This document summarizes a study that investigated the adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate change in Asari-Toru Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study found that fishermen employed building sea walls, diversifying to off-farm activities, and restoring mangroves to adapt to climate impacts like flooding, sea level rise, and changes in fish populations. Using an analysis of costs and revenues, the study determined that these adaptation mechanisms improved fishermen's productivity and profitability, with a net profit of N500,455.1 reported. However, the major problem identified was the high cost of fishing materials.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Overfishing, coastal development, deforestation, and pollution are major environmental problems threatening the Philippines' marine and land environments. Overfishing has led to a 90% drop in some fisheries' catches and costs $420 million annually. Coastal development including infrastructure, aquaculture, and reclamation has damaged coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, reducing mangroves to 36% of historic levels. Deforestation endangers biodiversity as many endemic species depend on forests, which cover only 3% of original area. Poor waste treatment pollutes water sources as only 10% of sewage is treated. Weak enforcement of regulations exacerbates these problems.
Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fishe...FAO
This document discusses the risks and vulnerabilities of fisheries and aquaculture to climate change, and ways to build resilience. Over 500 million livelihoods depend on fisheries and aquatic foods provide nutrition for 4 billion people. Climate change is causing impacts like changes in ocean currents and acidification that affect production, ecology, and communities. Examples of adaptation include diversifying livelihoods, flexible management policies, and risk reduction. Mitigation opportunities include carbon storage in oceans, renewable energy from oceans, and reducing emissions from aquatic food systems and transport. The document provides an overview of climate impacts and outlines both adaptation and mitigation approaches for building resilience in fisheries and aquaculture.
Biodiversity and climate change - Avenues for adaptations by Sarath Ekanayake discusses how biodiversity in Sri Lanka provides essential services but is threatened by climate change, and outlines strategies to help biodiversity adapt. Sri Lanka has a great diversity of ecosystems and species, and biodiversity underpins the country's economy, food/water security, and tourism. However, climate change is causing issues like increased flooding and drought that impact forests, agriculture, and human-wildlife conflict. The document recommends identifying vulnerable biodiversity, reducing non-climate pressures, and enhancing resilient landscapes through actions like conserving forests, controlling fires, and accommodating wildlife in urban areas to help biodiversity adapt to climate change impacts.
The Philippines has abundant natural resources due to its geography of over 7,000 islands, including fertile land, forests, mineral deposits, bodies of water, and marine resources. However, the country faces environmental problems such as overfishing, coastal development that damages coral reefs and mangroves, deforestation, and water pollution from untreated sewage. The government has implemented various laws to protect wildlife, reform mining practices, ban logging in certain areas, and manage solid waste, fisheries, and air quality to promote environmental conservation.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Impact of Climate Change on coastal aquaculture in BangladeshMdNajmusSakib
The main effect of climate change on the coastal region in Bangladesh and the impact of Climate-related change on aquaculture in the context of Bangladesh.
Climate change is negatively impacting fishing in coastal Tanzania. Rising ocean temperatures are causing many fish species to move to deeper waters or cooler regions, while also introducing new species with unpredictable effects. These shifting conditions are making it difficult for fishermen in Tanzania to catch fish, threatening their livelihoods and food security. Fisheries provide over 177,000 direct jobs and millions more indirect jobs in Tanzania, but climate change is reducing fish catches and contributing to economic losses. While Tanzania contributes little to global warming, it lacks the resources to effectively adapt its fishing communities to the effects of climate change.
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladesh : A Seminar Paperihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Overfishing, coastal development, deforestation, and pollution are major environmental problems threatening the Philippines' marine and land environments. Overfishing has led to a 90% drop in some fisheries' catches and costs $420 million annually. Coastal development including infrastructure, aquaculture, and reclamation has damaged coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, reducing mangroves to 36% of historic levels. Deforestation endangers biodiversity as many endemic species depend on forests, which cover only 3% of original area. Poor waste treatment pollutes water sources as only 10% of sewage is treated. Weak enforcement of regulations exacerbates these problems.
Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fishe...FAO
This document discusses the risks and vulnerabilities of fisheries and aquaculture to climate change, and ways to build resilience. Over 500 million livelihoods depend on fisheries and aquatic foods provide nutrition for 4 billion people. Climate change is causing impacts like changes in ocean currents and acidification that affect production, ecology, and communities. Examples of adaptation include diversifying livelihoods, flexible management policies, and risk reduction. Mitigation opportunities include carbon storage in oceans, renewable energy from oceans, and reducing emissions from aquatic food systems and transport. The document provides an overview of climate impacts and outlines both adaptation and mitigation approaches for building resilience in fisheries and aquaculture.
Biodiversity and climate change - Avenues for adaptations by Sarath Ekanayake discusses how biodiversity in Sri Lanka provides essential services but is threatened by climate change, and outlines strategies to help biodiversity adapt. Sri Lanka has a great diversity of ecosystems and species, and biodiversity underpins the country's economy, food/water security, and tourism. However, climate change is causing issues like increased flooding and drought that impact forests, agriculture, and human-wildlife conflict. The document recommends identifying vulnerable biodiversity, reducing non-climate pressures, and enhancing resilient landscapes through actions like conserving forests, controlling fires, and accommodating wildlife in urban areas to help biodiversity adapt to climate change impacts.
The Philippines has abundant natural resources due to its geography of over 7,000 islands, including fertile land, forests, mineral deposits, bodies of water, and marine resources. However, the country faces environmental problems such as overfishing, coastal development that damages coral reefs and mangroves, deforestation, and water pollution from untreated sewage. The government has implemented various laws to protect wildlife, reform mining practices, ban logging in certain areas, and manage solid waste, fisheries, and air quality to promote environmental conservation.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Impact of Climate Change on coastal aquaculture in BangladeshMdNajmusSakib
The main effect of climate change on the coastal region in Bangladesh and the impact of Climate-related change on aquaculture in the context of Bangladesh.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses the destruction of mangrove forests in the District of Jailolo, West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province, Indonesia. The mangrove forests in this area are being rapidly destroyed through the local community's utilization of wood from the mangroves for firewood, building materials, and conversion of mangrove areas to fishponds. This destruction threatens the region's coastal protection, marine life habitats, and livelihoods of local fishermen. The document calls for conservation education programs in local schools to increase awareness of the importance of mangrove forest protection.
The document discusses marine plant diversity. It notes that oceans occupy 70% of the Earth and contain over 5 million unclassified plant species. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae, which have a variety of forms and play an important role in the ecosystem by producing oxygen and providing nutrients. However, human activities like pollution, development, and climate change are threatening marine plant biodiversity by destroying habitats and accelerating extinction rates. International agreements have sought to promote more sustainable practices and conservation of biological diversity in the oceans.
