low dispersion. Dispersion can be optimized by designing the refractive index profile, such as in dispersion shifted or flattened fibers.
Optical detectors, as the name implied, can detect the amount of light received. It is a device that converts light signals into electrical signals, which can then be amplified and processed.
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
This document discusses transmission line basics and provides an overview of key concepts. It introduces transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations. The document outlines the agenda, which includes discussing the transmission line concept, equivalent circuits, reflection diagrams, loading, termination methods, propagation delay, and simple return paths. It also discusses two viewpoints of transmission lines - steady state in the frequency domain and transient in the time domain.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
TARA SAIKUMAR
2
Real Computer Issues
This document discusses optical fiber connectors. It begins by introducing the ferrule, which is a cylindrical tube used in connectors to precisely align the fiber cores. The document then covers the major types of connectors that have been introduced, including ST, SC, LC, FC, MU, and MPO connectors. ST and SC connectors became dominant in the 1980s-1990s due to their low loss and ease of use. Newer connectors like LC and MPO provide higher density by reducing size and combining multiple fibers. Proper connectors are important for achieving low insertion loss while providing easy installation and connection/disconnection of fibers.
The document discusses different types of linear-beam microwave tubes, specifically focusing on klystron tubes. It provides details on the operation of two-cavity klystrons and reflex klystrons. Two-cavity klystrons work by velocity modulating electrons in the first cavity which become current modulated before interacting with the second cavity to produce microwave power. Reflex klystrons use a single cavity and repeller field to reflect electrons, allowing them to interact twice with the cavity field and function as an oscillator. Quantitative analyses of velocity modulation, power output, and efficiency are also presented.
This presentation is about Array of Point sources which is a one of the topic of Antennas. The presentation was prepared in 2017.
Antennas subject in 7th sem (2010 scheme - now outdated) of VTU.
This document describes the design of an equal split Wilkinson power divider with the following specifications: frequency of 2.4 GHz, source and load impedances of 50 ohms, substrate permittivity of 3.38, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm, and conductor thickness of 0.15 mm. It provides background on Wilkinson power dividers, describes the calculation of microstrip line widths and lengths, shows the simulated circuit schematic and layout, and plots the resulting S-parameters which achieve the desired 3 dB power split with good port matching and isolation as expected.
1) The document introduces MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) wireless communication systems and discusses their advantages over traditional SISO systems, including higher spectral efficiency and ability to benefit from multipath propagation.
2) It describes the MIMO channel model and derives the capacity of MIMO systems using singular value decomposition and water-filling principles. MIMO capacity is shown to increase approximately linearly with the number of antennas.
3) Cooperative communication techniques that enable single-antenna devices to achieve MIMO-like benefits are introduced, along with the concepts of cognitive radio networks and spectrum pooling.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the course EC8491-COMMUNICATION THEORY. The objectives are to introduce concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, understand properties of random processes, and study the effect of noise on communication systems. The content covers topics such as amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization. The goal is for students to understand fundamental communication system design principles and limits set by information theory. References for further reading are also provided.
This document describes the design of a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) circuit. It includes the goals of providing a 3.3V output voltage from a 5V input. The key components of an LDO - pass transistor, error amplifier, and voltage reference - are discussed. Calculations are shown for efficiency, transistor sizes, setting the bias voltage, and sizing additional transistors. A block diagram and final schematic are presented. Post-layout simulations demonstrate the line regulation as the input voltage is changed.
