contains about coastal zones, mangroves, wet land classification, irs liss iii, coastal solutions, satellites,coastal zone mapping, forces in ocean

1. Coastal Management by
Remote Sensing and G.I.S
Sajid Sohail.S
PPic: fictional image of earth 4.5 billion years ago

2. Comet(huge water body) struck the earth billion years ago

3. Before After

4. Introduction (coast, coastal zone):
The coast is a unique environment where land, sea and atmosphere interact
and interplay continuously influencing a strip of spatial zone defined as
coastal zone
• coastal zones are the areas having the influence of both marine and
terrestrial processes.
• Coastal zones are the most fragile, dynamic and productive ecosystem
and are quite often under pressure from both anthropogenic activities
and natural processes
• Coastal Zone is endowed with a very wide range of habitats such as coral
reefs, mangroves, sea grasses, sand dunes, vegetated stungle, mudflats,
salt marshes, estuaries, lagoons etc.
• Different countries use different distance criteria for defining the coastal
zone. In India, 500 m distance from the high tide line (landward) is taken
for demarcating the coastal zone.

5. High tide line

6. • Do you know??
Total coast line of the world is 35, 6000 km and the coastal area
covers more than 10% of the earth surface.
About 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 km of the
coast
About 10% of the world’s population resides in low elevation
coastal zone (<10 m) making their lives highly vulnerable to coastal
disasters.
About 35% of Indians live within 100 km of the country’s coast line
measuring 7517 km.

7. Vancouver

8. Coastal zones in India assumes importance because of
( major issues/problems):
• high productivity of its ecosystems
• concentration of population
• exploitation of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources
• discharge of waste effluents and municipal sewage
• industrialization and spurt in recreational activities
• Coastal zones are continuously changing because of the dynamic interactions
between the ocean and land
• Erosion and accretion
• inundation due to sea level rise and storm surge
• shifting of shoreline caused by natural or anthropogenic forces, such as
construction of artificial structure, port and harbors leads to changes in the coastal
zone and its environment

9. Remote Sensing (RS) has proved to be extremely useful in providing information
on various aspects of the coastal environment, viz. coastal wetlands, coastal
landforms, shoreline changes, tidal boundaries (high/low), brackish water areas,
suspended sediment dynamics, coastal currents, vital coastal habitats etc.
Coastal habitats of the entire Indian coast were mapped earlier on 1:250,000
/1:50,000 scale using multispectral satellite data.
Implementation of coastal zone management plans require mapping at
local/cadastral level i.e. 1:4000/8000. Resourcesat and Cartosat 1 and 2 along
with IKONOS can be used for local level mapping.
Coastal zone mapping has been done at two scale: i) on 1:25000 scale for
inventory and monitoring of the entire Indian coast and ii) local level mapping at
1:5000 scale for selected areas .

13. Monitoring of coastal Land Use/Land Cover has been done for the following
Areas(in India)
Gulf of Kachchh (Selected regions), Gujarat Coast
Dahej, Gujarat Coast
Hazira, Gujarat Coast
Mangalore, Karnataka Coast
Chennai, Tamilnadu Coast
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Coast
Details of the satellite data used for this study :
Landsat TM/MSS (at 10 year interval)
IRS LISS III (1996-2001) (Linear Imaging Self-Scanning)
Resourcesat LISS-III (2005-2008)
Resourcesat LISS-IV (2004-2006)
Resourcesat-1 AWiFS, Pre and Post monsoon (2005-2008)
Cartosat/IKNOS (for critical areas)
In addition, other data utilized for this study are:
Climatic, physical and biological parameters collected in the CZIS
component
Socio-economic data (past and present)
Past land-use land-cover data from past cadastral/revenue maps

15. Mangroves:
Mangroves are salt tolerant plants that occur along inter-tidal zones of rivers
and seas in the form of narrow strips or as extensive patches in estuarine
habitats and river deltas of tropical and sub-tropical regions.
They occur between 32ºN and 38ºS latitudes, mostly on the eastern coasts of Africa,
Australia, Asia and America.
Sheltered environment with brackish influx, estuarine and deltaic muddy soils, good
rainfall (1000 mm - 3000 mm) and temperature between 26ºC - 35ºC are considered
as ideal growth of mangroves.
Mangrove forests are usually characterized by uniform type of trees and shrubs and the
species diversity decreases with increasing latitudes.
According to a trend analysis conducted on available data by FAO, some 15.2 million
hectares of mangroves are estimated to exist worldwide as on 2005, down from 18.8
million hectares in 1980.