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change are the five main proximate causes of biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction has affected over 85% of threatened species through activities like urbanization and agriculture. Overexploitation harvests plants and animals faster than their reproduction rates can keep up. Invasive species harm native species through competition, disease transmission, and predation. Pollution disrupts ecosystems through contamination of water, soil and air. Climate change alters habitats and some species may be unable to adapt quickly enough to its effects, potentially leading to the extinction of 15-37% of species by 2050.
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
Threats to marine biodiversity include climate change, overfishing, habitat damage, pollution, and ecosystem alterations. Climate change causes increased ocean temperatures and acidity. Overfishing depletes fish populations and damages habitats. Bottom trawling severely damages coral reefs and seafloors. Pollution such as nutrients, plastics, noise, and chemicals harm marine life. Introduced species alter ecosystems. Protections include limiting fishing and gear, protecting habitats through refuges and preserves, reducing pollution, and international agreements on climate change.
Marine biodiversity is declining globally at an unprecedented rate due to threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation of fish and other marine species, and invasive species. Currently only about 2.4% of the ocean is protected despite goals to increase protected areas to 10% by 2020. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity have established targets and indicators to monitor biodiversity loss and guide conservation efforts, but global and EU targets to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 were not met. Ongoing work includes identifying ecologically and biologically significant areas for enhanced protection and monitoring trends in species distributions and abundances to inform policymaking.
The document discusses the environmental challenges facing the Philippines at the national and local level. It notes that climate change is a major issue, with the Philippines experiencing rising temperatures, sea levels and extreme weather. It also discusses threats like deforestation, mining activities, overfishing and pollution, which are putting stress on the country's biodiversity, forests, waters and other natural resources. At the local level, it highlights concerns around forest loss, vulnerability to sea level rise and threats to rivers and waters in Iloilo City.
THREATS AND CONSERVATION OF TERESTIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY Sahil Jain
This document provides a summary of threats to terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity and approaches for conservation. It discusses how human activities like habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation are reducing biodiversity on land and in water. Specific threats include deforestation, agricultural intensification, urban expansion, invasive species, climate change, and pollution from development. The document then outlines approaches to conserve biodiversity like protecting habitats through reserves, restoring degraded areas, sustainable land and water management, reducing pollution, and increasing environmental awareness.
The document discusses environmental issues related to natural resources like forests and water. It provides definitions of environment and discusses the scope of environmental science. It then describes the major uses and ecological importance of forests, as well as causes and impacts of deforestation such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Specific case studies on desertification and disappearing tea gardens are mentioned. Impacts of mining, dams, and water resources are also summarized. The document stresses the need for public awareness and participation to properly address environmental problems.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Environmental degradation & conservation approach towards threatened biodiver...sornali
This presentation is mainly based on the key factors causing environmental degradation in saint martin's island Bangladesh as well as focuses on the challenges towards conservative approaches.
i have done several literature review to fullfil this task
The document summarizes the key findings of the Philippines Environment Monitor 2004 report on the state of the Philippine environment. It finds that over 40% of Filipinos live on less than $2 per day and rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood. Coastal and forest communities are most affected by environmental degradation. The report divides the environment into brown (solid waste, pollution), green (land use, biodiversity) and blue (coastal, marine) categories. It finds issues like deforestation, land degradation, pollution, overfishing and reef degradation threaten these environments and the livelihoods of Filipinos who depend on them, demonstrating the need for improved environmental management and conservation efforts.
"The Health of our Planet as well as our own health and future food security all hinge on how well we treat the Blue water "
FOA Director General Jose Graziano Da Silva
The Condition o the Philippine Environment and Natural Resources. Environment...Rexther Solis
The document discusses the natural resources and environmental issues facing the Philippines. It notes that the country's forests, fisheries, mangroves, and minerals have been depleted over time due to lack of sustainable practices. Pollution is also a major problem, degrading air and water quality. Poverty, population growth, urbanization and natural disasters are exacerbating environmental degradation. The Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development was created to reconcile environmental and economic goals through integrating conservation into decision-making, proper resource pricing, education, and controlling pollution and population growth.
This document discusses the threats to global freshwater fish biodiversity and how the biogeography of freshwater fishes has changed due to human activities. It notes that over a third of freshwater fish species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. Historically, river basins formed isolated areas for fish populations but humans have increased connectivity through activities like shipping, bait bucket releases, and transport of fish for sport fishing and aquaculture. This has challenged conservation efforts by changing the historical biogeography of native fishes through invasions. Ecologists now need to reconcile native fish distributions with expanding invasive species to effectively conserve freshwater fish diversity.
Analysis of risk management practices in the oil and gas industry in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on risk management practices at Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) in Ghana. The study identified major risks facing TOR such as volatility in oil prices, currency depreciation, health and safety issues, political interference, environmental pollution, staffing challenges, crude oil shortages, and debt. TOR incorporates risk management into its strategic plan but has struggled with effective implementation. The study makes recommendations to help TOR and the Ghanaian government better manage risks to improve TOR's performance and survival.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses the destruction of mangrove forests in the District of Jailolo, West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province, Indonesia. The mangrove forests in this area are being rapidly destroyed through the local community's utilization of wood from the mangroves for firewood, building materials, and conversion of mangrove areas to fishponds. This destruction threatens the region's coastal protection, marine life habitats, and livelihoods of local fishermen. The document calls for conservation education programs in local schools to increase awareness of the importance of mangrove forest protection.
The document discusses marine plant diversity. It notes that oceans occupy 70% of the Earth and contain over 5 million unclassified plant species. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae, which have a variety of forms and play an important role in the ecosystem by producing oxygen and providing nutrients. However, human activities like pollution, development, and climate change are threatening marine plant biodiversity by destroying habitats and accelerating extinction rates. International agreements have sought to promote more sustainable practices and conservation of biological diversity in the oceans.
Habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change are the five main proximate causes of biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction has affected over 85% of threatened species through activities like urbanization and agriculture. Overexploitation harvests plants and animals faster than their reproduction rates can keep up. Invasive species harm native species through competition, disease transmission, and predation. Pollution disrupts ecosystems through contamination of water, soil and air. Climate change alters habitats and some species may be unable to adapt quickly enough to its effects, potentially leading to the extinction of 15-37% of species by 2050.
The State of the Philippine Environment Mights Rasing
State of the Philippine Environment presented by Rev. Pepz Cunanan at the Young Leaders Summit 2014, organized by Young People's Ministries
http://pinoyyouth.org
Threats to marine biodiversity include climate change, overfishing, habitat damage, pollution, and ecosystem alterations. Climate change causes increased ocean temperatures and acidity. Overfishing depletes fish populations and damages habitats. Bottom trawling severely damages coral reefs and seafloors. Pollution such as nutrients, plastics, noise, and chemicals harm marine life. Introduced species alter ecosystems. Protections include limiting fishing and gear, protecting habitats through refuges and preserves, reducing pollution, and international agreements on climate change.
