Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
Equal Split Wilkinson Power Divider - Project PresentationBhanwar Singh Meena
This document discusses power dividers and describes the design of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. It explains that a power divider splits an input power signal into two or more output signals of lower power. A Wilkinson power divider uses quarter wave transformers to split power in a 3dB ratio. The document then provides specifications for designing a Wilkinson power divider to operate at 2.4GHz using a substrate with permittivity of 3.38 and thickness of 1.524mm. It calculates the impedance values needed for the divider and uses a circuit design tool to calculate the microstrip line lengths and widths.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in digital communications. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). It provides block diagrams and explanations of modulators and demodulators for ASK, FSK, BPSK and QPSK. It also discusses M-ary encoding techniques that can transmit more than two bits simultaneously to reduce bandwidth.
Space time coding is used in MIMO wireless systems to improve communication performance by exploiting spatial diversity. It uses multiple transmit and receive antennas. The Alamouti code is a simple and effective space time block code that achieves full transmit diversity without requiring channel state information at the transmitter. It transmits symbols from two transmit antennas in two time slots so that the receiver can recover the symbols with low complexity decoding. MIMO combined with space time coding can provide high data rates, minimize errors, and increase capacity for wireless applications such as 4G networks.
This document describes a thesis submitted by Sarvajeet Halder and Sourav Sarkar on the design of a low-pass filter using microstrip technology. It provides background on microstrip fabrication techniques including copper-clad boards, thick-film, and thin-film methods. It also covers the working principles of microstrip lines including Richard's transformation and Kuroda identities. The document gives details on microstrip design considerations such as effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance calculation, dispersion, and sources of attenuation. The objective of the thesis is to design a low-pass filter using these microstrip concepts.
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
Designed and manufactured an edge-coupled bandpass filter, with a required bandwidth of 900MHz at a center frequency of 3.8GHz experiencing 0.5dB pass-band ripple within Keysight ADS.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
Equal Split Wilkinson Power Divider - Project PresentationBhanwar Singh Meena
This document discusses power dividers and describes the design of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. It explains that a power divider splits an input power signal into two or more output signals of lower power. A Wilkinson power divider uses quarter wave transformers to split power in a 3dB ratio. The document then provides specifications for designing a Wilkinson power divider to operate at 2.4GHz using a substrate with permittivity of 3.38 and thickness of 1.524mm. It calculates the impedance values needed for the divider and uses a circuit design tool to calculate the microstrip line lengths and widths.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in digital communications. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). It provides block diagrams and explanations of modulators and demodulators for ASK, FSK, BPSK and QPSK. It also discusses M-ary encoding techniques that can transmit more than two bits simultaneously to reduce bandwidth.
Space time coding is used in MIMO wireless systems to improve communication performance by exploiting spatial diversity. It uses multiple transmit and receive antennas. The Alamouti code is a simple and effective space time block code that achieves full transmit diversity without requiring channel state information at the transmitter. It transmits symbols from two transmit antennas in two time slots so that the receiver can recover the symbols with low complexity decoding. MIMO combined with space time coding can provide high data rates, minimize errors, and increase capacity for wireless applications such as 4G networks.
This document describes a thesis submitted by Sarvajeet Halder and Sourav Sarkar on the design of a low-pass filter using microstrip technology. It provides background on microstrip fabrication techniques including copper-clad boards, thick-film, and thin-film methods. It also covers the working principles of microstrip lines including Richard's transformation and Kuroda identities. The document gives details on microstrip design considerations such as effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance calculation, dispersion, and sources of attenuation. The objective of the thesis is to design a low-pass filter using these microstrip concepts.
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
The document discusses Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM). It introduces BICM, which combines binary encoding, bitwise interleaving, and M-ary modulation to improve performance over fading channels compared to trellis coded modulation. It describes the system model of BICM, including the use of a binary encoder, bitwise interleaver, Gray mapping, and equivalent parallel channel model. It also discusses the information theoretical framework for analyzing BICM, including its capacity and cut-off rate.
This document discusses carrier synchronization techniques in digital communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for carrier recovery and symbol synchronization at the receiver. It then covers maximum likelihood estimation of signal parameters including carrier phase. Next, it describes carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop and decision-directed loops. It explains how the phase-locked loop works to continuously track and update the carrier phase estimate. Finally, it provides an example of decision-directed carrier phase estimation for a double-sideband suppressed carrier pulse amplitude modulation signal.
The document discusses green wireless communication using relays. It explains that traditional wireless networks focus on bandwidth efficiency over power efficiency, but high power usage has ecological and economic drawbacks. Relays can help make wireless networks more energy efficient by reducing transmission distances between nodes. The document outlines the basics of relaying and provides a case study on how relays can improve energy efficiency in cellular networks.
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. It begins by outlining the motivations and aspirations for developing MIMO systems, including achieving high data rates near 1 gigabit/second while maintaining quality of service. It then provides an overview of MIMO system modeling and capacity studies. Key topics covered include diversity versus spatial multiplexing design criteria, example architectures, MIMO with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, and networking applications involving MAC protocols.
This document discusses transmission line basics and provides an overview of key concepts. It introduces transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations. The document outlines the agenda, which includes discussing the transmission line concept, equivalent circuits, reflection diagrams, loading, termination methods, propagation delay, and simple return paths. It also discusses two viewpoints of transmission lines - steady state in the frequency domain and transient in the time domain.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
TARA SAIKUMAR
2
Real Computer Issues
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
This project report describes the design and measurement of a 2.4GHz branch-line coupler. Binh Pham Quang designed the coupler using ADS software, simulating both the schematic and electromagnetic models. Key steps included calculating transmission line impedances from design specifications, synthesizing physical dimensions, and tuning for optimal performance. The coupler was then fabricated on an RO4350B substrate and measured using a vector network analyzer. Results showed good agreement with simulations, achieving high reflection coefficient, coupling, and directivity near the target frequency.
