These are the slides of a presentation I was invited to give at the Cattle Association of Veterinary Ireland (CAVI) at their annual conference, held in Galway, Ireland. The presentation deals with economics of production diseases.
This document discusses the economics of animal diseases through several modeling approaches. It begins by outlining how animal diseases can cost 10% of gross production and 40-50% of net income on farms. It then discusses various modeling techniques that can be used to study the economics, including simulation and optimization models. Specific examples are provided on partial budgeting, cost-benefit analysis, and decision tree analysis. The document also provides background on foot-and-mouth disease and describes an epidemic simulation model that was developed to evaluate control strategies for outbreaks.
Economics of animal health: A little theory and some applicationsHenk Hogeveen
At the moment I am in Kenya, at a site visit of Dr Esther Wafula, who is doing a PhD with us in Utrecht. Today I gave a presentation at KARI, the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute. This is a huge institute, consisting of more than 3000 people. People responsible for animal health work both from KARI as well as the University of Nairobi were present.
The presentation has quite some overlap with the one I gave last year in Kupang. However, I added some new figures about the complexity of management as well as the first research results of Dr Wafula: costs of trypanosomosis.
Veterinary public health administration and organisationAneesha K N
This document discusses veterinary public health administration and organization. It describes key veterinary public health activities including addressing zoonotic diseases, food safety inspection, and environmental protection. It outlines the roles of public health teams at the local, district and national levels. The document also discusses planning and implementing veterinary public health programs in India, including constraints around resources, infrastructure and inter-sectoral collaboration. Effective veterinary public health requires an interdisciplinary approach and continued development given emerging issues.
Antibiotic resistance is a complex public health issue that requires a One Health approach. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment has contributed to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A holistic, multisectoral response is needed that promotes prudent antibiotic use and prevents infection across human, animal, agricultural, and environmental domains.
The document discusses the evolving scope of veterinary public health (VPH) in the 21st century. It defines VPH as applying veterinary skills and knowledge to protect and improve human health. VPH involves preventing zoonotic diseases and ensuring food safety. It is multidisciplinary, involving veterinarians, physicians, and other professionals. The scope of VPH has expanded and now includes areas like epidemiology, biomedical research, and the human-animal bond. Changes in farming, food production, trade, and emerging diseases are reshaping the priorities of VPH. Maintaining services in a climate of reduced resources and rapid change will require flexibility, coordination between groups, and evidence-based decision making.
The document provides an overview of the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It discusses the evolution and key concepts of One Health, including how it addresses important issues like zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety in an integrated way. Specific zoonotic diseases that have been targets of the One Health approach in India are also highlighted, such as rabies, henipaviruses, and Japanese encephalitis. The document emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration across human, animal, and environmental health to tackle these challenges.
This document discusses the economics of animal diseases through several modeling approaches. It begins by outlining how animal diseases can cost 10% of gross production and 40-50% of net income on farms. It then discusses various modeling techniques that can be used to study the economics, including simulation and optimization models. Specific examples are provided on partial budgeting, cost-benefit analysis, and decision tree analysis. The document also provides background on foot-and-mouth disease and describes an epidemic simulation model that was developed to evaluate control strategies for outbreaks.
Economics of animal health: A little theory and some applicationsHenk Hogeveen
At the moment I am in Kenya, at a site visit of Dr Esther Wafula, who is doing a PhD with us in Utrecht. Today I gave a presentation at KARI, the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute. This is a huge institute, consisting of more than 3000 people. People responsible for animal health work both from KARI as well as the University of Nairobi were present.
The presentation has quite some overlap with the one I gave last year in Kupang. However, I added some new figures about the complexity of management as well as the first research results of Dr Wafula: costs of trypanosomosis.
Veterinary public health administration and organisationAneesha K N
This document discusses veterinary public health administration and organization. It describes key veterinary public health activities including addressing zoonotic diseases, food safety inspection, and environmental protection. It outlines the roles of public health teams at the local, district and national levels. The document also discusses planning and implementing veterinary public health programs in India, including constraints around resources, infrastructure and inter-sectoral collaboration. Effective veterinary public health requires an interdisciplinary approach and continued development given emerging issues.
Antibiotic resistance is a complex public health issue that requires a One Health approach. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment has contributed to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A holistic, multisectoral response is needed that promotes prudent antibiotic use and prevents infection across human, animal, agricultural, and environmental domains.
The document discusses the evolving scope of veterinary public health (VPH) in the 21st century. It defines VPH as applying veterinary skills and knowledge to protect and improve human health. VPH involves preventing zoonotic diseases and ensuring food safety. It is multidisciplinary, involving veterinarians, physicians, and other professionals. The scope of VPH has expanded and now includes areas like epidemiology, biomedical research, and the human-animal bond. Changes in farming, food production, trade, and emerging diseases are reshaping the priorities of VPH. Maintaining services in a climate of reduced resources and rapid change will require flexibility, coordination between groups, and evidence-based decision making.
The document provides an overview of the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It discusses the evolution and key concepts of One Health, including how it addresses important issues like zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety in an integrated way. Specific zoonotic diseases that have been targets of the One Health approach in India are also highlighted, such as rabies, henipaviruses, and Japanese encephalitis. The document emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration across human, animal, and environmental health to tackle these challenges.