Marine biodiversity is declining globally at an unprecedented rate due to threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation of fish and other marine species, and invasive species. Currently only about 2.4% of the ocean is protected despite goals to increase protected areas to 10% by 2020. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity have established targets and indicators to monitor biodiversity loss and guide conservation efforts, but global and EU targets to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 were not met. Ongoing work includes identifying ecologically and biologically significant areas for enhanced protection and monitoring trends in species distributions and abundances to inform policymaking.
The document discusses the environmental challenges facing the Philippines at the national and local level. It notes that climate change is a major issue, with the Philippines experiencing rising temperatures, sea levels and extreme weather. It also discusses threats like deforestation, mining activities, overfishing and pollution, which are putting stress on the country's biodiversity, forests, waters and other natural resources. At the local level, it highlights concerns around forest loss, vulnerability to sea level rise and threats to rivers and waters in Iloilo City.
THREATS AND CONSERVATION OF TERESTIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY Sahil Jain
This document provides a summary of threats to terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity and approaches for conservation. It discusses how human activities like habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation are reducing biodiversity on land and in water. Specific threats include deforestation, agricultural intensification, urban expansion, invasive species, climate change, and pollution from development. The document then outlines approaches to conserve biodiversity like protecting habitats through reserves, restoring degraded areas, sustainable land and water management, reducing pollution, and increasing environmental awareness.
The document discusses environmental issues related to natural resources like forests and water. It provides definitions of environment and discusses the scope of environmental science. It then describes the major uses and ecological importance of forests, as well as causes and impacts of deforestation such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Specific case studies on desertification and disappearing tea gardens are mentioned. Impacts of mining, dams, and water resources are also summarized. The document stresses the need for public awareness and participation to properly address environmental problems.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Environmental degradation & conservation approach towards threatened biodiver...sornali
This presentation is mainly based on the key factors causing environmental degradation in saint martin's island Bangladesh as well as focuses on the challenges towards conservative approaches.
i have done several literature review to fullfil this task
The document summarizes the key findings of the Philippines Environment Monitor 2004 report on the state of the Philippine environment. It finds that over 40% of Filipinos live on less than $2 per day and rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood. Coastal and forest communities are most affected by environmental degradation. The report divides the environment into brown (solid waste, pollution), green (land use, biodiversity) and blue (coastal, marine) categories. It finds issues like deforestation, land degradation, pollution, overfishing and reef degradation threaten these environments and the livelihoods of Filipinos who depend on them, demonstrating the need for improved environmental management and conservation efforts.
"The Health of our Planet as well as our own health and future food security all hinge on how well we treat the Blue water "
FOA Director General Jose Graziano Da Silva
The Condition o the Philippine Environment and Natural Resources. Environment...Rexther Solis
The document discusses the natural resources and environmental issues facing the Philippines. It notes that the country's forests, fisheries, mangroves, and minerals have been depleted over time due to lack of sustainable practices. Pollution is also a major problem, degrading air and water quality. Poverty, population growth, urbanization and natural disasters are exacerbating environmental degradation. The Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development was created to reconcile environmental and economic goals through integrating conservation into decision-making, proper resource pricing, education, and controlling pollution and population growth.
This document discusses the threats to global freshwater fish biodiversity and how the biogeography of freshwater fishes has changed due to human activities. It notes that over a third of freshwater fish species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. Historically, river basins formed isolated areas for fish populations but humans have increased connectivity through activities like shipping, bait bucket releases, and transport of fish for sport fishing and aquaculture. This has challenged conservation efforts by changing the historical biogeography of native fishes through invasions. Ecologists now need to reconcile native fish distributions with expanding invasive species to effectively conserve freshwater fish diversity.
Analysis of risk management practices in the oil and gas industry in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on risk management practices at Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) in Ghana. The study identified major risks facing TOR such as volatility in oil prices, currency depreciation, health and safety issues, political interference, environmental pollution, staffing challenges, crude oil shortages, and debt. TOR incorporates risk management into its strategic plan but has struggled with effective implementation. The study makes recommendations to help TOR and the Ghanaian government better manage risks to improve TOR's performance and survival.
This document provides a summary and analysis of a news article from the Riau Pos newspaper about a court case between Aburizal Backrie (Ical) and Agung Laksono (Agung) over the leadership of the Golkar party. The summary states that Ical won the case according to the judges' decision, while Agung and his supporters feel the judges made the wrong decision and plan to appeal. It also notes that the writer of the news article tried to provide a balanced perspective on both sides and focused on the judges' role in making their ruling.
Pete Doyle "Social Media: Getting Personal"Digital Henley
Pete Doyle talks at the first Digital Henley event on 16th May 2015 - all about Twitter on the Shop Floor and Geotagging & Hashtags. Can the mobile age bring shoppers into the stores rather than onto the websites?
Agenda for a transformative implementation of social studies curriculum in ni...Alexander Decker
This document discusses strategies for transforming the implementation of social studies curriculum in Nigerian universities. It recommends integrating entrepreneurship education, poverty alleviation education, climate change education, and values education into the curriculum. It also suggests qualitatively training lecturers, regularly revising the curriculum, appraising lecturer and student performance, using collaborative instruction, and funding social studies education research. Potential constraints like limited curriculum reviews and funding are also noted. The goal is to equip students with skills to address Nigeria's challenges through a transformative social studies education.
An appraisal of sale leaseback transaction in nigeria property marketAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on sale-leaseback transactions in Nigeria's property market. It begins by defining sale-leaseback as a transaction where a property owner sells real estate to an investor and then leases it back, providing both parties benefits. The paper then explores perceptions of and adoption of sale-leaseback in Nigeria. It finds that while sale-leaseback can provide alternative financing and free up capital for property owners, investors in Nigeria lack awareness of it due to cultural, policy and land title issues. The paper recommends the government develop frameworks and an enabling environment to promote greater use of sale-leaseback transactions.
A method for constructing fuzzy test statistics with applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses a method for constructing fuzzy test statistics to test fuzzy hypotheses when parameter information is imprecise. It begins with an introduction to fuzzy hypotheses testing and outlines some preliminaries. It then explains how to formulate fuzzy hypotheses using membership functions and defines fuzzy Bayesian hypothesis testing without and with a loss function. As an application, it examines fuzzy hypotheses about the percentage of defectives in a production process. Specifically, it constructs test statistics to test fuzzy hypotheses about whether the defective percentage is between 0.2-0.4% or not based on a sample. It computes the test statistics numerically and provides example results, concluding that the proposed method can test fuzzy hypotheses when information is uncertain.