Principles Of Electronic Communication SystemSagar Kumar
This document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. It provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems that are covered in Chapter 1, including the significance of human communication, basic components of communication systems, types of electronic communication (analog vs. digital, simplex vs. duplex), modulation and multiplexing techniques, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The document discusses these topics in detail through text and illustrations.
The document discusses bit error rate (BER) which is a measurement of the number of bit errors in a transmission expressed as a percentage or ratio. BER is used to measure the reliability of data transmission. A higher BER means more packets will need to be retransmitted. A bit error rate tester (BERT) is a device that measures the BER of a transmission by sending a test pattern, detecting errors, and calculating the error rate.
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
The document discusses several topics related to wireless propagation modeling including:
1. The log-distance path loss model, which models received power as decreasing logarithmically with distance.
2. Log-normal shadowing, which describes how multipath effects cause random variations in the received signal at a given distance.
3. Methods for determining the percentage of coverage area where the received signal is above a threshold, including calculating the complementary cumulative distribution function.
4. Outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and the two-ray propagation raster model for irregular terrain.
5. Empirical models like Hata's model and its extension to personal communication services frequencies
This document discusses link budget calculations for satellite communication systems. It explains key concepts like decibel units, link budgets using Friis formula, different types of satellite orbits including geostationary and low earth orbits, noise temperatures of earth station antennas, and factors that affect the distance a signal can travel like transmit power, free space path loss, receiver sensitivity, and fade margins.
This document describes the design of an equal split Wilkinson power divider with the following specifications: frequency of 2.4 GHz, source and load impedances of 50 ohms, substrate permittivity of 3.38, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm, and conductor thickness of 0.15 mm. It provides background on Wilkinson power dividers, describes the calculation of microstrip line widths and lengths, shows the simulated circuit schematic and layout, and plots the resulting S-parameters which achieve the desired 3 dB power split with good port matching and isolation as expected.
This document discusses optical fiber connectors. It begins by introducing the ferrule, which is a cylindrical tube used in connectors to precisely align the fiber cores. The document then covers the major types of connectors that have been introduced, including ST, SC, LC, FC, MU, and MPO connectors. ST and SC connectors became dominant in the 1980s-1990s due to their low loss and ease of use. Newer connectors like LC and MPO provide higher density by reducing size and combining multiple fibers. Proper connectors are important for achieving low insertion loss while providing easy installation and connection/disconnection of fibers.
At low frequencies, we analyze transistor
using h-parameter. But for high frequency analysis the
h-parameter model is not suitable, because :-
(1) The value of h-parameters are not constant at high frequencies.
(2)At high frequency h-parameters becomes very complex
in nature
This document discusses monopole antennas. It begins by explaining that a monopole antenna is half of a dipole antenna mounted above a ground plane. Using image theory, the fields of a monopole antenna above a ground plane are equivalent to a dipole antenna of twice the length in free space. The impedance of a monopole antenna is half that of a dipole antenna of the same length. Effects of a finite ground plane are also discussed, noting that the radiation pattern becomes skewed away from the horizontal plane for small ground planes.
continuos phase frequency shift keying(cpfsk)Moka Dinesh
This document discusses continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) modulation. CPFSK is a memory-based modulation scheme where the phase is constrained to be continuous, unlike conventional FSK which has abrupt phase shifts. This avoids large spectral side lobes outside the main signal band. CPFSK uses a voltage-controlled oscillator where the phase is determined by integrating the modulated signal. The phase trajectories form a piecewise linear phase trellis. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a special case of binary CPFSK with a modulation index of 1/2 and rectangular pulses.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques. It describes amplitude modulation (AM) where the carrier amplitude is modulated by the message signal. It requires a bandwidth of 2B where B is the bandwidth of the message signal. It also describes frequency modulation (FM) where the carrier frequency is modulated and it requires a bandwidth of approximately 10 times the message signal frequency. Finally, it discusses phase modulation (PM) where the carrier phase is modulated and it has a higher bandwidth than AM.
The document discusses impedance matching in microwave engineering. It defines impedance matching as terminating a transmission line in its characteristic impedance to eliminate reflections. An impedance matching network is used to ensure maximum power transfer between two dissimilar impedances by matching an arbitrary load to the transmission line. Key factors for impedance matching include complexity, bandwidth, implementation, and adjustability. Common matching methods include lumped element matching networks and single-stub and double-stub matching using transmission line sections.
parametric method of power spectrum Estimationjunjer
The document discusses parametric methods of power spectrum estimation. It explains that parametric methods estimate the parameters of a mathematical model that describes the signal generation process. This involves selecting a model such as autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), or autoregressive moving average (ARMA), estimating the model parameters from the data, and then using the estimated parameters to calculate the power spectrum. The document provides details on how to estimate the power spectrum using AR, MA, and ARMA models. It also discusses maximum entropy spectral estimation and high-resolution spectral estimation based on eigen-analysis.
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
This document describes Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan's master's thesis project on the design of a complementary cross-coupled oscillator for ultra-low power consumption and low phase noise. The project aims to improve an existing oscillator topology using a NMOS cross-coupled pair by replacing it with a complementary cross-coupled structure. Analysis shows the complementary structure offers about 50% reduction in power consumption and significant improvement in thermal noise performance compared to the NMOS structure. Proper design considerations were also able to optimize the flicker noise performance of the complementary structure.
The document discusses Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM). It introduces BICM, which combines binary encoding, bitwise interleaving, and M-ary modulation to improve performance over fading channels compared to trellis coded modulation. It describes the system model of BICM, including the use of a binary encoder, bitwise interleaver, Gray mapping, and equivalent parallel channel model. It also discusses the information theoretical framework for analyzing BICM, including its capacity and cut-off rate.