The One Health approach recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. It aims to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment through collaboration across multiple disciplines. Key agencies like FAO, OIE, and WHO have developed strategic frameworks to foster cooperation between sectors. Case studies demonstrate how delayed or lack of coordination between human and animal health sectors increased costs and impacted control of diseases like Nipah virus. Antimicrobial resistance is another issue that requires a One Health approach.
Bias refers to a systematic distortion of results or inferences due to some factor in the design or conduct of the study. Some common types of bias include:
- Selection bias - Systematic differences between those selected for the study versus those who were not selected.
- Information bias - Errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. For example, recall bias if cases remember past exposures differently than controls.
- Confounding - The effect of an extraneous variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest.
- Observer bias - When observers or investigators influence the results through their expectations or preferences.
- Attrition bias - Systematic differences between those lost to follow up versus those who completed the study.
The document discusses various approaches for the prevention, control, and eradication of zoonotic diseases. It begins by explaining that the key concept is breaking the chain of transmission by controlling animal reservoirs, transmission routes, and immunizing susceptible hosts. It then defines and provides examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in animals. Control strategies aim to reduce illness prevalence by targeting epidemiologically weak links. Eradication aims to permanently eliminate an infectious agent from a defined population. Methods discussed include quarantine, testing and slaughter, vaccination, vector control, reservoir control, early diagnosis, and improving hygiene and the environment. Factors important for disease control programs include veterinary infrastructure, diagnostic feasibility, surveillance, cooperation, and availability
Small Ruminant Developmental programmes- An overviewDr Pranav Kumar
Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."
Animal Disease Ecology and Amp; TransmissionPerez Eric
1. Animal disease ecology and transmission involves the study of how diseases spread between animals and their environments. Key concepts include reservoirs, where pathogens live and multiply; ports of exit, how pathogens leave an infected host; and modes of transmission, how pathogens are passed between hosts.
2. Many factors can influence disease emergence and spread, including climate change, land use changes, increased animal densities, and globalization. Climate change can alter disease patterns by changing temperatures and rainfall in ways that increase vector populations. Changes in land use and encroachment on animal habitats can increase contact between wildlife and livestock.
3. Integrated policies are needed to address socioeconomic, institutional, and production factors that influence disease risks at the
Presented by Sothyra Tum (FAO) to the Progress Meeting on Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in the South East Asian Region, Bangkok, 10-13 December 2011.
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food securityILRI
The document discusses trends in the global livestock sector and the role of smallholder producers in developing countries. It makes three key points:
1) Demand for animal-source foods will continue rising significantly in developing countries, where most production already occurs among smallholder farmers who both produce and consume locally.
2) Smallholder livestock systems present opportunities to address technical constraints around health, feed, genetics, and markets to boost production in a sustainable way that benefits livelihoods.
3) Coordinated efforts to improve smallholder and commercial systems can expand the supply of animal-source foods while transforming rural development.
1) The document discusses several zoonotic diseases including West Nile virus, rabies, and brucellosis. It describes the pathogens, transmission cycles between animals and humans, clinical manifestations in humans, and national surveillance efforts.
2) For diseases like rabies and brucellosis, the national surveillance involves mandatory reporting of human cases, monitoring of infected animals, and collaboration between human and veterinary agencies.
3) One health approaches discussed include integrating epidemiological data between human and veterinary fields to more rapidly detect and respond to zoonotic outbreaks.
This document discusses the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It notes that zoonotic diseases pose a large disease burden, especially in developing countries, and factors like human encroachment on wildlife habitats, intensive farming, and increased travel and trade have contributed to the emergence and spread of diseases. The One Health approach aims to promote cross-sectoral collaboration between medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals to achieve optimal health outcomes. Key organizations promoting One Health include WHO, FAO, OIE, and CDC. While India has started some One Health initiatives, more coordination is still needed between its medical and veterinary colleges to address zoonotic threats.
Disease ecology in multi-host systems at wildlife/livestock interfaces: Conce...ILRI
Presented by Caron, A., Gaidet, N., Cappelle, J., Miguel, E., Cornelis, D., Grosbois, V. and De Garine-Wichatitksy, M. at the open seminar to ILRI, Nairobi, 10 June 2015
Opportunities and constraints in pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock systems...ILRI
Presented by Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Mounir Louhaichi and Isabelle Baltenweck at the Euro Tier Middle East 2019 Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2-4 September 2019
Mastitis has major economic impacts on dairy farms through reduced milk production, increased costs of treatment and discarded milk, and higher risks of culling. While the total industry cost in the US is estimated at $1.7-2 billion annually, the costs vary significantly between farms depending on factors like mastitis incidence and pathogen. Precisely quantifying mastitis costs is challenging due to variations in factors like milk prices and treatment costs over time and between regions. Improving estimates of farm-specific mastitis costs through modeling that accounts for this variability could help motivate farmers to invest more in mastitis prevention and control.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
Artificial Insemination Experiences in EthiopiaILRI
The document discusses artificial insemination (AI) services in Ethiopia. It provides background on the history and successes of AI in Ethiopia, along with ongoing limitations. It identifies principles for effective AI services and describes current AI service delivery by the government and NGOs. Major constraints include lack of planning, unreliable supplies and transportation, and lack of performance monitoring. Emerging options to improve services include farmer associations and private businesses like ALPPIS, which trains technicians, imports semen, and provides advisory services. ALPPIS has seen increasing demand and good pregnancy rates in its initial operations. Challenges remain around private sector participation and meeting growing demand.