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Switched capacitor filters use capacitors and switches controlled by non-overlapping clocks to emulate resistors. This allows filters to be implemented using only capacitors and switches, avoiding the large silicon area needed for resistors. The document discusses the basic building blocks, operation, analysis of switched capacitor filters and compares them to other filter types. It covers advantages like reduced power and high integration density, and disadvantages like noise from sampling and need for clock circuits.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the block diagram, working principle, different architectures, advantages, disadvantages and applications of free space optical communications apart from the comparison of free space optics with fiber optics and other counterparts such as RF and metallic cables. The material will be extremely useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
This document describes Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan's master's thesis project on the design of a complementary cross-coupled oscillator for ultra-low power consumption and low phase noise. The project aims to improve an existing oscillator topology using a NMOS cross-coupled pair by replacing it with a complementary cross-coupled structure. Analysis shows the complementary structure offers about 50% reduction in power consumption and significant improvement in thermal noise performance compared to the NMOS structure. Proper design considerations were also able to optimize the flicker noise performance of the complementary structure.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADC.pdfKathryn Patel
This document is a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, under the guidance of Prof. G. S. Visweswaran. The thesis presents the design of a high-speed successive approximation pipelined (SAP) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Chapter 1 introduces successive approximation algorithms and different types of successive approximation ADCs. The aim of the project is to design an 8-bit SAP ADC and demonstrate its potential for high-speed conversion applications.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADCPushpak Dagade
This document describes a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits. The thesis proposes a new successive approximation pipelined (SAP) ADC architecture to overcome speed limitations of traditional SAR ADCs. It presents the design of a 8-bit SAP ADC including components like a D flip-flop, comparator, and DAC. Simulation results demonstrating the SAP ADC's operation are also included. The thesis concludes with proposals for further work on the schematic, layout, and post-fabrication testing.
This document discusses different methods for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signals, including conventional diode detectors and square-law detectors as well as non-conventional energy-based demodulators using the Teager Energy Operator (TEO). It proposes a novel implementation of a diode detector circuit in MATLAB and compares the performance of a single TEO to a dual TEO configuration, finding that the dual TEO has lower total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show that the discussed demodulation methods can successfully recover information from FM signals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses different methods for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signals, including conventional diode detectors and square-law detectors as well as non-conventional energy-based demodulators using the Teager Energy Operator (TEO). It proposes a novel implementation of a diode detector circuit in MATLAB and compares the performance of a single TEO to a dual TEO configuration, finding that the dual TEO has lower total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show that the discussed demodulation methods can successfully extract information from FM signals.
This document describes the design and implementation of a high voltage, high resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for driving deformable mirrors. The design uses a floating DAC architecture with a high voltage DAC providing the ground reference for a secondary low voltage, high resolution DAC. This allows the system to achieve the high voltage range of the primary DAC while maintaining the high resolution of the secondary DAC. The document details the component selection, circuit designs for single channel and multi-channel boards, and test results demonstrating a resolution of 1.6mV over a 60V range.
Design of Filter Circuits using MATLAB, Multisim, and ExcelDavid Sandy
The purpose of this project was to design crossover active filter circuits, in order to drive music through three different types of speakers. So, high frequencies would be sent through a Tweeter speaker, low frequencies would be sent through a Woofer speaker, and middle frequencies would be sent through a Midbass driver speaker. Three circuits were created to drive these speakers. Multisim, MATLAB, and Excel, were all used in the design process in order to create the filter circuits correctly.
Circuit Theory 2: Filters Project ReportMichael Sandy
The purpose of this project was to design crossover active filter circuits, in order to drive music through three different types of speakers. So, high frequencies would be sent through a Tweeter speaker, low frequencies would be sent through a Woofer speaker, and middle frequencies would be sent through a Midbass driver speaker. Three circuits were created to drive these speakers. Multisim, MATLAB, and Excel, were all used in the design process in order to create the filter circuits correctly.
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
This project report describes the design and measurement of a 2.4GHz branch-line coupler. Binh Pham Quang designed the coupler using ADS software, simulating both the schematic and electromagnetic models. Key steps included calculating transmission line impedances from design specifications, synthesizing physical dimensions, and tuning for optimal performance. The coupler was then fabricated on an RO4350B substrate and measured using a vector network analyzer. Results showed good agreement with simulations, achieving high reflection coefficient, coupling, and directivity near the target frequency.