This document discusses carrier synchronization techniques in digital communication systems. It begins with an introduction to the need for carrier recovery and symbol synchronization at the receiver. It then covers maximum likelihood estimation of signal parameters including carrier phase. Next, it describes carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop and decision-directed loops. It explains how the phase-locked loop works to continuously track and update the carrier phase estimate. Finally, it provides an example of decision-directed carrier phase estimation for a double-sideband suppressed carrier pulse amplitude modulation signal.
The document discusses green wireless communication using relays. It explains that traditional wireless networks focus on bandwidth efficiency over power efficiency, but high power usage has ecological and economic drawbacks. Relays can help make wireless networks more energy efficient by reducing transmission distances between nodes. The document outlines the basics of relaying and provides a case study on how relays can improve energy efficiency in cellular networks.
This document discusses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. It begins by outlining the motivations and aspirations for developing MIMO systems, including achieving high data rates near 1 gigabit/second while maintaining quality of service. It then provides an overview of MIMO system modeling and capacity studies. Key topics covered include diversity versus spatial multiplexing design criteria, example architectures, MIMO with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, and networking applications involving MAC protocols.
This document discusses transmission line basics and provides an overview of key concepts. It introduces transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations. The document outlines the agenda, which includes discussing the transmission line concept, equivalent circuits, reflection diagrams, loading, termination methods, propagation delay, and simple return paths. It also discusses two viewpoints of transmission lines - steady state in the frequency domain and transient in the time domain.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
[DOCUMENT]
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2
TARA SAIKUMAR
2
Real Computer Issues
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
This project report describes the design and measurement of a 2.4GHz branch-line coupler. Binh Pham Quang designed the coupler using ADS software, simulating both the schematic and electromagnetic models. Key steps included calculating transmission line impedances from design specifications, synthesizing physical dimensions, and tuning for optimal performance. The coupler was then fabricated on an RO4350B substrate and measured using a vector network analyzer. Results showed good agreement with simulations, achieving high reflection coefficient, coupling, and directivity near the target frequency.
Principles Of Electronic Communication SystemSagar Kumar
This document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. It provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems that are covered in Chapter 1, including the significance of human communication, basic components of communication systems, types of electronic communication (analog vs. digital, simplex vs. duplex), modulation and multiplexing techniques, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The document discusses these topics in detail through text and illustrations.
The document discusses bit error rate (BER) which is a measurement of the number of bit errors in a transmission expressed as a percentage or ratio. BER is used to measure the reliability of data transmission. A higher BER means more packets will need to be retransmitted. A bit error rate tester (BERT) is a device that measures the BER of a transmission by sending a test pattern, detecting errors, and calculating the error rate.
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
The document discusses several topics related to wireless propagation modeling including:
1. The log-distance path loss model, which models received power as decreasing logarithmically with distance.
2. Log-normal shadowing, which describes how multipath effects cause random variations in the received signal at a given distance.
3. Methods for determining the percentage of coverage area where the received signal is above a threshold, including calculating the complementary cumulative distribution function.
4. Outdoor propagation models including the Longley-Rice model, Durkin's model, and the two-ray propagation raster model for irregular terrain.
5. Empirical models like Hata's model and its extension to personal communication services frequencies
This document discusses link budget calculations for satellite communication systems. It explains key concepts like decibel units, link budgets using Friis formula, different types of satellite orbits including geostationary and low earth orbits, noise temperatures of earth station antennas, and factors that affect the distance a signal can travel like transmit power, free space path loss, receiver sensitivity, and fade margins.
This document describes the design of an equal split Wilkinson power divider with the following specifications: frequency of 2.4 GHz, source and load impedances of 50 ohms, substrate permittivity of 3.38, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm, and conductor thickness of 0.15 mm. It provides background on Wilkinson power dividers, describes the calculation of microstrip line widths and lengths, shows the simulated circuit schematic and layout, and plots the resulting S-parameters which achieve the desired 3 dB power split with good port matching and isolation as expected.
This document discusses optical fiber connectors. It begins by introducing the ferrule, which is a cylindrical tube used in connectors to precisely align the fiber cores. The document then covers the major types of connectors that have been introduced, including ST, SC, LC, FC, MU, and MPO connectors. ST and SC connectors became dominant in the 1980s-1990s due to their low loss and ease of use. Newer connectors like LC and MPO provide higher density by reducing size and combining multiple fibers. Proper connectors are important for achieving low insertion loss while providing easy installation and connection/disconnection of fibers.
At low frequencies, we analyze transistor
using h-parameter. But for high frequency analysis the
h-parameter model is not suitable, because :-
(1) The value of h-parameters are not constant at high frequencies.
(2)At high frequency h-parameters becomes very complex
in nature
This document discusses monopole antennas. It begins by explaining that a monopole antenna is half of a dipole antenna mounted above a ground plane. Using image theory, the fields of a monopole antenna above a ground plane are equivalent to a dipole antenna of twice the length in free space. The impedance of a monopole antenna is half that of a dipole antenna of the same length. Effects of a finite ground plane are also discussed, noting that the radiation pattern becomes skewed away from the horizontal plane for small ground planes.
continuos phase frequency shift keying(cpfsk)Moka Dinesh
This document discusses continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) modulation. CPFSK is a memory-based modulation scheme where the phase is constrained to be continuous, unlike conventional FSK which has abrupt phase shifts. This avoids large spectral side lobes outside the main signal band. CPFSK uses a voltage-controlled oscillator where the phase is determined by integrating the modulated signal. The phase trajectories form a piecewise linear phase trellis. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a special case of binary CPFSK with a modulation index of 1/2 and rectangular pulses.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques. It describes amplitude modulation (AM) where the carrier amplitude is modulated by the message signal. It requires a bandwidth of 2B where B is the bandwidth of the message signal. It also describes frequency modulation (FM) where the carrier frequency is modulated and it requires a bandwidth of approximately 10 times the message signal frequency. Finally, it discusses phase modulation (PM) where the carrier phase is modulated and it has a higher bandwidth than AM.