Animals provide many benefits to humans, including food, materials, and assistance. Silk worms produce silk fibers, which are used to make bright and light fabrics for clothing and parachutes. Bees produce honey for food and wax for candles. Lac insects are used to make bangles, toys, and jewelry. Biological control uses predators, parasites, and pheromones to control pests. Marine protozoans and mollusk shells are sources of materials. Snakes control rat populations and their skins are used in accessories. Birds and fish are sources of meat. Mammals provide milk, help with agriculture and transportation. In summary, animals play an important economic and practical role for humans in many industries and applications.
The One Health approach recognizes that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected. It aims to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment through collaboration across multiple disciplines. Key agencies like FAO, OIE, and WHO have developed strategic frameworks to foster cooperation between sectors. Case studies demonstrate how delayed or lack of coordination between human and animal health sectors increased costs and impacted control of diseases like Nipah virus. Antimicrobial resistance is another issue that requires a One Health approach.
Bias refers to a systematic distortion of results or inferences due to some factor in the design or conduct of the study. Some common types of bias include:
- Selection bias - Systematic differences between those selected for the study versus those who were not selected.
- Information bias - Errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. For example, recall bias if cases remember past exposures differently than controls.
- Confounding - The effect of an extraneous variable that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest.
- Observer bias - When observers or investigators influence the results through their expectations or preferences.
- Attrition bias - Systematic differences between those lost to follow up versus those who completed the study.
The document discusses various approaches for the prevention, control, and eradication of zoonotic diseases. It begins by explaining that the key concept is breaking the chain of transmission by controlling animal reservoirs, transmission routes, and immunizing susceptible hosts. It then defines and provides examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in animals. Control strategies aim to reduce illness prevalence by targeting epidemiologically weak links. Eradication aims to permanently eliminate an infectious agent from a defined population. Methods discussed include quarantine, testing and slaughter, vaccination, vector control, reservoir control, early diagnosis, and improving hygiene and the environment. Factors important for disease control programs include veterinary infrastructure, diagnostic feasibility, surveillance, cooperation, and availability
Small Ruminant Developmental programmes- An overviewDr Pranav Kumar
Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."
Animal Disease Ecology and Amp; TransmissionPerez Eric
1. Animal disease ecology and transmission involves the study of how diseases spread between animals and their environments. Key concepts include reservoirs, where pathogens live and multiply; ports of exit, how pathogens leave an infected host; and modes of transmission, how pathogens are passed between hosts.
2. Many factors can influence disease emergence and spread, including climate change, land use changes, increased animal densities, and globalization. Climate change can alter disease patterns by changing temperatures and rainfall in ways that increase vector populations. Changes in land use and encroachment on animal habitats can increase contact between wildlife and livestock.
3. Integrated policies are needed to address socioeconomic, institutional, and production factors that influence disease risks at the
Presented by Sothyra Tum (FAO) to the Progress Meeting on Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases in the South East Asian Region, Bangkok, 10-13 December 2011.
The Role of the Veterinarian in One Health ProgramDr. Fakhar
Today’s veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and needs of every species of animal and they also play a critical role in environmental protection, food safety, animal welfare and public health.
Presented By:
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: fakharealam786@hotmail.com
Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food securityILRI
The document discusses trends in the global livestock sector and the role of smallholder producers in developing countries. It makes three key points:
1) Demand for animal-source foods will continue rising significantly in developing countries, where most production already occurs among smallholder farmers who both produce and consume locally.
2) Smallholder livestock systems present opportunities to address technical constraints around health, feed, genetics, and markets to boost production in a sustainable way that benefits livelihoods.
3) Coordinated efforts to improve smallholder and commercial systems can expand the supply of animal-source foods while transforming rural development.
1) The document discusses several zoonotic diseases including West Nile virus, rabies, and brucellosis. It describes the pathogens, transmission cycles between animals and humans, clinical manifestations in humans, and national surveillance efforts.
2) For diseases like rabies and brucellosis, the national surveillance involves mandatory reporting of human cases, monitoring of infected animals, and collaboration between human and veterinary agencies.
3) One health approaches discussed include integrating epidemiological data between human and veterinary fields to more rapidly detect and respond to zoonotic outbreaks.
This document discusses the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It notes that zoonotic diseases pose a large disease burden, especially in developing countries, and factors like human encroachment on wildlife habitats, intensive farming, and increased travel and trade have contributed to the emergence and spread of diseases. The One Health approach aims to promote cross-sectoral collaboration between medical, veterinary, and environmental professionals to achieve optimal health outcomes. Key organizations promoting One Health include WHO, FAO, OIE, and CDC. While India has started some One Health initiatives, more coordination is still needed between its medical and veterinary colleges to address zoonotic threats.