16. Significance of Mangroves
Mangroves are recognized widely for their ecological and economic functions.
Mangrove wetlands play an important role in stabilizing shorelines and protect
the coast by acting as barriers against storm surges and heavy tides.
They are self-generating and self-perpetuating littoral formations, playing a major
role
in the global cycle of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur.
They act as sink for sediments and detritus draining from coastal catchments and
help in the tertiary assimilation of wastes. Mangrove swamps are also source of
nutrients and
supports highly productive marine food chains.
Mangroves serve as unique habitats for wild animals like tiger and harbour large
number of birds, larvae and juveniles of fishes significant to the fishery resources.
They contribute to
the livelihood of coastal folks in terms of forest produce and fishery resources.
Mangrove forests are also valued as potential recreation site for fishing,
boating, bird watching, sightseeing and photography

18. The present study envisages mapping of mangroves at community level on
1:25,000 scale for all maritime states/Union territory harbouring mangroves.
These are Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Puducherry, Tamil Nadu (excluding Puducherry), Gujarat, West Bengal,
Andaman and Nicobar islands
IRS P6 LISS-III and LISS-IV data of the year 2005 - 2007 during the period
from October – March have been utilized for discerning mangrove
communities of the coasts of Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry. Table 3.1.1 shows the key parameters of
IRS P6 LISS-III and LISS-IV sensors

20. IRS P6 LISS-III data is considered as the primary data source for digital data
analysis. Digital values are converted to spectral radiance based on the
equations and calibration coefficients obtained from sensor calibration details
available in the metadata
Lrad = {[DN / max grey] × [ Lmax - Lmin ] } + Lmin
Where, DN = Digital number of each pixel; max grey = 255 for LISS-III

21. India has launched 74 Indian satellites (as of 4 April 2014) of many types since
its first attempt in 1975.
TYPES
*Physical Oceanography - The study of waves, currents, tides, physical water
properties, air-sea interaction and the physical forces that cause them.
• Biological Oceanography - The study of marine life and its productivity, life
cycles, and ecosystems.
• Geological Oceanography - The study of plate tectonics, the geology of the
ocean basins, the geologic history of the oceans and coastal processes erosion,
sedimentation.

22. Physical Oceanography:
Physical oceanography is the study of the physical properties of the oceans.
This deals with surface and internal waves, air-sea exchanges, turbulence
and mixing, acoustics, heating and cooling, wave and wind-induced
currents, tides, tsunamis, storm surges, large-scale waves affected by earth’s
rotation, large-scale eddies, general circulation and its changes, coupled
ocean- atmosphere dynamics for weather and climate research/prediction
FORCES IN OCEAN :
The external forces that act on the oceans are wind stress, wind-waves, swell-waves,
turbulence, circulation, short and longwave radiation, evaporation,
sensible and latent heat fluxes, precipitation and tidal oscillations.
Solar radiation is the main source of heat energy to the oceans, though only 73%
reaches 1 cm depth, 45% 1 m depth, 22% 10 m depth and 0.5% 100 m depth
internal forces acting on the oceans are pressure/density gradients and
viscosity or friction

23. Physical Oceanographic Parameters:
waves (both surface, internal and tsunamis),
currents/ circulation,
sea surface temperature (SST),
sea surface height (SSH),
and temperature/salinity/current profiles.
SST can either be measured from instruments or estimated from the satellite
thermal sensors.
The profiles of temperature and salinity are generally measured from
conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) or expendable CTD observations.
Expendable bathy thermographs (XBTs) provide only temperature profiles

24. Ocean waves:
Waves are periodic deformations of an interface. Surface waves in
oceanography are deformations of the sea surface, i.e., the atmosphere-ocean
interface.
Tsunamis are long waves generated by any disturbance generating vertical
motion in the water column, generally, the submarine earthquakes.
The change from deep to shallow water waves is observed when the
wavelength λ becomes larger than twice the water depth h.
A change in wave properties occurs also at λ = 20h.
Ocean currents:
Ocean currents are due to the movement of water in the oceans. These currents
could be due to the wind forcing, thermohaline gradients or tidal forcing. These
currents are influenced by the earth’s rotation through Corriolis deflection.
Ocean currents play a very prominent role in transporting heat from equatorial to
the polar regions.