The document discusses impedance matching in microwave engineering. It defines impedance matching as terminating a transmission line in its characteristic impedance to eliminate reflections. An impedance matching network is used to ensure maximum power transfer between two dissimilar impedances by matching an arbitrary load to the transmission line. Key factors for impedance matching include complexity, bandwidth, implementation, and adjustability. Common matching methods include lumped element matching networks and single-stub and double-stub matching using transmission line sections.
parametric method of power spectrum Estimationjunjer
The document discusses parametric methods of power spectrum estimation. It explains that parametric methods estimate the parameters of a mathematical model that describes the signal generation process. This involves selecting a model such as autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), or autoregressive moving average (ARMA), estimating the model parameters from the data, and then using the estimated parameters to calculate the power spectrum. The document provides details on how to estimate the power spectrum using AR, MA, and ARMA models. It also discusses maximum entropy spectral estimation and high-resolution spectral estimation based on eigen-analysis.
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
This document describes Raghavasimhan Thirunarayanan's master's thesis project on the design of a complementary cross-coupled oscillator for ultra-low power consumption and low phase noise. The project aims to improve an existing oscillator topology using a NMOS cross-coupled pair by replacing it with a complementary cross-coupled structure. Analysis shows the complementary structure offers about 50% reduction in power consumption and significant improvement in thermal noise performance compared to the NMOS structure. Proper design considerations were also able to optimize the flicker noise performance of the complementary structure.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADC.pdfKathryn Patel
This document is a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, under the guidance of Prof. G. S. Visweswaran. The thesis presents the design of a high-speed successive approximation pipelined (SAP) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Chapter 1 introduces successive approximation algorithms and different types of successive approximation ADCs. The aim of the project is to design an 8-bit SAP ADC and demonstrate its potential for high-speed conversion applications.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADCPushpak Dagade
This document describes a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits. The thesis proposes a new successive approximation pipelined (SAP) ADC architecture to overcome speed limitations of traditional SAR ADCs. It presents the design of a 8-bit SAP ADC including components like a D flip-flop, comparator, and DAC. Simulation results demonstrating the SAP ADC's operation are also included. The thesis concludes with proposals for further work on the schematic, layout, and post-fabrication testing.
This document discusses different methods for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signals, including conventional diode detectors and square-law detectors as well as non-conventional energy-based demodulators using the Teager Energy Operator (TEO). It proposes a novel implementation of a diode detector circuit in MATLAB and compares the performance of a single TEO to a dual TEO configuration, finding that the dual TEO has lower total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show that the discussed demodulation methods can successfully recover information from FM signals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses different methods for demodulating frequency modulated (FM) signals, including conventional diode detectors and square-law detectors as well as non-conventional energy-based demodulators using the Teager Energy Operator (TEO). It proposes a novel implementation of a diode detector circuit in MATLAB and compares the performance of a single TEO to a dual TEO configuration, finding that the dual TEO has lower total harmonic distortion. Simulation results show that the discussed demodulation methods can successfully extract information from FM signals.
This document describes the design and implementation of a high voltage, high resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for driving deformable mirrors. The design uses a floating DAC architecture with a high voltage DAC providing the ground reference for a secondary low voltage, high resolution DAC. This allows the system to achieve the high voltage range of the primary DAC while maintaining the high resolution of the secondary DAC. The document details the component selection, circuit designs for single channel and multi-channel boards, and test results demonstrating a resolution of 1.6mV over a 60V range.
Design of Filter Circuits using MATLAB, Multisim, and ExcelDavid Sandy
The purpose of this project was to design crossover active filter circuits, in order to drive music through three different types of speakers. So, high frequencies would be sent through a Tweeter speaker, low frequencies would be sent through a Woofer speaker, and middle frequencies would be sent through a Midbass driver speaker. Three circuits were created to drive these speakers. Multisim, MATLAB, and Excel, were all used in the design process in order to create the filter circuits correctly.
Circuit Theory 2: Filters Project ReportMichael Sandy
The purpose of this project was to design crossover active filter circuits, in order to drive music through three different types of speakers. So, high frequencies would be sent through a Tweeter speaker, low frequencies would be sent through a Woofer speaker, and middle frequencies would be sent through a Midbass driver speaker. Three circuits were created to drive these speakers. Multisim, MATLAB, and Excel, were all used in the design process in order to create the filter circuits correctly.
This report is documented for Metal Detector System. The goal is to analyze, design, model, simulate and construct the Metal Detector System. A very simple Design Pattern was used to modulate the system with the use of less number of components. Coils were designed in consideration to the principles of induction for the Metal Detector System. Standard components were used to construct the Signal Processing Unit (ASPU). The design for the ASPU was simulated and tested using advanced simulation software called Pspice. The final Product fulfills the requirements as expected.
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Sh...IJERA Editor
Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
This thesis examines methods for improving power control in GSM/EDGE networks. The author develops and simulates several algorithms for an outer power control loop that would dynamically adjust the target quality value (qdes) based on additional network information. Simulation results show that an algorithm using transmitted power distribution across users provides more promising results than one based on error measurement reports, as it better maintains the essential power back-off principle without compromising quality of service. The thesis concludes there is high correlation between satisfied users and those within the regulating power window, indicating this approach could effectively optimize power control in varying network conditions.
This document discusses the design of MEMS resonator systems with integrated readout circuitry. It first describes methods for extracting the threshold voltage of MOSFETs. It then covers the design of a differential amplifier, including determining its transconductance, voltage transfer characteristics, input common mode range, slew rate and frequency response. Next, it examines modeling an electromechanical nanocantilever sensor for mass detection. It provides equations for calculating small mass changes and the snap-in voltage of the cantilever-driver system. Finally, it presents the design process and SPICE simulation of a two-stage operational amplifier.