Disease ecology in multi-host systems at wildlife/livestock interfaces: Conce...ILRI
Presented by Caron, A., Gaidet, N., Cappelle, J., Miguel, E., Cornelis, D., Grosbois, V. and De Garine-Wichatitksy, M. at the open seminar to ILRI, Nairobi, 10 June 2015
Opportunities and constraints in pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock systems...ILRI
Presented by Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Mounir Louhaichi and Isabelle Baltenweck at the Euro Tier Middle East 2019 Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2-4 September 2019
Mastitis has major economic impacts on dairy farms through reduced milk production, increased costs of treatment and discarded milk, and higher risks of culling. While the total industry cost in the US is estimated at $1.7-2 billion annually, the costs vary significantly between farms depending on factors like mastitis incidence and pathogen. Precisely quantifying mastitis costs is challenging due to variations in factors like milk prices and treatment costs over time and between regions. Improving estimates of farm-specific mastitis costs through modeling that accounts for this variability could help motivate farmers to invest more in mastitis prevention and control.
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Presented by Hung Nguyen-Viet and Jakob Zinsstag at a technical workshop of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) regional initiative on One Health, Bangkok, Thailand, 11–13 October 2017.
Artificial Insemination Experiences in EthiopiaILRI
The document discusses artificial insemination (AI) services in Ethiopia. It provides background on the history and successes of AI in Ethiopia, along with ongoing limitations. It identifies principles for effective AI services and describes current AI service delivery by the government and NGOs. Major constraints include lack of planning, unreliable supplies and transportation, and lack of performance monitoring. Emerging options to improve services include farmer associations and private businesses like ALPPIS, which trains technicians, imports semen, and provides advisory services. ALPPIS has seen increasing demand and good pregnancy rates in its initial operations. Challenges remain around private sector participation and meeting growing demand.
Animals provide many benefits to humans, including food, materials, and assistance. Silk worms produce silk fibers, which are used to make bright and light fabrics for clothing and parachutes. Bees produce honey for food and wax for candles. Lac insects are used to make bangles, toys, and jewelry. Biological control uses predators, parasites, and pheromones to control pests. Marine protozoans and mollusk shells are sources of materials. Snakes control rat populations and their skins are used in accessories. Birds and fish are sources of meat. Mammals provide milk, help with agriculture and transportation. In summary, animals play an important economic and practical role for humans in many industries and applications.
People, livestock, trade and animal disease: How can we improve the managemen...marketsblog
Presentation by Dr Jonathan Rushton of the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, at the Enhancing Safe Inter-regional Livestock Trade held at Dubai, UAE, 13-16 June 2011.
Economic farm figures and the milk quotumHenk Hogeveen
I was invited by veterinary practise 't Leijdal (Chaam, the Netherlands) to give a presentation to their farmers. At the moment, the milk quota in the EU is abandoned. Many farmers think it is "liberation day". However, there will be a higher demand for their stockmanship and economic enterpreneurship. I gave a few ideas what will be important. Production per cow per day will become essential and due to the higher value of milk production losses, animal diseases wil lhave larger economic consequences
Chameleons are lizards that can change color. They have long tongues to capture prey from a distance. A chameleon's color changes depending on its mood - it is pale green when sleeping and dark green when excited or in danger. Chameleons eat insects. Animals like carabao help farmers by pulling plows and carts. Animals provide many benefits to humans like food, materials, transportation, and help in agriculture. We should take care of animals by providing them with food, water, shelter, and not disturbing them.
Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk such as being more compatible and nourishing for people with cow milk allergies. It is also non-mucus forming and helps neutralize mucus. Goat milk is similar to human breast milk in composition and contains healing enzymes and a superior form of calcium. Keeping accurate farm records is important for sheep and goat farms for management, performance evaluation, genetic selection, and health purposes. Developing countries contain the majority of the world's small ruminant populations and production.
This document discusses the structure of cereal grains and legumes. It describes the anatomy of wheat, barley, rice, corn, oats, rye, and soybeans. It explains that cereal grains come from domesticated grasses and have similar anatomical features, including an outer bran layer and inner endosperm. For each grain, it provides details on size, shape, uses, and images of spikes and kernels. It also includes composition tables comparing the protein, fat, fiber and carbohydrate content of different grains and legumes.
Economic analysis for different levels of decision makingHenk Hogeveen
I was invited to give a keynote presentation for the German languaged Epidemiology meeting which was held last week in Zurich, Switzerland. My presentation gave an overview of the decision problem in animal health and gives some examples of economic analyses that have been made at different levels of decision making. Specific items were: dry cow therapy, Q fever and BSE
Animal health economics and precision farmingHenk Hogeveen
Last week I was at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Indonesia. The goal was to do a field visit on the Avian Influenza project we have together with IPB, Wageningen University and Utrecht University.
I was invited at three groups to present something about my research: Animal health economics and precision farming. I have provided some generic background about animal health economics, but also gave some examples of work we did i normative modelling and empirical modelling and showed developments in the field that we call precision livestock farming. The presentation here, is the combination of all three presentation. So it contains a large number of slides.