This report is documented for Metal Detector System. The goal is to analyze, design, model, simulate and construct the Metal Detector System. A very simple Design Pattern was used to modulate the system with the use of less number of components. Coils were designed in consideration to the principles of induction for the Metal Detector System. Standard components were used to construct the Signal Processing Unit (ASPU). The design for the ASPU was simulated and tested using advanced simulation software called Pspice. The final Product fulfills the requirements as expected.
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Sh...IJERA Editor
Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
This thesis examines methods for improving power control in GSM/EDGE networks. The author develops and simulates several algorithms for an outer power control loop that would dynamically adjust the target quality value (qdes) based on additional network information. Simulation results show that an algorithm using transmitted power distribution across users provides more promising results than one based on error measurement reports, as it better maintains the essential power back-off principle without compromising quality of service. The thesis concludes there is high correlation between satisfied users and those within the regulating power window, indicating this approach could effectively optimize power control in varying network conditions.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
Optimization of Threshold Voltage for 65nm PMOS Transistor using Silvaco TCAD...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research optimizing the threshold voltage (VTH) for a 65nm PMOS transistor using Silvaco TCAD simulation tools. The researchers varied three fabrication factors - gate oxide thickness, channel doping concentration, and channel implantation concentration - in the simulation. The simulation results showed a VTH value of -2.55427V for a 65nm PMOS transistor with a gate oxide thickness of 0.0025um, boron channel doping of 2x1015, and phosphorus implantation of 3.5x1013 atom/cm-1. Thicker gate oxides, higher channel doping, and increased implantation concentrations each caused higher VTH values in the simulation, consistent with theoretical expectations.
Design of 17-Bit Audio Band Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital ConverterKarthik Rathinavel
• Systematically designed a delta sigma ADC with CIFF modular architecture in MATLAB Simulink with an ENOB of 19-bits.
• Designed a decimation filter to remove noise in the digital output of the delta sigma modulator.
• Observed the effect of non-idealities on the modulator such as finite gain, finite bandwidth, slew rate, analog noise and capacitor mismatch.
The document summarizes the design, analysis, and simulation of a Schottky diode-based sampling circuit for a 40 Gbps electronic time-division demultiplexer. The circuit uses a double diode configuration for sampling and undersampling theory to demultiplex the input signal. Bandwidth optimization is performed through analytic calculations and simulations. Layout design achieves 55 GHz bandwidth with a distance of 250 um between the capacitor and diode. Flip-chip bonding affects performance above 50 GHz. Future work includes using diodes with lower capacitance and compensating for flip-chip effects above 40 Gbps.
Similar to Edge-Coupled Bandpass Filter Design (20)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
3. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
1 Introduction
The creation of a band-pass filter can be established using edge-coupled half-wave resonators as is
the anticipated design. The use of short circuited quarter-wave resonators may also be approached,
however short circuit design is difficult within microwave microstrip design. The microstrip filter is
composed of three cascading edge-couple half-wave resonator components with each end connected
to a 50Ω source line. The circuit was generated and insulated onto a printed circuit board (PCB)
and was acquired for testing.
Filter design characteristics rely heavily on two factors: insertion loss and return loss. Insertion
loss is inversely proportional to filter bandwidth. Each quantity can be adjusted to manipulate fil-
ter performance. The addition of multiple resonator components would also increase insertion loss.
Return loss demonstrates signal return from the load to the source. A successful filter design will
demonstrate the lowest return loss at the center frequency of the filter, with generally low return loss
at low and high frequencies. This will assert the circuit experiences minimum power reflection from
load to source.
To attempt designing a microwave filter, a series of design steps were undertaken. First, a low-
pass prototype filter design was established, which was then converted to a Chebyshev band-pass
filter experiencing low-pass to band-pass transformation. Secondly, edge-coupled resonator charac-
teristics, i.e. even and odd mode impedances and coupling coefficients were calculated to determine
the appropriate microstrip dimensions for an ideal band-pass filter design. Finally, Agilent Design
Studio (ADS) was used to create a variation of circuit schematics ranging from ideal to realistic
components through several tuning segments and simulations.
The final ADS schematic was implemented into a layout where EM Co-Simulations were performed
to visualize realistic circuit behavior. A 3 inch × 2 inch shield made of vias was attached to the final
layout of the design.