Optimization of Threshold Voltage for 65nm PMOS Transistor using Silvaco TCAD...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research optimizing the threshold voltage (VTH) for a 65nm PMOS transistor using Silvaco TCAD simulation tools. The researchers varied three fabrication factors - gate oxide thickness, channel doping concentration, and channel implantation concentration - in the simulation. The simulation results showed a VTH value of -2.55427V for a 65nm PMOS transistor with a gate oxide thickness of 0.0025um, boron channel doping of 2x1015, and phosphorus implantation of 3.5x1013 atom/cm-1. Thicker gate oxides, higher channel doping, and increased implantation concentrations each caused higher VTH values in the simulation, consistent with theoretical expectations.
Design of 17-Bit Audio Band Delta-Sigma Analog to Digital ConverterKarthik Rathinavel
• Systematically designed a delta sigma ADC with CIFF modular architecture in MATLAB Simulink with an ENOB of 19-bits.
• Designed a decimation filter to remove noise in the digital output of the delta sigma modulator.
• Observed the effect of non-idealities on the modulator such as finite gain, finite bandwidth, slew rate, analog noise and capacitor mismatch.
The document summarizes the design, analysis, and simulation of a Schottky diode-based sampling circuit for a 40 Gbps electronic time-division demultiplexer. The circuit uses a double diode configuration for sampling and undersampling theory to demultiplex the input signal. Bandwidth optimization is performed through analytic calculations and simulations. Layout design achieves 55 GHz bandwidth with a distance of 250 um between the capacitor and diode. Flip-chip bonding affects performance above 50 GHz. Future work includes using diodes with lower capacitance and compensating for flip-chip effects above 40 Gbps.
A LOW POWER, LOW PHASE NOISE CMOS LC OSCILLATORIJEEE
The document describes a low power, low phase noise CMOS LC oscillator designed and simulated using a 180nm CMOS technology. Key results include:
1) The oscillator achieves a phase noise of -96 dBc/Hz at 1MHz with a tuning range of 4.8-8.3 GHz by varying the control voltage from 0-2V.
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3. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
1 Introduction
The creation of a band-pass filter can be established using edge-coupled half-wave resonators as is
the anticipated design. The use of short circuited quarter-wave resonators may also be approached,
however short circuit design is difficult within microwave microstrip design. The microstrip filter is
composed of three cascading edge-couple half-wave resonator components with each end connected
to a 50Ω source line. The circuit was generated and insulated onto a printed circuit board (PCB)
and was acquired for testing.
Filter design characteristics rely heavily on two factors: insertion loss and return loss. Insertion
loss is inversely proportional to filter bandwidth. Each quantity can be adjusted to manipulate fil-
ter performance. The addition of multiple resonator components would also increase insertion loss.
Return loss demonstrates signal return from the load to the source. A successful filter design will
demonstrate the lowest return loss at the center frequency of the filter, with generally low return loss
at low and high frequencies. This will assert the circuit experiences minimum power reflection from
load to source.
To attempt designing a microwave filter, a series of design steps were undertaken. First, a low-
pass prototype filter design was established, which was then converted to a Chebyshev band-pass
filter experiencing low-pass to band-pass transformation. Secondly, edge-coupled resonator charac-
teristics, i.e. even and odd mode impedances and coupling coefficients were calculated to determine
the appropriate microstrip dimensions for an ideal band-pass filter design. Finally, Agilent Design
Studio (ADS) was used to create a variation of circuit schematics ranging from ideal to realistic
components through several tuning segments and simulations.
The final ADS schematic was implemented into a layout where EM Co-Simulations were performed
to visualize realistic circuit behavior. A 3 inch × 2 inch shield made of vias was attached to the final
layout of the design.
1.1 Design Results Comparison
The tables below detail the specifications, theoretical, simulated, and achieved results for the filter
performance:
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
3.80GHz 3.800GHz 3.542GHz 3.4GHz
Table 1: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Center Frequency Comparison
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
900MHz 1010MHz 886.7MHz 821.9MHz
Table 2: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Bandwidth Comparison
Specifications Theoretical Simulated Achieved
0.5dB 0.481dB 3.052dB 2.813
Table 3: Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter Pass-band Ripple Comparison
4. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2 Design Process
The creation of the filter was established through multiple domains; hand-written calculations were
performed to achieve theoretical results, which were then sketched into ADS. Simulations and tuning
were performed to gather appropriate design conditions for the final device response.
2.1 Theoretical Design
The edge-coupled half-wave microstrip resonator filter was required to have the following specifica-
tions:
− Center frequency fc = 3.80GHz
− Chebyshev response with pass-band ripple = 0.50dB
− Equal-ripple bandwidth = 900MHz
− Terminations = 50Ω
An equal-ripple low-pass filter prototype would have to be established first in order to convert to a
band-pass filter. This was achieved through applying filter design by the insertion loss method, refer-
enced in Pozar [1]. The insertion loss method allows for an improved filter design method with control
over pass-band, stop-band amplitude and phase characteristics to simulate desired characteristics [1].
A filter response is characterized by the power loss ratio:
2.1.1 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype
The theoretical low-pass filter response was developed through Matlab code (displayed in Appendix
B). The given bandpass ripple Am was set to 0.5dB and center frequency ω was set to 3.8GHz.
A = 10 × log10[1 + (10Am/10
− 1)(cos2
(n cos−1
ω )], ω ≤ 1 (1)
= 10 × log10[1 + (10Am/10
− 1)(cosh2
(n cos−1
ω )], ω ≥ 1
where Am is defined as the band ripple and n is defined as the order of the filter.
ω =
ω0
ω2 − ω1
[
ω
ω0
−
ω0
ω
] (2)
where ω0 is the band center frequency and ω2 and ω1 are the upper and lower pass-band edges,
respectively. The low-pass prototype filter response is displayed below:
Figure 1: Low-Pass Filter Magnitude vs. Frequency Response
5. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.1.2 Chebyshev Band-Pass Transformation
The transformation from a low-pass prototype filter to a Chebyshev band-pass filter can be performed
using equation (2). Center frequency remained at 3.8GHz, with upper and lower band edges at
4.25GHz and 3.35GHz, respectively. Matlab code was used to plot the Chebyshev transformation
below:
Figure 2: Band-Pass Filter Magnitude vs. Frequency Response
2.1.3 Filter Transformation
An equal-ripple Chebyshev low-pass filter prototype was selected as part of the initial design process.