Balancing antibiotic treatment with regard to mastitisHenk Hogeveen
These are the sildes of a presentation I gave at the NMC Annual Meeting, held in Fort Worth Texas on January 27, 2014. I was asked to tell something on the economics of mastitis treatment. I broadened that to balancing. Economics is about optimization, but nowadays in antibiotic treatment in animals factors such as animal welfare and a reduction in the use of antibiotics play also a role. The farmer and the veterinary advisor have to balance this. The presentation aims at setting up spreadsheet to support decision making
Precision dairy farming: how to make it work on the farmHenk Hogeveen
Today I will give a wrap-up presentation at the 2nd North American Precision Dairy Farming Conference, held in Rochester MN, and excelently organized by the University of Minnesota (under leadership or Marcia Endres).
In this presentation I provide the factors that are crucial for a proper pick-up of precision dairy farming applications and I link them to examples of succesful and less successful attempts.
New developments in the Dutch dairy sectorHenk Hogeveen
This was the opening presentation I gave at the 2014 Congress of the LIvestock Health and Production Group of the South African Veterinary Association. The organization asked me to give an overview of recent developments in the Dutch dairy sector. i have chose to pick three developments that are, in my opinion, interesting for veterinarians: 1. the ongoing automation of the sector, 2. the abolisment of the quota system (and a little background) and 3. the reduced use of antibiotics.
This is the second presentation I was invited to give at the CAVI conference held in Galway, Ireland on October 12. it deals with precision dairy farming. A field that is coming up and growing in importance in modern dairy farming
Cows in the cloud, Down to earth, 8-9 September 2015Claudia Kamphuis
Farming involves entrepreneurship, setting milestones and preparing for the future. In addition, farming is continuously subject to change, due to growth, society, regulations, finance, subsidy, etc. Therefore solid advice is key for a sustainable, profitable and enjoyable future in farming. A variety of speakers from different disciplines will share interesting insights and knowledge to help you in supporting farmers to reach their chosen milestones.
Associations between farmer participation in veterinary herd health programs ...Henk Hogeveen
As you might know from me already, veterinary herd health and management programs are an important part of the activities of production animal vets in the Netherlands. The final presentation I gave at the Livestock Production and Health group of the South African Veterinary Assocation in Skukuza was summarizing the PhD work of Marjolein Derks (who will defend her thesis on June 26). There are some interesting findings from this work.
The economics of an infectious disease outbreak: Using the European Q Fever e...Henk Hogeveen
The Q fever outbreak a number of years was quite devastating. Human health was affected and this lead to quite some stringent measures to guarantee the prevention of transmission from goats to humans. Maaike Gonggrijp, for her MSc work, made an interesting quantitative value chain analysis. For the Livestock Production and Health group of the South African Veterinary Assocation, I used that work to present in the small ruminant session.
Effect of sensor systems on production, health, reproduction and economic res...Henk Hogeveen
This study investigated the effects of sensor systems on Dutch dairy farms in terms of milk production, udder health, reproduction, and economics. Data was collected from 512 farms with and without sensors from 2003-2013. Farms with automatic milking systems (AMS) or cow management systems (CMS) that used sensors for mastitis and estrus detection were compared with farms without sensors. The results showed lower somatic cell counts on CMS farms after sensor investment, but higher counts on AMS farms. Sensor use did not improve reproduction performance. Capital costs increased for AMS farms after investment, but no effects on labor costs were observed. In conclusion, sensor investment was associated with improved udder health on CMS farms but not other measured outcomes.
Current status and future challenges in mastitis researchHenk Hogeveen
A couple of years ago, we gathered with 9 individual mastitis experts, to freely discuss issues around mastitis.
One of the results was an overview paper on the current status and future challenges of mastitis research. It was presented at the 50th anniversary Annual Meeting of the NMC (www.nmconline.org). These are the slides of this presentation, given by Joe Hogan and myself.
Economic side of veterinary work: practical applicationsHenk Hogeveen
This is the second invited presentation I gave in Bangkok at the 38th ICVS. It provides a number of examples of economic calculations to support veterinary decisions at various levels.
The stochastic modeling to estimate the economic consequences of reproductive...Chaidate Inchaisri
This document summarizes a stochastic simulation model developed to calculate the economic consequences of reproductive performance in individual dairy cows. The model considers factors like parity, milk production, health, and lactation stage that influence cow reproduction. It simulates a cow's reproductive cycle on a weekly time-step over her lifespan, tracking milk yield, first ovulation, estrous detection, insemination, conception, culling if not pregnant by 40 weeks postpartum. The model is validated and used to calculate economic losses under excellent and realistic scenarios. Sensitivity analysis identifies conception rate, estrous detection rate, and voluntary waiting period as having large effects on economics. Next steps include identifying which cow factor combinations result in high vs. low economic outcomes.
Dr. Daniel Linhares - Economics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae EliminationJohn Blue
Economics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Elimination - Dr. Daniel Linhares, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Want it more automatic, accurate and faster? For milking robots (also called AMS, VMS, robotic milking) or for laboratories?