Business process reengineering (bpr) in the financial services sectorAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on business process reengineering (BPR) at Ghana Commercial Bank. The study found that while the bank invested heavily in information technology and human resources as part of its BPR efforts, it did not fully realize the desired benefits. Specifically, staff were not fully involved due to communication barriers, despite management commitment. The objectives of the study were to examine the impact of IT and the role of human resources on the success of the bank's BPR initiative.
An economic analysis of precision application of lime at reduced ratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the economic benefits of applying lime at reduced rates to soils in Zambia. The study used yield and financial data from on-station trials comparing plots with different lime and fertilizer application rates. The results showed that applying lime at reduced rates of 100-500kg/ha led to higher yields than plots without lime. Financial analysis found marginal returns over 150% when lime was combined with compost. Therefore, applying lime even at reduced rates can significantly increase profits for smallholder farmers in Zambia through yield gains.
The document describes a recursive algorithm to calculate the future value of a payment-in-kind note where the holder has the option to reinvest interest payments into additional notes or zero-coupon notes. The algorithm treats the payment-in-kind note as a hybrid of a savings account and conventional note. It defines recursive equations to model reinvesting interest payments at each period into more of the note or zero-coupon notes to determine the maximum future value at maturity of all the notes.
A comparative analysis of the use of purdue improved cowpea storage bags, sea...Alexander Decker
This study compared four methods of preserving cowpea grains: using Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bags, sealed jericans, dried leaves of the neem tree (Azaradirachta Indica), and spraying grains with the storage chemical Actellic. As a control, grains were also stored in ordinary sacks. Equal amounts of cowpea grains were stored using each method for six months. The PICS bags and sealed jericans proved most effective, with no weight loss. Use of neem leaves resulted in a weight loss of 2.44kg (95.12% effectiveness), while Actellic saw a loss of 4.39kg (91.22%
Accuracy improvement of gnss and real time kinematic using egyptian network a...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses improving the accuracy of differential GNSS and real-time kinematic (RTK) using the Egyptian network as a case study.
2) It investigates an integrated system to reduce orbital, ionospheric, and tropospheric errors affecting GNSS measurements.
3) The results of the study include an analysis of the improved accuracy achieved by the integrated system using precise ephemerides, ionosphere modeling, and troposphere modeling, as well as a comparison of DGPS and RTK solutions for the Egyptian network coordinates.
Discovery Communications Case Study by SpredfastBenjamin Hardy
Discovery Communications partnered with Spredfast to integrate social media across 16 of its shows and specials online and on air. This successfully amplified social buzz, increased traffic and viewership, and allowed fans to interact with the programming in real time. As a result of this social success, Discovery Communications will produce 100 hours of live, on-air social media integrations this year.
Terence Eden "Is Mobile All It's Cracked Up To Be?"Digital Henley
Terence Eden talks at the first Digital Henley event on 16th May 2015 regarding Apps, Businesses and the world of Mobile in relation to business necessity.
Facts, Trends and Cloud Solutions, Realities and Infrastructure. A high-level view to the Cloud and its advantages for customer s and companies. Trends and Market
A comparative analysis of e readiness assessment in nigerianAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of e-readiness on educational development among undergraduate students at four private universities in Nigeria. The study used questionnaires to assess e-readiness levels and their relationship to educational development. Results showed deficiencies in computer and internet infrastructure at the universities, negatively impacting students' education. Gender was also found to significantly affect internet accessibility. The study recommends improving infrastructure through increased investment and promoting gender balance to enhance e-readiness and educational development in Nigerian private universities.
An assessment of inventory management in small andAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed inventory management practices in small and medium scale industrial enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. The study found that SMEs generally did not use scientific inventory techniques due to a lack of skilled personnel and inadequate data. Inventory management was also hindered by low levels of information and communication technology adoption among SMEs. The study recommended that SMEs improve employee knowledge of inventory decision models and prioritize applying ICT to better manage inventory data.
O documento descreve os motivos e o período da expansão marítima portuguesa, bem como seu pioneirismo nesse processo. Portugal expandiu-se entre os séculos XV e XVI devido a fatores econômicos, sociais e religiosos, liderando a navegação e descoberta de novas rotas e terras graças a seus conhecimentos náuticos e apoio à exploração marítima.
La película Capitán Phillips está basada en hechos reales y protagonizada por Tom Hanks como el capitán estadounidense Richard Phillips, cuyo carguero fue secuestrado en 2009 por piratas somalíes, siendo el primer barco estadounidense en 200 años. La película está dirigida por Peter Greengrass y también presenta al actor Barkhad Abdi en el papel del líder de los piratas.
Similar to Adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate change on quantity of fish caught in asari toru local government area of rivers state nigeria.
This document presents information on a credit seminar about climate smart aquaculture and advisory services. It contains an introduction stating the objective is to assess the impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture and implement better farming technologies. It then discusses topics like food security, climate change causes and impacts, the role of aquaculture in climate change, climate smart aquaculture practices and technologies, supporting institutions, advisory services, and conclusions.
Status of Phytoplankton Community of Kisumu Bay, Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, K...theijes
Lake Victoria has undergone remarkable and diverse ecological perturbations which are as a result of physical, chemical and biological processes, together with human activities that take place in the watershed area and within the lake itself. The most observed effects include increases in phytoplankton biomass and frequent algal blooms. In this study species composition, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton as well as total phytoplankton biomass of Kisumu Bay, (Winam Gulf), Lake Victoria, Kenya was studied for six months in the wake of climate change. Sampling was done every two weeks using a Van Dorn Water sampler to take water samples and algal cells were counted under an inverted microscope with the help of a Sedge-Wick Rafter Cell in order to determine density. Phytoplankton biomass indicated by chlorophyll-content was determined through cold extraction in acetone and subsequent quantification by spectrophotometry. Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ using respective meters, while plant nutrient levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods following standard methods of APHA 1985 and Gems (1992) Handbook. ANOVA test was used to determine any temporal and spatial variability in the biological factors. Regression and Pearson’s correlation analyses were done to establish relationships between these factors. LSD test was done to determine means which were significantly different. The results indicated that a total of 36 genera of algae belonging to Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta were present, with dominance of the classes in terms of number of species being in that order. Chroococcus species was the most abundant and its density was significantly different from all the others. Most algal species were more or less homogenously distributed in the bay (p=1.0000) and over the study period (p=1.0000), but their densities varied significantly between different species (p<0.0001). From these results, it can be concluded that the phytoplankton community within the bay is becoming very dynamic and could possibly portray the status in the whole lake. Diatoms are becoming increasingly dominant. There is continual increasing trend in physico-chemical factors. The information obtained from this work contributes to the understanding of ecological changes in the bay in response to climate change and variability and thus the threat to biodiversity. This information is therefore important for ecological and management purposes of the lake and understanding effects of climate change on ecosystem structure, functioning and productivity.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
Length-weight models and condition factors of fishes from Okpara Stream, Ouem...AI Publications
Length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of 21 dominant fish species of the Okpara stream (Oueme River) were examined in Northern-Benin in order to evaluate the well-being of these fish taxa. Samplings were made monthly from December 2015 to May 2017 with seines, gill nets hawks and a total of 9,302 individuals were collected. Fish abundance ranged from 53 individuals for Mormyrus rume to 2,818 for Hemichromis fasciatus. Standard length (SL) varied from 1.2 cm (Coptodon guineensis) to 51.8 cm (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus). Length-weight regressions equations showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients (r) ranging between 0.4664 and 0.9949 with slopes (b) between 2.2262 and 3.7703 corresponding to isometric, positive allometric and negative allometric growths displayed by 4, 8 and 9 species, respectively. Condition factors K varied between 0.17 - 29.38 and species with higher well-being were Oreochromis niloticus with K=29.38, Hyperopisius bebe (K=20.14), Coptodon zillii (K=19.25), Mormyrus rume (K=17.13) and Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus (K=16.16). A sustainable exploitation of these fishes requires an ecosystem restoration scheme including habitat protection, species conservation and an ecological follow-up of the Okpara stream.
AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE_CleanPatrick White
This document provides an overview of the importance of aquatic genetic resources in the context of climate change. It discusses how aquatic ecosystems and the organisms they support play a key role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Aquatic genetic resources underpin global aquaculture and fisheries, which together provide about half of the world's food fish and are important for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. Climate change poses challenges for these resources and the sectors that depend on them through impacts like warming, acidification, and changes to freshwater availability. The roles of aquatic genetic resources in adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts are discussed.
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
This document discusses several threats to aquatic ecosystems, including ghost fishing, overfishing, damming of rivers, IUU fishing, interlinking of rivers, pollution, bycatch, discards, and the impacts of climate change. It provides details on types of overfishing, the life cycles of migratory fish, definitions of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. It also outlines potential impacts of interlinking rivers, such as changes to water quality, habitat, spawning grounds, and fish migration. The document concludes with water quality parameters for the Sarda and Yamuna rivers.
Mangrove Conservation and Coastal Management in Southeast Asia: What Impact o...Our slides
Rashidul Islam presents on the relationship between mangrove conservation and coastal fishery resources in Southeast Asia. The presentation outlines that mangroves provide nursery habitats for coastal fish through food, shelter, and structure. It reviews literature quantifying the connection between mangrove area and fish catch. The results discuss how estuarine fish assemblages depend on the mangrove environment and how rehabilitation benefits ecology and economics. The conclusion calls for more analysis of fish yield data in relation to variable mangrove cover over space and time in Southeast Asian countries.
India has experienced a significant loss of biodiversity over the last century. Tigers have declined by 97% to only 3,200 remaining. Biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity across wild lands, parks, farms, and other habitats. The loss is due to factors like population growth, land use changes, pollution, and climate change threatening forests and agriculture. Coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise which could further reduce biodiversity in India.
Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries Biodiversity 502.docxAbhishekSingh19074
This document discusses the impact of anthropogenic (human) activities on fisheries biodiversity. It covers several topics:
1. Land use changes from activities like farming can lead to nutrient runoff and eutrophication, impacting fish stocks. Examples from freshwater systems are well documented.
2. Introduction of non-native species can negatively impact fisheries through competition with native species and spreading of diseases. While some introductions were intentional for fisheries, most have unexpected consequences.
3. Conservation measures that protect top predators like seals and birds have increased their populations, creating greater predation pressure on fish stocks important to fisheries.
It also discusses direct impacts of overfishing and bycatch
Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities ipcc-media
The document discusses how the oceans are warming due to climate change, which is causing deoxygenation and changes to nutrient ratios that shape marine ecosystems. These changes impact fish stocks, fisheries revenue, and the nutrition and well-being of communities that depend on seafood. Pacific small island developing states are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change for their economies and reefs are at high risk in the western Pacific region. The outline presented at the end indicates the document will provide an executive summary and discuss changing oceans and biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being, solutions and governance, and synthesize the information.
BIODIVERSITY LOSS AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGYAkshay Goyal
Biodiversity reflects the variety of living organisms and how they interact in ecosystems. It is declining rapidly due to human activities like habitat loss, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. This biodiversity loss negatively impacts human well-being by reducing food security, water quality, and resilience to natural disasters. Four scenarios for the future were explored that consider different levels of globalization and approaches to environmental management. All scenarios found that biodiversity will continue declining due to expanding agriculture and shrinking forests. Protected areas and market-based conservation efforts can help slow this loss if carefully implemented.
Analysis of Occupational Hazard of Fish Smoking Among Fisher-Folks in Coastal...AI Publications
The study analyzed the occupational health hazards of fish smoking among fisher-folks in the coastal areas of Ondo State, Nigeria and further proffered strategies for their management and control. Fish smoking combines the effects of drying, heating, and smoking coupled with salting. The pre-treatment involves gutting, splitting and smoking using firewood. Smoking is the oldest, convectional and most common methods used where the heat from the fire dries the fish while chemicals from the smoke impregnate the flesh. Simple random sampling technique was used in the selection of 120 fisher-folks as sample size. Descriptive statistics were used for the objectives while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the hypotheses. Fish processing, the activities associated with fish and fish products between the time fish were caught or harvested, and the time the final product is delivered to the customer is fraught with potential hazards and risks which are categorized into occupational, environmental, food safety and public health. In the study area, it was observed that female dominated the processing sector (70%) and majority are married and educated up to secondary level. They have spent 5-10 years in the fish smoking business. Results of correlation showed that positive and significant relationship existed between occupational health hazards and income loss. Major occupational hazards recorded in the study areas are; redness and swelling of the eyes which is the commonest, chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, stress related health problems sting from fish spines, knife cuts, snake bites while fetching firewood (physical), parasitic and pathogenic infection (biological), hazards from disinfectant used (chemical), broken bones and dislocation, back strain (ergonomic), prolong work hour and high mental demand (psychosocial). Fish smoking also has some challenges. Fish industry stakeholders should therefore ensure that guidelines and policies which promote an environmentally friendly and sustainable industry are instituted and enforced.
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNAMahendra Pal
A rise in temperature as small as 1° C could have important and rapid effects on the geographical distributions and mortality of some organisms. The more mobile species should be able to adjust their ranges over time, but less mobile and sedentary species may not.There are many factors that can cause a warming of our climate; for example, more energy from the sun, large natural events such as El Nino or an increased greenhouse effect. Rising temperatures can directly affect the metabolism, life cycle, and behaviour of marine species. For many species, temperature serves as a cue for reproduction. Clearly, changes in sea temperature could affect their successful breeding. The number of male and female offspring is determined by temperature for marine turtles, as well as some fish and copepods (tiny shrimp-like animals on which many other marine animals feed). Changing climate could therefore skew sex ratios and threaten population survival.