Table 8.4 given by Pozar [1] characterizes coupling coefficient element values g for a magnitude of
filter orders (N). See Appendix A for sample calculations of coupling coefficients.
Figure 3: Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototypes at 0.5dB ripple [1]
The list below displays the substrate properties for the Rogers 4350B material used for the filter
fabrication design [3]:
− H: substrate height = 62 mil
− r: dielectric permittivity = 3.66 F/m
− µr: dielectric permeability = 0.999994 H/m
− Cond: substrate conductivity = 5.96 × 107
S/m
− T: conductor thickness = 35 µm
− tan δ: loss tangent = 0.0037
6. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2 Simulated Design
The edge-coupled filter utilizes parallel coupled microstrip transmission lines. A coupled transmis-
sion line experiences two different modes based on the wave propagation between the two coupled
lines as opposed to each individual line. The excitation of the two coupled lines may occur in phase
(even mode) or 180◦
out of phase (odd mode) [2]. The impedance seen by the propagating wave will
differ for even (Z0e) and (Z0o).
Coupled line even and odd impedances can be calculated using the coupling coefficients assigned
to a specific coupled line. The expressions below detail admittance inverter parameters given by
Pozar [1] for an Nth
order filter:
n = 1 ⇒ Z0J1 =
π∆
2g1
(3)
n = 2, 3, ..., N ⇒ Z0Jn =
π∆
2
√
gn−1 − gn
(4)
n = N + 1 ⇒ Z0JN+1 =
π∆
2gN × gN+1
(5)
where fractional bandwidth ∆ was previously calculated as 0.2368, appropriate coupling coefficients
were assigned, and Z0 is defined as the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines feeding
into and out of the filter, i.e. Z0 = 50Ω terminations.
2.2.1 Edge-Couple Microstrip Design
By substituting the previously selected coupling coefficients, even and odd impedances can be cal-
culated through the expressions below:
Z0e = Z0 × [1 + Z0Jn + (Z0Jn)2
] (6)
Z0o = Z0 × [1 − Z0Jn + (Z0Jn)2
] (7)
The table below details the calculated even and odd impedances for each coupled microstrip pair:
Coupling Pair Z0e (Ω) Z0o (Ω)
g1 85.785 37.515
g2 68.00586 39.896
g3 68.00586 39.896
g4 85.785 37.515
Table 4: Even/Odd Impedances for Coupling Microstrip Pairs
7. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2.2 Ideal Filter Design
Calculated even and odd mode impedances can be substituted into the CLIN component, an ideal
edge-coupling resonator. The circuit below was designed within ADS, acting as an ideal band-pass
filter response which will be referenced and compared by future modifications of the filter.
Each CLIN component was designed using the calculated even and odd mode impedances displayed
in Table 4. The electrical length of each component was set to 90◦
, setting each half of the resonator
components to a quarter-wavelength long, at 3.80GHz.
Figure 4: CLIN Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
The plot below details the ideal insertion loss of the ideal circuit above using S-Parameters S(2,1) and
50Ω impedance terminals. Results were plotted in decibels of magnitude as a function of frequency.
Figure 5: CLIN Ideal Insertion Loss Response
Insertion loss detailed in the plot above was evaluated through an ideal design. The plot experiences
three ripples, each corresponding to the center frequency, upper and lower frequency bandwidth lim-
its, similar to the characterization of a Chebyshev band-pass filter. Roll-off occurs close to the upper
and lower frequency bands as predicted.
The plot below details the ideal return loss of the ideal circuit from FIGURE BLANK using
S-Parameters S(2,2) and 50Ω impedance terminals. Results were plotted in decibels of magnitude as
a function of frequency.
8. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Figure 6: CLIN Ideal Return Loss Response
Return loss detailed in the plot above was evaluated through an ideal design. Design tuning will
involve the manipulation of existing values to adjust realistic responses towards ideal results.
2.2.3 Non-Ideal Filter Design using MCLIN, MTAPER
Dependant on mode-impedance, center frequency and electrical length, edge-coupled microstrips can
be developed using LineCalc within ADS. Inserting the mentioned parameters and synthesizing gen-
erates appropriate width, length and spacing of the edge-coupled resonator components.
The non-ideal circuit was generated using MCLIN and MTAPER components, utilizing defined
microstrip dimensions from LineCalc and established as microstrip coupled lines.
Due to the symmetrical conditions of the filter response, only half of the filter’s design characteristics
were to be calculated. The other half of the circuit would act as the reverse characteristics of the
first half. The table below details the calculated length (L), width (W) and spacing (S) dimensions
for each resonant component.
Design Parameter Value (mil)
W1 79.047638
W2 111.159449
W3 134.928346
L1 480.161417
L2 467.897638
L3 47.805118
L4 456.330709
S1 8.251339
S2 21.183425
Table 5: Non-Ideal MCLIN Design Characteristics
Two MLINs were placed on both ends of the filter, acting as a 50Ω transmission line to match with
a 50Ω source of the spectrum analyzer equipment used to measure the filter. A taper component
MTAPER was placed in between coupled resonator MCLIN components generated with different
widths, adjusting their lengths to fit the required board size. The second half of the filter is a
reversed setup of the first half, reversing the orientation of tapers and transmission line components.
9. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Figure 7: MCLIN/MTAPER Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
Note that MCLIN components contain their own parasitic capacitance, i.e. unwanted capacitance
due to connected conductor components within a circuit. The effects of parasitic capacitance causes
the S21 response to deviate from the CLIN S21 response.