1.1 Design Results Comparison
The tables below detail the specifications, theoretical, simulated, and achieved results for the filter
performance:
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
3.80GHz 3.800GHz 3.542GHz 3.4GHz
Table 1: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Center Frequency Comparison
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
900MHz 1010MHz 886.7MHz 821.9MHz
Table 2: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Bandwidth Comparison
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
0.5dB 0.481dB 3.052dB 2.813
Table 3: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Pass-band Ripple Comparison
4. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2 Design Process
The creation of the filter was established through multiple domains; hand-written calculations were
performed to achieve theoretical results, which were then sketched into ADS. Simulations and tuning
were performed to gather appropriate design conditions for the final device response.
2.1 Theoretical Design
The edge-coupled half-wave microstrip resonator filter was required to have the following specifica-
tions:
− Center frequency fc = 3.80GHz
− Chebyshev response with pass-band ripple = 0.50dB
− Equal-ripple bandwidth = 900MHz
− Terminations = 50Ω
An equal-ripple low-pass filter prototype would have to be established first in order to convert to a
band-pass filter. This was achieved through applying filter design by the insertion loss method, refer-
enced in Pozar [1]. The insertion loss method allows for an improved filter design method with control
over pass-band, stop-band amplitude and phase characteristics to simulate desired characteristics [1].
A filter response is characterized by the power loss ratio:
2.1.1 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype
The theoretical low-pass filter response was developed through Matlab code (displayed in Appendix
B). The given bandpass ripple Am was set to 0.5dB and center frequency ω was set to 3.8GHz.
A = 10 × log10[1 + (10Am/10
− 1)(cos2
(n cos−1
ω )], ω ≤ 1 (1)
= 10 × log10[1 + (10Am/10
− 1)(cosh2
(n cos−1
ω )], ω ≥ 1
where Am is defined as the band ripple and n is defined as the order of the filter.
ω =
ω0
ω2 − ω1
[
ω
ω0
−
ω0
ω
] (2)
where ω0 is the band center frequency and ω2 and ω1 are the upper and lower pass-band edges,
respectively. The low-pass prototype filter response is displayed below:
Figure 1: Low-Pass Filter Magnitude vs. Frequency Response
5. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.1.2 Chebyshev Band-Pass Transformation
The transformation from a low-pass prototype filter to a Chebyshev band-pass filter can be performed
using equation (2). Center frequency remained at 3.8GHz, with upper and lower band edges at
4.25GHz and 3.35GHz, respectively. Matlab code was used to plot the Chebyshev transformation
below:
Figure 2: Band-Pass Filter Magnitude vs. Frequency Response
2.1.3 Filter Transformation
An equal-ripple Chebyshev low-pass filter prototype was selected as part of the initial design process.
Table 8.4 given by Pozar [1] characterizes coupling coefficient element values g for a magnitude of
filter orders (N). See Appendix A for sample calculations of coupling coefficients.
Figure 3: Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototypes at 0.5dB ripple [1]
The list below displays the substrate properties for the Rogers 4350B material used for the filter
fabrication design [3]:
− H: substrate height = 62 mil
− r: dielectric permittivity = 3.66 F/m
− µr: dielectric permeability = 0.999994 H/m
− Cond: substrate conductivity = 5.96 × 107
S/m
− T: conductor thickness = 35 µm
− tan δ: loss tangent = 0.0037
6. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2 Simulated Design
The edge-coupled filter utilizes parallel coupled microstrip transmission lines. A coupled transmis-
sion line experiences two different modes based on the wave propagation between the two coupled
lines as opposed to each individual line. The excitation of the two coupled lines may occur in phase
(even mode) or 180◦
out of phase (odd mode) [2]. The impedance seen by the propagating wave will
differ for even (Z0e) and (Z0o).