Try Ekomilk-AMP which includes Ekomilk Horizon, AMP and AMPI Sample Feeder:
http://animalmonitoring.com/
With Wifi, Bluetooth, barcode reader and RFID support, USB, ...
Youtube intro video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE3_XrkW7rI
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Ekomilk Scan+ for milk producers and veterinarians provides accurate and quick somatic cell count (SCC) per quarter, per cow and for the dairy herd at only around 0.04$/test. With somatic cell measurement and monitoring (thanks to the included software), udder inflammation “mastitis” of milk cows can be detected at an early stage and udder health can be improved. In turn, milk production and quality (also important for dairy processing like cheese and yoghurt) can be improved at the dairy farm. Ekomilk Scan is a cost-effective and easy-to-use digital cell meter (counter) which also helps reducing laboratory costs. It is important to avoid a too high cell level in the milk tank.
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Mastitis is the most prevalent production disease for dairy cows, impacting animal welfare, the environment, and farm economics. While previous research has estimated mastitis costs in the US and Europe, similar cost estimations were needed for the South African dairy industry. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the relationship between preventive and failure costs of mastitis on South African dairy farms in order to help farmers make better mastitis prevention and treatment decisions. A questionnaire was sent to 1,700 South African dairy farmers to collect data on general farm information, cow factors, and environmental factors. Multiple regression and data envelopment analysis were used to analyze relationships between costs and prevention measures, determine which measures should be taken, and
Sensor technologies in the milking parlour, can they replace or complement hu...Claudia Kamphuis
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This document discusses whether technology pays for itself in dairy farming. It provides an overview of the history of sensor use on dairy farms since the 1970s and their increasing adoption. Success factors for precision technology include system specifications that provide useful information, cost efficiency where benefits outweigh costs, and non-economic factors like risk tolerance. Studies show sensor systems for mastitis and estrus detection can increase productivity and profitability on farms, though their benefits are not always fully realized in practice due to limited use of sensor information and farmer attitudes. In conclusion, sensors have the potential to improve farms economically and enhance dairy cattle welfare but not all systems may be cost-effective.
I was invited by Study club Morgen (tomorrow), a group of progressive (larger) Dutch dairy farmers to present at their annual meeting about cattle replacement decisions. Core of my presentation is that young stock rearing is more costly than you think. Given the Dutch phosphate laws (that are now developed), the costs will only increase. Think about the need for replacement: how many of your cows do need to be replaced and based upon that, think about numbers of young stock to raise. Do raise the young stock good.
I just gave a opening keynote on the North American Precision dairy farming conference. I showed some data that we recently collected on the use of sensor systems and the effects of these systems on farm performance.
Inaugural address: Management of animal healthHenk Hogeveen
Inaugural address. On June 4, I gave my inaugural address, entitled Optimal management of animal health: Balancing between the interests of farmers and society.
Although that event is quite ceremonial, nowadays slides are used to support the address. However, the slides are merely illustrations than very informative.
Last week I gave a presentation about the costs of mastitis at a symposium organized by the Dutch farm magazine Boerderij in co-operation with GD Animal Health Service. The title of the symposium was: Gezonde melkveehouderij (healthy dairy farming). I was asked to present the effects of the abolishment of the milk quota on costs of mastitis. Costs of mastitis do increase with more than 50 % because of the liberalized milk market in the EU. Besides that, I asked attention for preventive costs and failure costs of mastitis. The farmers are the ones that have to find the optimal balance and farm-specific economic calculations can help them with those decisions.
Economic consequences of reproductive performance in dairy cattle Henk Hogeveen
This document summarizes the economic consequences of reproductive performance in dairy cattle. It finds that the optimal voluntary waiting period before starting inseminations varies depending on cow factors and economic considerations, but is generally less than 10 weeks for 90% of cows. The optimal time to stop inseminating cows is between 10-16 months postpartum based on models of declining conception probabilities over time. Accounting for factors like parity, months in milk, milk production level, and previous insemination attempts provides a more accurate assessment of when insemination value turns negative.
Bel Leerdammer, an important cheese producer in the Netherlands is working on the welfare of cows of farmers that deliver milk to them. To work on claw health they have initiated a claw health course for their farmers. A pilot version of that course is now being set up by Martien van Bostelen and Rinus van Wijck. They have asked me to do something on the economics of claw health. Besides the use of a calculation tool, I have explained the economics of claw health during a presentation. These are the slides I used during that presentation.
These are slides (in Dutch) of a presentation I gave at a dairy farmers study club in Alphen (Brabant), the Netherlands. It combines the most important findings of the work of Chaidate Inchaisri and the investment analysis of Niels Rutten on activity meters. Besides it shows the possibilities of using farm-specific tools to calculate costs of reproduction.
I was invited by a Dutch organization for farm advisors (Vereniging voor Agrarische Bedrijfsadviseurs; vab; www.vabnet.nl) to give a presentation as start for a discussion on improving the effectivity of farm advise by co-operation between advisors. The presentation contains a description of the main farm advisors and some cases where advises might deviate from eachother. In my opinion co-operatoin between farm advisors is necessary to improve the effectivity of advise. The farmer is the one that has to be in charge. However, not all farmers are able to do that (not yet at least), so there is room for support of these farmers.