IRREVERSIBLE? Climate Change, Fisherfolks, and the Coastal Communitymeih
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on coastal communities and fisheries in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines has extensive coastlines and coastal populations that are highly dependent on marine fisheries for food and livelihood. Climate change is expected to negatively impact coral reefs, fisheries, and coastal resources through rising sea levels, increased temperatures, and more extreme weather. This will threaten food security and biodiversity in the Philippines. The document also discusses observed shifts in species ranges and abundances due to ocean warming globally.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on aquatic environments and fish production. It outlines that human activities have increased greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, leading to global warming, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather. These climate changes negatively impact aquatic organisms by changing water and air temperatures and monsoon patterns. This disrupts fish production in aquaculture and marine systems. Adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed to reduce climate change impacts, including conservation efforts, education, population control, and integrating climate issues into economic planning.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on aquatic environments and fish production. It outlines that human activities have increased greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, leading to global warming, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather. These climate changes negatively impact aquatic organisms by changing water and air temperatures and monsoon patterns. Higher temperatures stress aquatic life and cause fish to migrate. Climate change also reduces primary productivity and disrupts marine, freshwater, and coral reef ecosystems. This decreases fish production in aquaculture and marine systems, threatening the economic viability of fishing communities. Adaptation efforts include conservation, education, population control, and integrating climate policies with economic planning.
Similar to Adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate change on quantity of fish caught in asari toru local government area of rivers state nigeria. (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024
Adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate change on quantity of fish caught in asari toru local government area of rivers state nigeria.
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Adaptive Mechanisms of Rural Fishermen Towards Climate
Change On Quantity of Fish Caught in Asari-toru Local
Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria.
Henry Unaeze 1* Adaba Ibim 2
1.Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture University of Port Harcourt
2.Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture University of Port Harcourt
*E-mail of the corresponding author: unaezehenry@yahoo.com
The research is financed by both authors
Abstract
This study investigated the adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate change on quantity of fish
caught in Asari-Toru Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. A purposive random sampling techniques
was employed in selecting 80 (eighty) respondents in the study area. Data obtained were analyzed using
descriptive statistics and net farm profit analysis. The results showed that majority (96%)of the respondents are
male and their mean age ranged between 36-40years with a percentage of 27.6% while 3.5% had fishing
experience ranging from 21-25years. Respondents employed building of sea walls, diversification to off-farm
activities and restoration of mangroves as means of adapting to climate change. These mechanism employed
improved their productivity and profitability with a net profit of N500, 455.1. The major problem encountered
(14.9%) was high cost of fishing materials. An integrated approach in problem solving through knowledge of the
existing adaptive mechanisms with adequate participation of the people is recommended.
Keywords: Adaptive Mechanism, Climate Change, Rural Fishermen, Fishing, Socio-economic Characteristics.
1. Introduction
Climate change in a narrow sense is the average weather condition of a place over a period of time (IPCC, 2007).
It can be said to be the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability in relevant physical quantities
over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The climate of an area can be
altered by several climatic forces such as accumulation of greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere by human
activities through combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. These climate forces by human activities has led
to climate change which is a change attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that alter the
composition of global atmosphere, and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over a
comparable time period. (IPCC, 2007). The effect of climate change may be physical, ecological, social or
economical. Evidence of observed climate changes by intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(2007)
includes the institutional temperature records, rising sea level and decreased snow cover in the northern
hemisphere. These effects of climate change have been observed to affect rural communities which are mostly
engaged in agricultural activities (Ikeme, 2009). In view of rural fishing as a vital occupation of the Riverine
area, it is obvious that fishing is the greatest threat to future global fish production as the effect of fishing and
climate interact in a number of ways, as fishing reduces the age, size, diversity of population and the biodiversity
of the marine ecosystem. It also causes damage or change in the biodiversity, demography, stock structure of
individual species, and direct or indirect changes in fishing communities. Fishes are a component of marine
ecosystem and the continuous development of a precautionary ecosystem-based approach that goes beyond
assessing and managing a few commercially important species provides a better basis for incorporating climate
induced changes (Brander, 2007).
Several international agencies, including the World Bank and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), have
programmes to help communities adapt to global warming such as developing policies to improve the resilience
of natural resources through assessment of risk and vulnerability, increasing awareness of climate change
impacts and strengthening key institutions such as weather forecasting and early warning systems. The World
Bank development Report (2010), shows that rebuilding overcapacity in fishing fleets, reducing greenhouse
gases emissions by fishing fleet and rebuilding fish stock can both improve resilience to climate change and
increase economic returns from marine capture fisheries by US$50 billion per year. Consequently, removal of
subsidies on fuel for fishing can have a double benefit by reducing emissions and preventing overfishing.
According to Brander (2007), it is difficult to provide detailed management and adaptive strategies for fisheries
due to the complexity and regional variability of marine ecosystem and their responses to climate change.
However, it is possible to suggest attributes of adaptation whose costs and benefits are essentially local and
natural such as restoration of mangrove forests which protects shorelines from erosion and provides breeding
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
grounds for fish while sequestering carbon, construction of dykes and sea walls to protect against rising sea level
and extreme weather such as floods, hurricane and storms.
1.1 Problem Statement
The major global trend that is climate related, that impact agricultural production is flood, drought, colder winter,
hotter summer and rising sea levels (Wiley, 2003). The fishing communities in Asari-Toru local government area
of Rivers State, Nigeria are subjected to sea level rise, flooding and storm which affects livelihood and fishing
activities.
Current environmental problems in the coastal areas of the country are flooding which comes from high rainfall,
run-off from rivers and urban chains, tidal movement and wind (Okeke, 2003). With this problem already
common, the issue of sea level rise occasioned by global climate will intensify flood and make it permanent, and
this may cause beach erosion and salinity distortion. The inundation arising from the sea level increases
problems of sea water intrusion into freshwater sources and ecosystem, destroying stabilizing systems as well as
mangrove and affecting agriculture, fisheries and general livelihood (Okali and Eleri, 2004).
Flooding of low-lying areas in the Niger-Delta Region has been observed and its consequences such as loss of
fish, change in fish species, erosion of human habitat and land will have greater impacts on the welfare and the
livelihood of fishermen, most especially in terms of income realized from fishing activities. Flooding has also
led to the migration of some species of fishes to another location while some died, thus causing low productivity
and consequently reduced fish catch, poor protein diet and low standard of living (Barnett, 2007). This has also
increased the spread of different diseases like malaria, typhoid and so on among the fishing communities and
their households. At this point, it becomes pertinent to investigate the adaptive mechanisms adopted by
fishermen towards climate change in Asari-Toru Local government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria.