The addition of the MTAPER components caused deviation in the results as opposed to the in-
dividual MCLIN components. Most noticeably, the response only generated two ripples as opposed
to three, as well as the shift in bandwidth and center frequency.
The plot below displays the insertion and return loss responses for the initial and modified MCLIN
schematic regarding the inclusion of MTAPER components:
Figure 8: Non-Ideal MCLIN Filter Response w/ & w/o MTAPER Components
Three equations detailed in Figure 12 above were given through ADS Help to determine center fre-
quency fc, bandwidth BW, and pass-band ripple PBR.
The results were derived from the MCLIN circuit response and recorded to the table at the right.
There are noticeable difference between the design specifications and the schematic response. Center
frequency and bandwidth have deviated by 0.03GHz and 0.756GHz, respectively. The addition of the
MTAPER components provided even further deviation from design specifications; center frequency
and bandwidth deviated by 0.128GHz and 0.553GHz, respectively.
10. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.2.4 Non-Ideal Filter Design using MCFIL, MSTEP
The MCFIL component is defined as a microstrip coupled-line filter section. Its advantage over a
simple MCLIN is its ability to adjust its width at each of its ports. The addition of the MSTEP
component allows for ports to be centered according to their set widths. With this advantage, lining
up individual microstrip components would be easier while avoiding shorted components.
The schematic designed below details a more appropriate edge-coupled bandpass circuit design tai-
lored closer to design characteristics and filter response.
Figure 9: MCFIL/MSTEP Edge-Coupled Filter Circuit Schematic
The plot below details a comparison of the the filter response above between the MCLIN/MTAPER
schematic, as well as the newly created MCFIL/MSTEP schematic:
Figure 10: Non-Ideal MCLIN/MTAPER vs. MCFIL/MSTEP Insertion & Return Loss Filter Response
The MCFIL/MSTEP schematic experiences slightly deviated values from the design specifications,
however with adjusted component dimensions via tuning, the filter response could be tweaked towards
its ideal counterpart.
11. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.3 Layout Generation
Generating a circuit layout of the device will allow for extensive EM simulations via ADS. The
required board size was 3.0in × 2.0in. Extensions would be made to the circuit to fit the board size
specifications. The arrows on the input and output of the circuit act as pins used for EM simulations.
The RO4350B substrate was created within an EM setup.
2.3.1 MCLIN Layout
The layout below was generated from the single-component MCLIN schematic from Figure BLANK:
Figure 11: MCLIN Circuit Layout Generation
2.3.2 MCLIN/MTAPER Layout
A noticeable issue regarding the generation of the layout was the shorted connections between the
microstrips. This caused irregular circuit behavior and thus simulations could not be acquired with-
out providing necessary distance between components.
The addition of the MTAPER component helped solve this issue, and generated feasible results.
The layout generation below details the MCLIN/MTAPER layout:
Figure 12: MCLIN/MTAPER Circuit Layout Generation
2.3.3 MCFIL/MSTEP Layout
As part of the design process for an improved circuit, a layout was generated for the MCFIL/MSTEP
schematic designed in Figure BLANK:
Figure 13: MCFIL/MSTEP Circuit Layout Generation
12. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
2.4 EM Co-Simulation
With the addition to basic ADS simulations, EM co-simulations were performed to replicate results
similar to real life. Manufactured results would be based off the most recent EM co-simulations,
therefore it was imperative that circuit responses were accurate enough to produce a functioning
microwave filter.
For EM simulations to be attempted a substrate type and specification was required. As previ-
ously mentioned, the substrate used was RO4350B. Its defining characteristics are identifiable within
the MSub component in all established circuit schematics.
Figure 14: Rogers 4350B Substrate EM Substrate via ADS
The following generated layout was established from the MCLIN/MTAPER generated layout. A via
shield was created by establishing adequate spacing between the microstrip components, as well as
the manually placed vias.
Figure 15: MCLIN/MTAPER Final Circuit Layout Generation w/ Via Shield
The substrate file generated using RO4350B was applied to the layout above. An EM co-simulation
was executed, simulating realistic circuit behavior.
Due to the extended simulation time within EM co-simulations, a limited number of simulations
were able to be run to adjust results towards design specifications.
13. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
The plot below details the EM co-simulation response from the generated layout above:
Figure 16: Non-Ideal MCLIN/MTAPER EM Co-Simulation Response
The circuit experienced a center frequency shift towards 3.542GHz, with band-edges occurring at
3.097GHz and 3.983GHz. The addition of the MTAPERS, although helped resolve shorts within the
circuit, caused the circuit to experience massive deviance from design specifications.
The circuit also experienced a change in return loss S22 response pattern prior to adding MTA-
PERs. This was experimented with the MCFIL/MSTEP circuit, which generated the following plot:
Figure 17: Non-Ideal MCFIL/MSTEP EM Co-Simulation Response
While center frequency was still shifted from its intentional 3.8GHz location, the inclusion of MCFIL
and MSTEP components provided a closer center frequency, as well as a more accurate representa-
tion of the ideal filter response. The proper amount of ripple-bands are now visible and the design
maintains adequate bandwidth of 820MHz. While slightly off from design values, this would have
been a more practical approach to the filter design.
Another noticable difference is the smoothness of the insertion loss and return loss responses be-
tween Figures 16 and 17. The addition of MTAPERS generated a large amount of distortion during
the EM co-simulation where the MCFIL strategy provided a nearly distortionless response. Minimum
return loss is provided within Figure 17 at center frequency, as opposed to Figure 16.
14. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
3 Measured Results
The figure below displays the printed circuit board layout for the filter:
Figure 18: Printed Microstrip Filter Design
3.1 Calibration Process
Measurements were recorded using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), however the device was re-
quired to be calibrated. Known loads were used to measure power within the coaxial cables that
would be used to connect the filter to the VNA via the SMA connectors soldered on the input and
output of the circuit. This would ensure minimum reflection and loss during testing, prioritizing the
response from the board.