Monday April 22, 2013, the Veterinary Cattle Breeders Club (VVFC; www.veefokkers.com) did organize a symposium on the end of the milk quota era in the EU. Three speakers were invited: one on the history (Mr ketelaars), one on the farmers view (Kees Romijn, LTO) and one on the effects for the veterinary business (me). In my analysis I have distinguished three effects: 1: more variation in milk prices; and thus on the state of mind of your clients. 2. an effect on the seize on thefarm, which has cosequences for the returns of a veterinary practise, becacuse larger farms spend less money per cow on veterinary services. The challenges is how to deal with that. I think that there are opportunities, but veterinary practises have to become entrepeneurs, think about new "products"to market to their clients (and to new clients) and 3 the costs of animal diseases will increase quite a lot because the costs of milk production losses will become higher. This opens opportunities for more prevetnive medicine.
Consequences of farmers' interpretation of mastitis alerts in automatic milkingHenk Hogeveen
These are the slides that I used to present research work of Klaske Buma (at that time student Veterinary Medicine at Utrecht University). Klaske has collected data on 7 Dutch farms that used an automatic milking system. She followed the farmers in their interpretation of mastitis alerts. The farmers behaviuor and the consequences of that behaviour are presented
A presentation (in Dutch) I gave for the expert meeting that the KNMvD (Royal Dutch Veterinary Association) group on Bovine health, held on January 22, 2013. I presented some recent data on costs of young stock raising, variation between farmers and those areas in young stock raising where most opportunities are lying to improve.
The economic side of veterinary work: theoretical considerationsHenk Hogeveen
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2012 11-27 de laval economics automatic milkingHenk Hogeveen
This document discusses the economic considerations of investing in automatic milking systems on dairy farms. It reviews several studies that have examined the costs and benefits of automatic milking systems compared to conventional milking systems. The studies show that automatic milking systems can reduce labor needs by 10-70% and increase milk production by 2-15%, but they also involve higher investment and maintenance costs. More recent data from over 30 Dutch farms found little difference in margins between farms using automatic versus conventional milking after controlling for farm size and intensity.
A variation of topics for farmer extension group Leusden-WoudenbergHenk Hogeveen
December 2012 I was invited to give a presentation for the farmers extension group Leusden-Woudenberg. These groups are organizations by and for farmers who organize excursions and meetings to learn. Quite interesting because my father used to be in the board of a precessor of this specific group. I still know a lot of the farmers in this group and I was more nervous for this presentaiton than for many others because of that.
The farmers asked me a quite large number of topics to present, so the presentation (in Dutch) offers a wide range of work we are involved with: optimization of mastitis therapy, drying off, grazing, shortened dry periods etc.
Economics to support mastitis decisionsHenk Hogeveen
The Spanish organization for cattle veterinarians (ANEMBE) held her Annual meeting last week in Santander, Spain. I had the honour to be invited to give a presentation on economics of mastitis.
Mastitis is a disease that is occurring on every dairy farm in the world. Every farmer is also taking preventive measures against the disease. However, more prevention is possible. Since farming is a business, economics do play a role in the decision whether or not to apply more preventive measures. This presentation gives an overview of the failure costs of masitis (of which quite some estimates are available) as well as some knowledge on optimizing the level of prevention. A large part of the work in this presentation has been presented before. However, the work on total costs of mastitis (failure costs as well as preventive costs) is novel.
IMAG publication 207, 1985 milking in a feeding box (in Dutch)Henk Hogeveen
this is the first report, I know of, about an experiment to milk cows automatically. In fact it was more a study whether it would be feasable to do so. People at IMAG had the idea that with a robotic arm it could be possible to milk cows in a feeder box. Cows then have to come voluntarilly and will they do that? Therefore a very interesting experiment which is, in my opinion, the birth of the modern Automatic Milking System
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These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
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McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
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IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
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2. Who am I
Farm boy (dairy farm, 45 cows)
Animal science at Wageningen Univesity
● Epidemiology (simulation model of management around
cystic ovaries)
● Economics (long term effect of herd health management
programs)
PhD at Vet Medicine (AI programs to diagnose mastitis)
Working in field of animal health management
In between Wageningen University and Faculty of Vet. Med.
● @henkhogeveen
● animal-health-management.blogspot.com
3. Current trends
Farmers management is more and
more aimed at optimization of
health, not maximization of health
Vets function on equal level:
discussion instead directive
One additional argument: money
….. vets need to know about
economics of disease and
economics of management
4. Outline
Economics of disease
Production diseases
● Mastitis
● Reproduction
Final remarks
5. Milk output (Q)
Farm production
Farm with fixed land and
buildings (constraints):
Output is a function of
input
Resource input (R)
6. Effect of disease
-More resources for same production
-Less production with same resources
Milk output (Q)
-optimal level of production changes as well
I
Resource input (R)
7. What’s the point?
Production function differ from farm to farm, dependent
on:
● Management skills
● Farm seize
● Intensity
● …..
And ….