2 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the adaptive mechanisms of rural fishermen towards climate
change on the quantity of fish caught in Asari-toru local government area of Rivers State of Nigeria.
2.1 The Specific Objectives of this Study are to:
1.
Identify the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents in the study area.
2.
Identify how respondents adapt to climate change in their fishing activities in the study area.
3.
Determine the profitability level of the respondents in the study area.
4.
Identify the constraints encountered by the respondents in the study area.
3. Methodology
This study was conducted in some parts of Asari-toru local government area in Rivers state. The local
government Area lies within the transition zone of the Niger Delta Region. It is bounded by longitude 60 501E to
60 481E of Greenwich Meridian and latitude 40 401N to 40 501N of the Equator. The New Calabar River is the
major river that flows through this Local Government Area. It is a tidal river having a highly productive
mangrove community. The local Government Area is one of the twenty three (23) Local Government Areas of
Rivers State which was created out of Degema Local Government Area, during the regime of General Ibrahim
Badamosi Babangida on the 3rd of May 1989. The indigenes of the local government area are mainly involved in
fishing activities.
Asari-toru local Government Area is made up of fifteen (15) principal communities namely: Buguma, Ido,
Abalama, Krakrama, Tema, Angulama, Oproama, Sama, Ilelema, Okpo, Ifoko, Omekru-Ama, Omelane-Tariama,
Minama, and Sangana. Other satellite communities include; Ahikama, Elem-Bekinama, Ele-Ama, Mbiakafiama,
Elem Oproama, Jelly kiri, Abbia Iwoama, Opubenibo Kiri, Asembabokiri, Ekweboko, Sagbe kiri, Elem-Minama,
Elem-Ido, Captain Kiri, Elem-Sangana, Elem-Kalabari. These study site cuts across Buguma through Ido,
Abalama, Tema, Oproama, Sangama, Ifoko, Sama, Tombia, and Oluama. Purposive and Random sampling
techniques were employed for this study. This was to ensure a high degree of accuracy and a greater level of
precision in data collection. Ten (10) communities where fishing activities are mainly carried out were randomly
selected from the study area. A sample of eight (8) fishermen were randomly selected from each of the ten
communities namely: Buguma, Ido, Abalama, Tema, Oproama, Sangama, Ifoko, Sama Tombia and Oluama,
making a total sample size of eighty fishermen for the study.
3.1 Method and Technique for Data Analysis
Data obtained was analyzed using relevant econometric tools in order to achieve the specific objectives.
Objective 1, 2 and 4 were realized using frequency table and percentages while objective 3 was achieved by the
use of Net farm profit (NFP) in order to determine the profitability level of the fishing activities in the study area.
3.2 Model Specification
Net Farm Profit Analysis
TC
=
TVC + TFC
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3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
TR
GM
NFP
=
=
=
www.iiste.org
P x Q (kg) (Unit price of Fish product x Total Physical product)
TR-TVC
GM-TFC
4. Results and Discussion
Table 4.1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Fishermen in the Study Area
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Gender
77
96.2
Male
3
3.8
Age
9
2.5
20 - 25 years
10
12.5
26— 30 years
7
8.8
31 —35 years
77
27.6
36 —40 years
22
27.6
41—45 years
14
17.5
46 — 50 years
3
3.7
Single
15
18.8
Married
45
56.2
Divorced
8
3.8
Widowed
9
10.0
Separated
15
11.2
No formal education
9
11.2
First school leaving certificate
43
53.8
SSCE / WAEC / NECO
21
26.2
BSC/HND
6
9.5
OND/NCE
1
1.2
1—3
19
23.8
4—6
26
32.5
7—9
19
23.8
10 and above
16
20.0
5-10
21
26.2
11-15
11
13.8.
16-20
20
25.0
21-25
28
35.0
Female
Above 50 years
Marital Status
Educational Qualification
Household Size
Fishing Experience
Source: Field survey, 2013
Table 4.1 shows the distribution of the socio-economic characteristics of the fishermen in the study area. From
the table, the majority of the fishermen interviewed were males representing 96.2% while 3.8% were females.
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
This shows that men are mostly involved in fishing in the study area because they are much stronger and active
in carrying out the drudgery activities associated with fishing. More so, the productivity and profitability level of
fishing is at an increasing length due to their commitment in fishing and their capability in harvesting more fish
at an instant. Most men in the community also concluded that women are meant for domestic chores because
they hardly possess physical strength as they do. The percentage of the age ranges of the fishermen in the study
area were 2.5% for age range between 20-25 years, 12.5% for age range between 26-30 years, 8.8% for age
range between 31-35 years, 27.6% for age range of 36-40 years, 27.6% for age range of 41-45 years, 17.5% for
age range between 46-50 years and 3.7% for age range above 50 years. It was observed that the age of fishermen
in the study area have a positive effect on the profitability and productivity level of fishing activities because
most of the fishermen fell within the age ranges of 36 — 40 and 41 — 45years and were considered to be more
active in carrying out fishing activities.
In terms of marital status, 18.8% were single, 56.2% were married, 3.8% were divorced, 10.0%, were found
widowed and 11.2% were separated. This shows that those that are married constitute the highest percentage and
are therefore capable of producing more hands thereby reducing cost of labor and increasing productivity. The
educational qualifications of fishermen in the study area shows that 11.1% had no formal education,, 53.8% of
the fishermen had first school leaving certificate, 26.2% of them had SSCE/WAEC/NECO certificates, 7.5% had
BSC/HND, whereas 1.2% had OND/NCE. it was discovered that those with First School Leaving Certificate
constitutes the highest percentage of educational qualification. This shows that the rural fishermen lack a high
degree of adaptive mechanisms which will enable them cope with the effect of climate change as manifested in
flood, sea level rise which affects their productivity. Fishermen with household size ranging from 1 — 3 were
23.8%, those within the range of 4 — 6 were 32.5%, 23.8% were for those with household size ranging from 7
— 9 and 20% represented those with household size ranging from 10 and above. The household size within 4 —
6 had the highest percentage of 32.5 which signifies the reduction in cost associated with labor in fishing. The
fishermen concluded that their household size was enough as labor for their fishing activity has reduced the cost
of labor associated with fishing. Finally, the fishing experience of fishermen in the study area reveals that
fishermen within 5 — 10 years experience were 26.2%, those within 11 — 15 years were 13.8%, 16 — 20 years
were 25% and those who were within 21 — 2 years experience were 35.0%. Fishing experience is synonymous
with high productivity and profitability in fishing in the study area and the fishermen who fell within the range of
21 — 25years fishing experiences had the highest percentage of 35 and were considered to have a greater
knowledge of fishing and its associated problems and adaptive measures.
Table 4.2 Distribution of Adaptive Mechanisms Employed by the Respondents in the Study Area.