Coupled line even and odd impedances can be calculated using the coupling coefficients assigned
to a specific coupled line. The expressions below detail admittance inverter parameters given by
Pozar [1] for an Nth
order filter:
n = 1 ⇒ Z0J1 =
π∆
2g1
(3)
n = 2, 3, ..., N ⇒ Z0Jn =
π∆
2
√
gn−1 − gn
(4)
n = N + 1 ⇒ Z0JN+1 =
π∆
2gN × gN+1
(5)
where fractional bandwidth ∆ was previously calculated as 0.2368, appropriate coupling coefficients
were assigned, and Z0 is defined as the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines feeding
into and out of the filter, i.e. Z0 = 50Ω terminations.
2.2.1 Edge-Couple Microstrip Design
By substituting the previously selected coupling coefficients, even and odd impedances can be cal-
culated through the expressions below:
Z0e = Z0 × [1 + Z0Jn + (Z0Jn)2
] (6)
Z0o = Z0 × [1 − Z0Jn + (Z0Jn)2
] (7)
The table below details the calculated even and odd impedances for each coupled microstrip pair:
Coupling Pair Z0e (Ω) Z0o (Ω)
g1 85.785 37.515
g2 68.00586 39.896
g3 68.00586 39.896
g4 85.785 37.515
Table 4: Even/Odd Impedances for Coupling Microstrip Pairs
7. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2.2 Ideal Filter Design
Calculated even and odd mode impedances can be substituted into the CLIN component, an ideal
edge-coupling resonator. The circuit below was designed within ADS, acting as an ideal band-pass
filter response which will be referenced and compared by future modifications of the filter.
Each CLIN component was designed using the calculated even and odd mode impedances displayed
in Table 4. The electrical length of each component was set to 90◦
, setting each half of the resonator
components to a quarter-wavelength long, at 3.80GHz.
Figure 4: CLIN Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
The plot below details the ideal insertion loss of the ideal circuit above using S-Parameters S(2,1) and
50Ω impedance terminals. Results were plotted in decibels of magnitude as a function of frequency.
Figure 5: CLIN Ideal Insertion Loss Response
Insertion loss detailed in the plot above was evaluated through an ideal design. The plot experiences
three ripples, each corresponding to the center frequency, upper and lower frequency bandwidth lim-
its, similar to the characterization of a Chebyshev band-pass filter. Roll-off occurs close to the upper
and lower frequency bands as predicted.
The plot below details the ideal return loss of the ideal circuit from Figure 4 using S-Parameters
S(2,2) and 50Ω impedance terminals. Results were plotted in decibels of magnitude as a function of
frequency.
8. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Figure 6: CLIN Ideal Return Loss Response
Return loss detailed in the plot above was evaluated through an ideal design. Design tuning will
involve the manipulation of existing values to adjust realistic responses towards ideal results.
2.2.3 Non-Ideal Filter Design using MCLIN, MTAPER
Dependant on mode-impedance, center frequency and electrical length, edge-coupled microstrips can
be developed using LineCalc within ADS. Inserting the mentioned parameters and synthesizing gen-
erates appropriate width, length and spacing of the edge-coupled resonator components.
The non-ideal circuit was generated using MCLIN and MTAPER components, utilizing defined
microstrip dimensions from LineCalc and established as microstrip coupled lines.
Due to the symmetrical conditions of the filter response, only half of the filter’s design characteristics
were to be calculated. The other half of the circuit would act as the reverse characteristics of the
first half. The table below details the calculated length (L), width (W) and spacing (S) dimensions
for each resonant component.
Design Parameter Value (mil)
W1 79.047638
W2 111.159449
W3 134.928346
L1 480.161417
L2 467.897638
L3 47.805118
L4 456.330709
S1 8.251339
S2 21.183425
Table 5: Non-Ideal MCLIN Design Characteristics
Two MLINs were placed on both ends of the filter, acting as a 50Ω transmission line to match with
a 50Ω source of the spectrum analyzer equipment used to measure the filter. A taper component
MTAPER was placed in between coupled resonator MCLIN components generated with different
widths, adjusting their lengths to fit the required board size. The second half of the filter is a
reversed setup of the first half, reversing the orientation of tapers and transmission line components.
9. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Figure 7: MCLIN/MTAPER Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
Note that MCLIN components contain their own parasitic capacitance, i.e. unwanted capacitance
due to connected conductor components within a circuit. The effects of parasitic capacitance causes
the S21 response to deviate from the CLIN S21 response.
The addition of the MTAPER components caused deviation in the results as opposed to the in-
dividual MCLIN components. Most noticeably, the response only generated two ripples as opposed
to three, as well as the shift in bandwidth and center frequency.
The plot below displays the insertion and return loss responses for the initial and modified MCLIN
schematic regarding the inclusion of MTAPER components:
Figure 8: Non-Ideal MCLIN Filter Response w/ & w/o MTAPER Components
Three equations detailed in Figure 12 above were given through ADS Help to determine center fre-
quency fc, bandwidth BW, and pass-band ripple PBR.
The results were derived from the MCLIN circuit response and recorded to the table at the right.
There are noticeable difference between the design specifications and the schematic response. Center
frequency and bandwidth have deviated by 0.03GHz and 0.756GHz, respectively. The addition of the
MTAPER components provided even further deviation from design specifications; center frequency
and bandwidth deviated by 0.128GHz and 0.553GHz, respectively.
10. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2.4 Non-Ideal Filter Design using MCFIL, MSTEP
The MCFIL component is defined as a microstrip coupled-line filter section. Its advantage over a
simple MCLIN is its ability to adjust its width at each of its ports. The addition of the MSTEP
component allows for ports to be centered according to their set widths. With this advantage, lining
up individual microstrip components would be easier while avoiding shorted components.
The schematic designed below details a more appropriate edge-coupled bandpass circuit design tai-
lored closer to design characteristics and filter response.
Figure 9: MCFIL/MSTEP Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
The plot below details a comparison of the the filter response above between the MCLIN/MTAPER
schematic, as well as the newly created MCFIL/MSTEP schematic:
Figure 10: Non-Ideal MCLIN/MTAPER vs. MCFIL/MSTEP Insertion & Return Loss Filter Response
The MCFIL/MSTEP schematic experiences slightly deviated values from the design specifications,
however with adjusted component dimensions via tuning, the filter response could be tweaked towards
its ideal counterpart.
11. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.3 Layout Generation
Generating a circuit layout of the device will allow for extensive EM simulations via ADS. The
required board size was 3.0in × 2.0in. Extensions would be made to the circuit to fit the board size
specifications. The arrows on the input and output of the circuit act as pins used for EM simulations.
The RO4350B substrate was created within an EM setup.
2.3.1 MCLIN Layout
The layout below was generated from the single-component MCLIN schematic:
Figure 11: MCLIN Circuit Layout Generation
2.3.2 MCLIN/MTAPER Layout
A noticeable issue regarding the generation of the layout was the shorted connections between the
microstrips. This caused irregular circuit behavior and thus simulations could not be acquired with-
out providing necessary distance between components.
The addition of the MTAPER component helped solve this issue, and generated feasible results.
The layout generation below details the MCLIN/MTAPER layout:
Figure 12: MCLIN/MTAPER Circuit Layout Generation
2.3.3 MCFIL/MSTEP Layout
As part of the design process for an improved circuit, a layout was generated for the MCFIL/MSTEP
schematic designed in Figure 9:
Figure 13: MCFIL/MSTEP Circuit Layout Generation
12. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.4 EM Co-Simulation
With the addition to basic ADS simulations, EM co-simulations were performed to replicate results
similar to real life. Manufactured results would be based off the most recent EM co-simulations,
therefore it was imperative that circuit responses were accurate enough to produce a functioning
microwave filter.
For EM simulations to be attempted a substrate type and specification was required. As previ-
ously mentioned, the substrate used was RO4350B. Its defining characteristics are identifiable within
the MSub component in all established circuit schematics.
Figure 14: Rogers 4350B Substrate EM Substrate via ADS
The following generated layout was established from the MCLIN/MTAPER generated layout. A via
shield was created by establishing adequate spacing between the microstrip components, as well as
the manually placed vias.
