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Building Adaptive Local Coastal
Communities to Climate Change Effects
through Ecosystem Approach Planning




P. M. Orencio and M. Fujii
Hokkaido University
Graduate School of Environmental Science
Fisheries are Finite Resources
Ecosystem Approach Planning
               • Integrates ecosystem
                 considerations into
                 planning to ensure
                 sustainability of future
                 health of both the
                 ecosystem and humans
               • Satisfactory means of
                 protecting the
                 environment, particularly
                 in terms of the negative
                 cumulative environmental
                 effects
                               MOEE, 1994
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries




       Parameters                           Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
Species considered           All species in ecosystem, particularly those impacted by fishing
Assessment method            Multispecies assessments/ indicators
Management objectives        Ecological, economic and social
Policy and decision-making   Participatory with major stakeholders
Management intervention      Broad-based incentives (including ecosystem tools such as
                             MPAs)
                                                      Staples, D. and Funge- Smith, S., 2009
Overview of the Study Area




                                         The Province
                                         of Aurora,
                                         Philippines

• coastal length of 410 kilometers
• municipal waters of 367,976 hectares
• extensive coastal ecosystems consist of coral reefs
  and sea grass beds as marine habitats
• vast fishing grounds endowed with vast fishery
  resource                                              ECOGOV, 2004
Major Livelihood: Fishing




dropline/longline    gillnet




  beach seine         trawl
                               Mamauag, 2004
Assessment of
                               Human Cumulative
                               Effects




                                 • Participatory
Fishing Gear Operations in Dinalungan (Northern Aurora)
                                  community mapping
120




                    Catch per kilograms per day
                                                                                        Long line

Catch trend lines                                 10C

                                                  80
                                                                                        Gillnet
                                                                                        Beach seine



and productions                                   60


are generally                                     40



declining!                                        20

                                                   0
                                                       1960   1970   1980     1990      2000          2010




                                                              Too many users without
                                                              proper regulations
                                                              depletes the resources!
                                                              Now, close to one-third of the
                                                              province’s population depends
                                                              on fishing as a source of food
                                                              and livelihood (PPFP, 2005).

                                                                     Fishery Status of Aurora, 2004
Assessing events related to climate changes:
Risks, Likelihoods and Consequences
 1. Sea level rise
  A one meter rise in sea level is
 projected to affect 64 out of 81
 provinces, covering at least 703
 out of 1610 municipalities and
 inundating almost 700 million
 square meters of land.




               (Manila Observatory, 2007)   Greenpeace, 2007
2. Increase in intensity and frequency of precipitation

                    Tropical
                    storm
                    Ketsana
                    (Ondoy);


                         Tropical
                         storms
                         Parma
                         (Pepeng)
                         and Melor    Summary of most destructive
                                     typhoons in 2004 (Oct-Dec)
                         (Quedan)

                                               DOST: PAG-ASA, 2009
Eastern part of the Philippines has the highest
     frequency of tropical cyclone passage




                               >30
                               18
                                7
                               0-1




• prone to storm surge because of    • more predisposed to
  the passing of tropical cyclones     surface soil erosion and
• Inundation from sea level rise       landslides
                     Menez, 2006                    Cruz, et al, 2006
Change in season will affect fisheries




  Southwest Monsoon
       (Habagat)




                      Fishing gear operations are dictated by the season (PCRA, 2003)

                      Most fisheries caught in Aurora are pelagic attributed to the
  Northeast Monsoon
      (Amihan)        characteristics of the habitat and hydrographic condition of
                      the bay area
                                                                    (Mamauag, 2004)
Ecosystems have low resilience and are highly sensitive.
  Negative   Improve the health of the ecosystems for better chances of
  Unknown
  Neutral
             recovering from the adverse effects of climate change        How?
Strategic Actions
1. Rationalize and
   harmonize different
   uses of coastal areas
   through proper
   zoning of coastal
   lands and municipal
   waters

  • Minimize
   conflicts and
   optimize
   development
   potentials
2. Rehabilitate and
   protect coastal habitats
• Reduce potential risks of
  adverse oceanic and
  atmospheric conditions to
  serve as natural barriers
• Biodiversity conservation and
  enhancement of endangered
  species, e.g. dugong , turtles,
  whale sharks
• Improved near shore fishery
  productivity
Establish more and manage existing
MPAs
  - accelerate and scale up impacts
through inter-LGU MPA networks
3. Manage and Develop the Fisheries Sector
• Ensure food and
livelihood security
a. Improve fishery/coastal
   law enforcement
b. Regulate fishing effort
   (e.g. boat registration and
   licensing, species/gear
   specific regulation,
   close/open seasons)
c. Explore value adding
   mechanism such as fish
   processing and other
   alternative marketing
   schemes
d. Improve post harvest
   facilities and marine
   transport systems
Local governments are in a unique position
to tackle the causes and effects of climate
change ( The Opportunities in Aurora)
A. Policies
• Implementation
  of the Inter-LGU
  Fishery
  Management
  Plan (ILFMP)