Adaptive Mechanisms Employed in the Study Area
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Building of sea walls
77
32.4
Diversification (that is Off-farm Business Activities)
63
26.5
Restoration and Expansion of Mangroves
52
21.8
Provision of safety nets
46
19.3
Total
238
100
Source: Field survey 2013.
Multiple Choice Responses Recorded.
Table 4.2 shows the adaptive mechanisms employed by fishermen in the study area. From the above table, 32.4%
of the respondents adapt to climate change by building sea walls while 26.5% adapt to climate change by
diversifying their fishing activities to other non-fishing activities to generate income. These adaptive
mechanisms was to prevent sea level rise and extreme weather as floods and storms and as a result of the fact
that the return from fishing activities was not what the respondents expected at that particular time, this made
them to resort for other petty income generating activities like selling of petroleum products, selling of drinks,
carpentry, molding of blocks and so on, in order to meet up their family needs. Also 21 .8% of the respondents
strongly stated that they adapt to climate change through restoration and expansion of mangroves. This adaptive
mechanism enables the fishermen to fish more, especially in times of excessive flooding in the study area, since
fishes tend to move to the mangroves in times of flooding and it also prevents shorelines from erosion. Trees
which make up the mangroves are being prevented from cutting down, because they provide an enabling
environment for fishes to breed and reproduce more, thus increasing productivity. Finally, provision of safety
nets is the least adaptive mechanism employed by fishermen in the study area. This is because safety nets are not
commonly used by fishermen in the study area. However, multiple responses was recorded since more than one
or two adaptive mechanisms were employed by each fisherman in the study area.
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5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 4.3 Shows the Profitability Level of the Respondents in the Study Area
Items
Gross Revenue Per Annum
Bait total cost
Sack or bags
Total labour payments
Hooks
Total Variable Cost (TVC)
Gross Margin (GM)
Fishing canoe
Paddle
Traps
Fishing Net
Machete
Lantern Cost
Torch light
Rates and others miscellaneous
Expenses
Total Fixed Cost (TFC)
Total Cost (TC)
Net Profit (NP)
Net Return on investment (NROI)
Source: Field Survey, 2013
Amount
amount in
Nnnaira:kobo
1,100,462
441.3924
150.0949
414762
8267.089
% Total Cost
0.074
0.025
69.13
1.378
423620.6
676,841.4
31731.01
750.4747
2279.747
17299.37
200.3165
88.48101
13.8038
125023.1
5.29
0.125
0.213
2.883
0.033
0.015
0.002
20.84
176386.3
600006.9
500,455.1
0.83
Table 3. shows that despite the vulnerability of fishermen to the effect of climate change, fishing venture is still
considered a lucrative and profitable business if properly manage and adaptive mechanism effectively employed
by the fishermen. On the table, the gross revenue per annum is N1,100,462 total variable cost is N423,620.6k
and gross margin is N676,841.4 which was calculated by subtracting the total variable cost incurred by the
fishermen from the gross revenue per annum. Total fixed cost incurred by fishermen is N176386.3 and total cost
incurred by the fishermen is N600006.9 which was calculated by the addition of total variable cost and total
fixed cost. The profitability ratio of fishing activities in the study area using the net from income was computed
to ascertain the extent of the profitability of the venture which is N500,455.1 and was calculated by subtracting
fixed cost from gross margin. The Net Return on Investment (NROI) of 83% (0.83) implies that the fishermen
return on an average 83k on every #1 invested in fishing. This shows that fishing in Asari -Toru Local
Government Area is highly profitable and economically rewarding. The profitability level of fishing among the
fishermen in the study area was determined by the various adaptive mechanisms they employed, the age, years of
fishing experience, gender and household size of the fishermen in the study area.
Table 4.4 Distributions of Respondents According to the Constraints Encountered
in the Study
Area.
S/N
Problems encountered
Frequency
Percentage (%)
1
High cost of fishing material
79
14.9
2
Incidence of oil spillage
76
14.3
3
Flooding due to sea level rise
72
13.5
4
Spoilage during storage
71
13.4
5
Lack of government assistance
66
12.5
6
Inadequate fishing materials
57
10.8
7
Problem of equipment preservation
51
9.6
8
Scarcity of technical expert
37
7.0
9
High cost of transportation
21
4.0
TOTAL
530
100
Source: Field survey, 2013
Multiple Choice Responses Recorded.
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6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
The above table 4.4 shows the constraints encountered by the fishermen in the study area. High cost of fishing
material was the highest problem that militates against fishing activities of the fishermen with a percentage of
14.9%. The fishermen complained that high cost of fishing materials has resulted to ineffective and inefficient
work and finally low productivity. Other severe problems strongly stated were incidence of oil spillage (14.3%).
Oil spillage was another critical challenge to the fishermen. In The Niger Delta oil production has greatly
affected fishing activity negatively, because of oil spillage and theft which are responsible for oil pollutions in
rivers, lakes, ocean,creeks and streams thereby leading to high rate of fish mortality and eventually decline in
productivity. Flooding due to sea level rise accounted for 13.5% of the problem encountered by respondents in
the study area. It was observed that flooding was another problem faced by the respondents.This flooding results
to loss of fish from rivers and eventually results to low fish catches which declines productivity, and affects
farmers standarded of living negatively as well as increased spread of diseases among the respondents and their
households. 13.4% of the respondents identified spoilage during storage as a problem because, inadequate
storage facilities increases detoriation of fish products. Lack of government assistance which was another
critical problem made credits unavailable to respondents to augment their equity capital which resulted to
inadequate acquisition of fishing materials for effective and efficient fishing. In addition, due to the high demand
for collateral to obtain loans, fishermen have not been able to acquire loans from banks. Fishing materials is a
major determinant of productivity and profitability of any fishing venture. However, 10.8% of the fishermen
complained of inadequate fishing materials which deprive them from going to fish because they feel that they
will not harvest much fish needed for their consumption and sale. This eventually leads to poor supply of
sufficient fish needed by the consumers, which is an essential protein source needed by them. Inadequate fishing
material as complained by them leads to low productivity and ineffective fisheries management. Finally the
problem of equipment maintenance was also strongly stated by the fishermen in the study because it provides
them with little or no equipment for fishing. However, the problems of the fishermen were collated using
multiple responses because each fisherman had more than a single problem.
5. Conclusion
This research have been able to prove that the rural dwellers of Asari-Toru Local Government Area of River
State are faced with myriads of environmental problems caused by climate change in their fishing activities
which is revealed in the occurrence of sea level rise, flooding, storm, drought are so on and thus they have been
able to adopt different adaptive mechanisms such as restoration and expansion of mangroves, diversification
(off-farm activities), building of sea walls and the use of safety nets to these effects in order to improve or
maintain the productivity and profitability level in their fishing venture.
References
Barnett, J. (2007). “Food Security and Climate Change in the Southern Pacific”. FAO Rome.
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