● Effects of disease differ from farm to farm
● Effects of disease differ based on prices
8. Economic effects of diseases
Economic effects = losses + expenditures
Losses (decrease in production)
● Decreased production level
● Discarded milk
● Changes in milk price (milk quality)
● Culling
Expenditures (additional resources)
● Drugs
● Veterinarian
● Labour
● Preventive measures
10. Disease treatments
Treatment of clinical cases is an expenditure
● Used to optimize total losses
● Studies on optimal treatment are available
e.g. Steeneveld et al., 2011; 2007, Swinkels et al., 2005a; 2005b
But for prevention, treatment is seen as part of costs of
a case (failure)
Therefore we optimize Failure costs vs Preventive
measures
11. How to study economics of prevention?
Start with failure costs of disease
● Losses
● Associated expenditures (treatments etc)
● Quite some information is known
Calculate costs of prevention
● Investments (depreciation & intrest)
● Expdenditures
● Labour (value?)
● Relative straightforward work
Estimate economic improvement
● Difference between old and new situation
● Difficult !!!
14. Modelling to estimate effects of diseases
and disease control
Simulation model
Input data based on data, literature, expertise
Relatively cheap
Pragmatic approach
Bio-economic modelling: economics combined with
detailed physiological basis
15. Models ……. do not capture the complexity
of the real situation
17. Outline
Production economics
Production diseases
● Mastitis
● Reproduction
Final remarks
Based on work of:
Huijps et al., 2008, 2010
Hogeveen et al., 2010
van Soest et al., 2011
27. Cost-effectiveness of preventive measures
-18 management measures (Huijps et al., 2010)
-Quantify effect
-436 scientific papers (1996-2006)
-43 relevant and useful
- Expert sessions
-Effect 100 % contagious
-Effect 100 % environmental
-Efffect on BMSCC
-Efffect on clinical mastitis
28. Additional
Reduced
expenditures
losses
Net benefit
37
16
-21
104
20
-84
26
9
-17
3
9
6
34
9
-25
1
9
8
31
31
-0
1
11
10
123
15
-108
13
11
-2
Use of a treatment protocol
7
15
8
Application of blanket dry cow therapy
9
36
27
Keep cows standing after milking
2
12
10
Feed additional dry cow minerals
13
13
0
Prevent overcrowding
23
13
-10
Clean boxes
54
15
-39
Clean yards
51
8
-43
Milk cows with clinical mastitis last
Milk cows with subclinical mastitis last
Use of separate cloths during udder preparation
Wash dirty udders during udder preparation
Prestripping
Use of milkers’ gloves during milking
Post milking teat disinfection
Back-flushing clusters after milking a cow with clinical
mastitis
Back-flushing clusters after milking a cow with subclinical
mastitis
Replace teat cup liners in time
Optimize feed ration
29. Outline
Production economics
Cost factors of production diseases
Production “diseases”
● Mastitis
● Reproduction
Final remarks
Based on work of:
Inchaisri et al., 2010, 2011,
2012
30. Two decisions around reproduction
When do I start with
inseminations
When do I stop with
insemination
31. Difficult calculation
Cow factors
● First ovulation
● Probability of detection
● Probability of conception
● Milk production level
● Reproductive disorders
Economical factors
● Milk price
● Costs of insemination
● Costs of culling
● Costs of calving management
A complex
system of
dynamics and
interactions
31
38. Longer VWP when ….
Cow factors
38
Economical factors
● Parity = 1
● Lower costs low milk
production
● Not Holstein Frisian
● High costs of
● High persistence
inseminations
● Low production
● High costs culling
● Late peak in production
● Calved in winter
● Bad oestrus detection
● Late first ovulation
● Reproduction diseases
39. Outline
Production economics
Cost factors of production diseases
Production diseases
● Mastitis
● Metabolic disorders
Final remarks
40. Only two production diseases
What about
● Young stock raising
● Culling policy
● Claw health
● Metabolic diseases
● ……….
41. Under estimation of costs by farmers
200
180
Real costs (€/cow)
160
140
120
100
80
60
46 under
Mastitis
estimators!!!!!
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Expected costs (€ per cow)
140
160
180
200
42. Herd health programs
Herd health & management programs are aimed at
improving herd situations
Knowledge of economics is then essential
Improvement of disease situation improves value of herd
health programs (see work of Derks et al., 2012)
43. There is more than economics
Attitude explains mastitis situation (Jansen et al., 2009)
Campaigns do have an influence (Jansen et al., 2010)
Cost factors are not regarded as being equal (Huijps et al, 2009)
Sometimes farmers behave irrational (Huijps et al., 2010)
44. Economics to support decisions
Production diseases costs much money
● Most expensive cattle disease present
● Costs are often failure costs
● Total costs (including prevention) are much higher
● Differences and underestimation between farmers -> farm
specific calculations
More than only money to motivate farmers
Decision support is weighing costs of prevention vs reduction of
failure costs
● That is up to you, veterinarians!!!
● Tool on www.wageningenur.nl/bec -> research -> decision
support tools
45. Thank you for your attention
@henkhogeveen
animal-health-management.blogspot.com
On-line courses on
Veterinary Economics on:
www.elevatehealth.eu