The procedure involved utilized the Short Open Load Through (SOLT) method, using a given cali-
bration kit containing a short circuit, open circuit, load, and through connectors, connected to the
ends of the cables to be used. This would allow the VNA to recognize power reflection due to the
attached cables in order to properly test the filters at the appropriate input/output slots.
The calibration procedure began with setting up a frequency range of 1.5GHz to 6GHz to mea-
sure the devices. The short circuit termination was connected to the VNA and was calibrated via
the ”calibrate” button. Next was the attachment of the open circuit termination, followed by the
load termination. Calibration was once again performed by pressing ”calibrate”. The process was
performed individually for the source and load side of the VNA.
3.2 Filter Measurements
The following plot displays the insertion loss and return loss of the filter circuit via the VNA:
Figure 19: Measured Printed Filter Insertion/Return Loss Response
15. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
Measured results were processed through the calibrated VNA. The circuit experienced a center
frequency of 3.4GHz with a return loss of -4.686dB. The upper and lower band-edges were experienced
at 3.81GHz with a return loss of -8.801dB and 2.99GHz with a return loss of-5.089dB, respectively.
The bandwidth was measured at 822MHz, slightly deviated from the design specifications. As like
the EM co-simulation from Figure 16, the circuit experienced a largely deviated response as opposed
to the ideal filter model.
4 Comparison of Results
4.1 Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM
The following plots detail the multiple filter responses for insertion/return loss across multiple filter
circuit designs:
Figure 20: Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM Insertion Loss Responses
Figure 21: Measured vs. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal vs. EM Return Loss Responses
Each marker represents the center frequency of insertion/return loss plots. Marker M1 repre-
sents the measured filter, M2 represents the EM co-simulation pre-fabricated filter, M3 represents
MCLIN/MTAPER non-ideal ADS simulation, M4 represents the ideal CLIN filter, and M5 represents
the EM co-simulation MCFIL/MSTEP filter.
16. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
4.2 Bandwidth/Center Frequency Comparison between Results
The table below details the % error for center frequency across all discussed filter configurations in
Section 4.1:
Configuration f0 (GHz) % Error
Ideal 3.8 0
Non-Ideal 3.67 3.42
EM Co-Sim 3.54 6.84
Measured 3.4 10.53
Table 6: % Error Measurements for Filter Design Center Frequency
It can be seen that % error has increased throughout the design process towards the final mea-
surements of the filter. Center frequency was aimed to be accomplished by tuning through every
iteration, however due to the selection of MTAPERs and a minimal design time, preferred goals
couldn’t be accomplished. The table below details the % error related to bandwidth:
Configuration BW (MHz) % Error
Ideal 900 0
Non-Ideal 955.3 6.14
EM Co-Sim 886.7 1.48
Measured 822 8.67
Table 7: % Error Measurements for Filter Design Bandwidth
Bandwidth seemed very unpredictable with each design iteration of the microwave filter. Several
tuning cycles were established to maintain it within range. While the EM co-simulation response
proved the closest bandwidth to the design specifications, the measured filter experienced a larger
deviance.
5 Further Analysis
5.1 SMA Connectors
SMA (SubMiniature versionA) connectors were attached to the input and output of the microwave
filter. They ideally provide an impedance of 50Ω to match with the 50Ω of the input transmission
lines into the filter. The addition of connectors however results in discontinuities, i.e. changes in
conductor/insulator diameter, space available between components, dimension shifting. The SMAs
were connected using solder which introduces its own discontinuity issues. Alternative impedance
applied to the filter board would result in slightly larger return loss.
5.2 RO4350B Permittivity
The small dielectric constant of the RO4350B substrate used in the final filter fabrication is respon-
sible for slightly left-shifted center frequency and band-edges. The RO4350B datasheet [3] provides
two particular permittivity values for the substrate: 3.66 and 3.48±0.5. Each dielectric constant is
provided for different applications and testing methods. Anticipation of the effects of permittivity
could allow us to deviate our center frequency forward to counter the normal effect of the constant.
17. ELEC 4502 Project 1 Report Rashad Alsaffar - 101006781
5.3 Metal Impurities
Metal impurities can act as a source of power loss due to surface roughness; skin depth of a substance
decreases as frequency increases, causing conductor loss to increase. Power reflection can be affected
greatly by surface roughness, causing measured and simulated values to differ. As previously men-
tioned, the effect of solder onto the board and attachment of the SMA connectors directly contributes
to these metal impurities.
6 Conclusion
The design of a microwave filter encountered multiple mediums to develop a printed circuit board.
A theoretical low-pass to band-pass transformation prototype filter was implemented through Mat-
lab. Coupling coefficients were selected according to the 0.5dB equal-ripple table from Pozar [1],
contributing to the determination of the coupled microstrip pair dimensions.
Multiple design iterations were performed to tune the filter to accomplish its design specifications.
Different ADS components were used and all simulations were compared to the ideal filter response.
A generated layout was then sent as a Gerber file and fabricated onto a PCB. SMA connectors were
soldered and the VNA was calibrated and used to measure the filter response.
The measured filter response generally captured the performance of its last recent simulation through
an EM co-sim, however values were still deviated from the design specifications. Multiple EM sim-
ulations had to be established to visualize effects of tuning within the microstrip components. We
discovered the advantage of using MCFIL/MSTEP configuration as opposed to MCLIN/MSTEP,
delivering a closer response to the ideal microwave filter model.
7 References
[1]: Pozar, D. M., ”Microwave engineering”, New Delhi: Wiley India, 2017
[2]: R. Amaya, ”Project 1 - Design of an Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-pass Filter”, 2018, De-
partment of Electronics, Carleton University
[3]: Rogers Corporation, RO4350B Laminates. Retrieved from https://www.rogerscorp.com/documents/
726/acs/RO4000-Laminates-RO4003C-and-RO4350BData-Sheet.pdf