B. Social Capital
   •   LGU-level, Inter-LGU, Provincial initiatives • Local institutions
   •   Local CRM advocates and champions                 - Provincial agencies
         - LGUs – political will                           (PENRO, PFARO)
         - Local community members                       - Academe (ASCOT)
Plan with the constraints in mind!   UPMSI
Ecosystem Based Planning

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Ecosystem Based Planning

  • 1. Building Adaptive Local Coastal Communities to Climate Change Effects through Ecosystem Approach Planning P. M. Orencio and M. Fujii Hokkaido University Graduate School of Environmental Science
  • 3. Ecosystem Approach Planning • Integrates ecosystem considerations into planning to ensure sustainability of future health of both the ecosystem and humans • Satisfactory means of protecting the environment, particularly in terms of the negative cumulative environmental effects MOEE, 1994
  • 4. Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Parameters Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Species considered All species in ecosystem, particularly those impacted by fishing Assessment method Multispecies assessments/ indicators Management objectives Ecological, economic and social Policy and decision-making Participatory with major stakeholders Management intervention Broad-based incentives (including ecosystem tools such as MPAs) Staples, D. and Funge- Smith, S., 2009
  • 5. Overview of the Study Area The Province of Aurora, Philippines • coastal length of 410 kilometers • municipal waters of 367,976 hectares • extensive coastal ecosystems consist of coral reefs and sea grass beds as marine habitats • vast fishing grounds endowed with vast fishery resource ECOGOV, 2004
  • 6. Major Livelihood: Fishing dropline/longline gillnet beach seine trawl Mamauag, 2004
  • 7. Assessment of Human Cumulative Effects • Participatory Fishing Gear Operations in Dinalungan (Northern Aurora) community mapping
  • 8. 120 Catch per kilograms per day Long line Catch trend lines 10C 80 Gillnet Beach seine and productions 60 are generally 40 declining! 20 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Too many users without proper regulations depletes the resources! Now, close to one-third of the province’s population depends on fishing as a source of food and livelihood (PPFP, 2005). Fishery Status of Aurora, 2004
  • 9. Assessing events related to climate changes: Risks, Likelihoods and Consequences 1. Sea level rise A one meter rise in sea level is projected to affect 64 out of 81 provinces, covering at least 703 out of 1610 municipalities and inundating almost 700 million square meters of land. (Manila Observatory, 2007) Greenpeace, 2007
  • 10. 2. Increase in intensity and frequency of precipitation Tropical storm Ketsana (Ondoy); Tropical storms Parma (Pepeng) and Melor Summary of most destructive typhoons in 2004 (Oct-Dec) (Quedan) DOST: PAG-ASA, 2009
  • 11. Eastern part of the Philippines has the highest frequency of tropical cyclone passage >30 18 7 0-1 • prone to storm surge because of • more predisposed to the passing of tropical cyclones surface soil erosion and • Inundation from sea level rise landslides Menez, 2006 Cruz, et al, 2006
  • 12. Change in season will affect fisheries Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) Fishing gear operations are dictated by the season (PCRA, 2003) Most fisheries caught in Aurora are pelagic attributed to the Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) characteristics of the habitat and hydrographic condition of the bay area (Mamauag, 2004)
  • 13. Ecosystems have low resilience and are highly sensitive. Negative Improve the health of the ecosystems for better chances of Unknown Neutral recovering from the adverse effects of climate change How?
  • 14. Strategic Actions 1. Rationalize and harmonize different uses of coastal areas through proper zoning of coastal lands and municipal waters • Minimize conflicts and optimize development potentials
  • 15. 2. Rehabilitate and protect coastal habitats • Reduce potential risks of adverse oceanic and atmospheric conditions to serve as natural barriers • Biodiversity conservation and enhancement of endangered species, e.g. dugong , turtles, whale sharks • Improved near shore fishery productivity Establish more and manage existing MPAs - accelerate and scale up impacts through inter-LGU MPA networks
  • 16. 3. Manage and Develop the Fisheries Sector • Ensure food and livelihood security a. Improve fishery/coastal law enforcement b. Regulate fishing effort (e.g. boat registration and licensing, species/gear specific regulation, close/open seasons) c. Explore value adding mechanism such as fish processing and other alternative marketing schemes d. Improve post harvest facilities and marine transport systems
  • 17. Local governments are in a unique position to tackle the causes and effects of climate change ( The Opportunities in Aurora) A. Policies • Implementation of the Inter-LGU Fishery Management Plan (ILFMP) B. Social Capital • LGU-level, Inter-LGU, Provincial initiatives • Local institutions • Local CRM advocates and champions - Provincial agencies - LGUs – political will (PENRO, PFARO) - Local community members - Academe (ASCOT)
  • 18. Plan with the constraints in mind! UPMSI