26. Sea surface temperature:
SST is the water temperature close to the surface. In practical terms, the exact
meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method.
A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin
layer of about 10 micrometres thick (referred to as the skin.
A microwave instrument measures subskin temperature at about 1 mm.
A thermometer attached to a moored or drifting buoy in the ocean would measure
the temperature at a specific depth. The measurements routinely made from ships
are may be at various depths in the upper few meters of the ocean. In fact, this
temperature is often called sea surface temperature.
Sea surface height:
SSH is the height of the sea surface above the reference ellipsoid. SSH above a
reference datum can be measured from tide gauges. Since we do not have
accurate estimations of the geoid, we cannot have absolute height measurements
from altimeters. SSH variations are causes by the changes in the heat content of
the oceans, currents and tidal oscillation.

27. Radiation:
Radiation coming from the sun is the main source of energy to the oceans.
Since the atmosphere is transparent to the short wave radiation, energy
reaches the ocean surface in the visible shortwave radiation
Biological Oceanography:
Biological Oceanography concerns the biology and ecology of oceanic, marine,
coastal and estuarine organisms. These range from viruses and bacteria to
microbes and phytoplankton, from zooplankton and benthic invertebrates to
shellfish, fish and marine mammals
Geological Oceanography:
Marine Geology is concerned with the earth beneath the sea including the
near shore zones (beaches, marshes, lagoons, and reefs), the shelf seas
and -margins. this occupy around 80% of the sub sea- surface. Other
aspects of marine geology addressed here include ocean circulation, plate
tectonics, and critical events in present past global oceanography like sea-level
changes

28. Ocean colour sensors are having high radiometry to measure water quality with
reasonable accuracy and precision.
Thermal infrared sensors provide sea surface temperatures (SST)
,Large-scale regional pollution (oil) and land discharge. But transient nature makes
difficult to monitor short-term processes or events during night and cloudy days.
Microwave sensors have overcome these limitations ,However, microwave sensors
have large footprint of several kilometers with short-term acquisition capability.
Some of the important microwave sensors are microwave radiometers (0.3 cm to
100 cm), scatterometers, altimeter, Profiling Radar and Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR).
The scatterometer infers sea surface wind by measuring backscatter from ocean
surface.
The altimeter helps ranging and sea surface height measurements
SAR measures the surface ice, wind, sea state, marine pollution including oil slicks.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful tool for spatial data base
management and modeling. The combine power of 1) Remote Sensing, 2) GIS, and
3) Global Positioning System (GPS) provide precision mapping, timely monitoring,
and evolution of ecosystems vulnerability.

29. Coastal Zone Management and Solutions
Wave-induced alongshore currents provide vital energy for the flow of sand for
beach development.
The revetment, bulkhead, seawall, breakwater and groins are the most common
structures at the approach of harbour entrance to protect it from waves and coastal
currents.
Some protective structures trap sand and allow beaches to expand, but interrupt
the flow of sand to other beaches.
Structures located too close to the ocean are vulnerable to severe damage during
cyclonic storm. cost effective maintenance and operations is difficult.
Beaches are natural shore protection structures; when maintained at proper
dimensions it can effectively dissipate wave energy.
. Beach nourishment technique directly increases the beach width by depositing
sand and cost effective. Some of the advantages are it provides 1) a wider
recreational beach,
2) its protection to shoreline structures,
3) dredged material can be nearby sources and
4) reclaimed to other beach management methods in the future

30. Revetment, bulkhead seawall, groins, breakwater( clockwise)

32. Beach nourishment can also protect threatened or endangered plants in the dune
area, and restore habitat for sea turtles, shore birds, and other transient or
permanent beach organisms
Setting buffer zone to natural processes remain active with in the buffer zone
and regulate coastal activities beyond the buffer zone is the most effective
coastal zone management practice is to allow the natural process remains
unrestricted.