Figure 15: MCLIN/MTAPER Final Circuit Layout Generation w/ Via Shield
The substrate file generated using RO4350B was applied to the layout above. An EM co-simulation
was executed, simulating realistic circuit behavior.
Due to the extended simulation time within EM co-simulations, a limited number of simulations
were able to be run to adjust results towards design specifications.
13. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
The plot below details the EM co-simulation response from the generated layout above:
Figure 16: Non-Ideal MCLIN/MTAPER EM Co-Simulation Response
The circuit experienced a center frequency shift towards 3.542GHz, with band-edges occurring at
3.097GHz and 3.983GHz. The addition of the MTAPERS, although helped resolve shorts within the
circuit, caused the circuit to experience massive deviance from design specifications.
The circuit also experienced a change in return loss S22 response pattern prior to adding MTA-
PERs. This was experimented with the MCFIL/MSTEP circuit, which generated the following plot:
Figure 17: Non-Ideal MCFIL/MSTEP EM Co-Simulation Response
While center frequency was still shifted from its intentional 3.8GHz location, the inclusion of MCFIL
and MSTEP components provided a closer center frequency, as well as a more accurate representa-
tion of the ideal filter response. The proper amount of ripple-bands are now visible and the design
maintains adequate bandwidth of 820MHz. While slightly off from design values, this would have
been a more practical approach to the filter design.
Another noticable difference is the smoothness of the insertion loss and return loss responses be-
tween Figures 16 and 17. The addition of MTAPERS generated a large amount of distortion during
the EM co-simulation where the MCFIL strategy provided a nearly distortionless response. Minimum
return loss is provided within Figure 17 at center frequency, as opposed to Figure 16.
14. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
3 Measured Results
The figure below displays the printed circuit board layout for the filter:
Figure 18: Printed Microstrip Filter Design
3.1 Calibration Process
Measurements were recorded using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), however the device was re-
quired to be calibrated. Known loads were used to measure power within the coaxial cables that
would be used to connect the filter to the VNA via the SMA connectors soldered on the input and
output of the circuit. This would ensure minimum reflection and loss during testing, prioritizing the
response from the board.
The procedure involved utilized the Short Open Load Through (SOLT) method, using a given cali-
bration kit containing a short circuit, open circuit, load, and through connectors, connected to the
ends of the cables to be used. This would allow the VNA to recognize power reflection due to the
attached cables in order to properly test the filters at the appropriate input/output slots.
The calibration procedure began with setting up a frequency range of 1.5GHz to 6GHz to mea-
sure the devices. The short circuit termination was connected to the VNA and was calibrated via
the ”calibrate” button. Next was the attachment of the open circuit termination, followed by the
load termination. Calibration was once again performed by pressing ”calibrate”. The process was
performed individually for the source and load side of the VNA.
3.2 Filter Measurements
The following plot displays the insertion loss and return loss of the filter circuit via the VNA:
Figure 19: Measured Printed Filter Insertion/Return Loss Response
15. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Measured results were processed through the calibrated VNA. The circuit experienced a center
frequency of 3.4GHz with a return loss of -4.686dB. The upper and lower band-edges were experienced
at 3.81GHz with a return loss of -8.801dB and 2.99GHz with a return loss of-5.089dB, respectively.
The bandwidth was measured at 822MHz, slightly deviated from the design specifications. As like
the EM co-simulation from Figure 16, the circuit experienced a largely deviated response as opposed
to the ideal filter model.
4 Comparison of Results
4.1 Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM
The following plots detail the multiple filter responses for insertion/return loss across multiple filter
circuit designs:
Figure 20: Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM Insertion Loss Responses
Figure 21: Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM Return Loss Responses
Each marker represents the center frequency of insertion/return loss plots. Marker M1 repre-
sents the measured filter, M2 represents the EM co-simulation pre-fabricated filter, M3 represents
MCLIN/MTAPER non-ideal ADS simulation, M4 represents the ideal CLIN filter, and M5 represents
the EM co-simulation MCFIL/MSTEP filter.
16. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
4.2 Bandwidth/Center Frequency Comparison between Results
The table below details the % error for center frequency across all discussed filter configurations in
Section 4.1:
Configuration f0 (GHz) % Error
Ideal 3.8 0
Non-Ideal 3.67 3.42
EM Co-Sim 3.54 6.84
Measured 3.4 10.53
Table 6: % Error Measurements for Filter Design Center Frequency
It can be seen that % error has increased throughout the design process towards the final mea-
surements of the filter. Center frequency was aimed to be accomplished by tuning through every
iteration, however due to the selection of MTAPERs and a minimal design time, preferred goals
couldn’t be accomplished. The table below details the % error related to bandwidth:
Configuration BW (MHz) % Error
Ideal 900 0
Non-Ideal 955.3 6.14
EM Co-Sim 886.7 1.48
Measured 822 8.67
Table 7: % Error Measurements for Filter Design Bandwidth
Bandwidth seemed very unpredictable with each design iteration of the microwave filter. Several
tuning cycles were established to maintain it within range. While the EM co-simulation response
proved the closest bandwidth to the design specifications, the measured filter experienced a larger
deviance.
5 Further Analysis
5.1 SMA Connectors
SMA (SubMiniature versionA) connectors were attached to the input and output of the microwave
filter. They ideally provide an impedance of 50Ω to match with the 50Ω of the input transmission
lines into the filter. The addition of connectors however results in discontinuities, i.e. changes in
conductor/insulator diameter, space available between components, dimension shifting. The SMAs
were connected using solder which introduces its own discontinuity issues. Alternative impedance
applied to the filter board would result in slightly larger return loss.
5.2 RO4350B Permittivity
The small dielectric constant of the RO4350B substrate used in the final filter fabrication is respon-
sible for slightly left-shifted center frequency and band-edges. The RO4350B datasheet [3] provides
two particular permittivity values for the substrate: 3.66 and 3.48±0.5. Each dielectric constant is
provided for different applications and testing methods. Anticipation of the effects of permittivity
could allow us to deviate our center frequency forward to counter the normal effect of the constant.
17. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
5.3 Metal Impurities
Metal impurities can act as a source of power loss due to surface roughness; skin depth of a substance
decreases as frequency increases, causing conductor loss to increase. Power reflection can be affected
greatly by surface roughness, causing measured and simulated values to differ. As previously men-
tioned, the effect of solder onto the board and attachment of the SMA connectors directly contributes
to these metal impurities.
6 Conclusion
The design of a microwave filter encountered multiple mediums to develop a printed circuit board.
A theoretical low-pass to band-pass transformation prototype filter was implemented through Mat-
lab. Coupling coefficients were selected according to the 0.5dB equal-ripple table from Pozar [1],
contributing to the determination of the coupled microstrip pair dimensions.
Multiple design iterations were performed to tune the filter to accomplish its design specifications.
Different ADS components were used and all simulations were compared to the ideal filter response.
A generated layout was then sent as a Gerber file and fabricated onto a PCB. SMA connectors were
soldered and the VNA was calibrated and used to measure the filter response.
The measured filter response generally captured the performance of its last recent simulation through
an EM co-sim, however values were still deviated from the design specifications. Multiple EM sim-
ulations had to be established to visualize effects of tuning within the microstrip components. We
discovered the advantage of using MCFIL/MSTEP configuration as opposed to MCLIN/MSTEP,
delivering a closer response to the ideal microwave filter model.
7 References
[1]: Pozar, D. M., ”Microwave engineering”, New Delhi: Wiley India, 2017
[2]: R. Amaya, ”Project 1 - Design of an Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter”, 2018, De-
partment of Electronics, Carleton University
[3]: Rogers Corporation, RO4350B Laminates. Retrieved from https://www.rogerscorp.com/documents/
726/acs/RO4000-Laminates-RO4003C-and-RO4350BData-Sheet.pdf