Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."

1. Presented by
Dr. Pranav Kumar
Assistant Professor
Division of Veterinary & A.H. Extension Education
F.V.Sc & A.H, R S Pura
SKUAST-Jammu
Small Ruminant Developmental Programmes :
An overview

2. Intro…………
 Throughout the developing countries, small ruminants
make a very valuable contribution, especially to the poor in
the rural areas.
 These contributions range from precious animal proteins
(meat & milk) to fibre and skins, draught power in the
highlands, food security and stable households.
 They are closely linked with the poorest people in pastoral
systems and complex crop livestock systems, and convert
low-quality resources to high quality protein.
 Relatively low level of Research and development
investments to improve the SR production which do not
match their potential importance, the contribution to
nutritional insecurity and livelihoods of the poor in rural
areas.

3. Historical background…..
 Sheep development activity was undertaken as early
as the early 19th century by the East India
Company, which imported exotic breeds for cross-
breeding with the indigenous breeds.
 Subsequently, with the establishment of the Imperial
(now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research,
research and development programmes were taken
up on a regional basis; they included selective
breeding within the indigenous breeds and cross-
breeding them with exotic fine-wool breeds, and
covered almost all the important sheep-rearing States.
 Major emphasis was however placed on sheep
development after the country attained independence
and initiated its Five-Year Development Plans.

4. Five-Year Plans & Sheep development……..
 During the Third Plan, a large number of sheep and wool
extension centres were established, and a wool grading and
marketing programme was initiated in Rajasthan.
 In 1962, realising the importance of sheep in the agrarian
economy, the central government established CSWRI and its
regional stations, under an UNDP/GOI project, to undertake
fundamental and applied research in sheep production and
wool utilization and to provide post-graduate training in sheep
and wool sciences.
 During the Fourth Plan, a large sheep-breeding farm was
established in collaboration with the Australian Government, at
Hissar, for pure-breeding Corriedale sheep.
 Corriedale stud rams are being distributed from this farm to a
number of States for cross-breeding to improve wool and mutton
production.
 Seven more such farms have been established in Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh

5. Five-Year Plans & Sheep development……..
 During the Fifth Plan, a large number of breeding
farms were planned to be established in the central
and state sectors to produce genetically superior
breeding stocks.
 It was also planned to reorganize and strengthen
the existing sheep-breeding farms in the States as
well as to expand and reorganize sheep and wool
extension centres, and to set up scientific sheep
shearing and wool-grading programmes.
 A number of sheep development programmes were
undertaken under specialized programmes, such as
DPAP, small-farmer (SF), marginal-farmer (MF) and
agricultural labourer schemes.
 Setting up of wool boards in important wool

6. Breeding strategy………….
The breeding strategy is different for different regions of the
country.
 In the north temperate regions, it involves breeding for
apparel wool through cross-breeding indigenous breeds
with exotic fine-wool breeds.
 For the northwestern and central peninsular regions
and Bihar, selection among better carpet-wool breeds
and crossing extremely coarse and hairy indigenous
breeds with exotic fine-wool and dual-purpose breeds to
improve carpet-wool and quality mutton production has
been recommended.
 For improving mutton production in the southern
peninsular region, the strategy contemplates selection
within better indigenous breeds such as Nellore and
Mandya, and upgrading of inferior breeds with these two
breeds.

7. .. …….. very little systematic emphasis on
goat development
 The Sixth Plan envisages the establishment of large
goat-breeding farms for the production of studs of
important breeds as well as breeding bucks of exotic
dairy breeds to be used for cross-breeding for
improving milk production.
 There is some emphasis on improving pashmina
production in the Ladakh area of Jammu & Kashmir,.

8. “bank on hooves”………
 An estimated 440 million livestock distributed over a 100
million households across 0.6 million villages form an
important livelihood activity supporting agriculture in the
form of critical inputs like draught power and manure,
contributing to food security of the household,
supplementing incomes, offering employment
opportunities, and finally a dependable “bank on
hooves” during adverse situations.
 The sheep population is 71.56 million (5 per cent of
world’s population) and the goat population is 140.54
million (20 percent of the global population) as per 2007
census.
 The aggregate economic value, employment, decentralized
production pattern conclusively proves in-built socio-
economic character of small ruminants in India.
 However, the system still suffers from number of
bottlenecks which discounts the optimum utilization of

9. Present status and trends……..
India ranks 3rd in sheep population, next to China and Australia and is
placed at the 7th position among the top 10 countries of the world in
terms of mutton and wool production.
Development of sheep has been at crossroads. The population of sheep
has stagnated except a marginal increase between 2003 and 2007.

10. Present status and trends
 The wool production has declined to around 40 million kg, of
which fine wool is only 10%.
 The trade policy of permitting import of wool under OGL has
affected domestic traditional market.
 A clear cut policy direction is needed on priority as to whether
the focus should continue to raise sheep for wool production or
the focus should shift towards mutton production.

11. Importance of Small Ruminant……
 Special advantages of small ruminants over large
ruminants include higher production efficiency, easier
marketability and lower risks, broader adaptability to
different environments, and smaller absolute feed
requirements per animal.
 Small ruminants have not benefited from aid programs
and development services and have not influenced
policy and decision making.
 Government policies are mainly geared to crop and
cattle production.
 Often it is claimed that the potential of small ruminants to
reduce poverty is enormous. Goat as poor man’s cow
 They act as live savings in case farmers have urgent
cash requirements, have socio-economic relevance and
socio-cultural roles

12.  Livestock in general and small ruminant in
particular are the best insurance against the
vagaries of nature like drought, famine and
other natural calamities
 In 2010-11 livestock generated outputs worth
Rs 2075 billion (at 2004-05 prices) which
comprised 4% of the total GDP and 26% of
the agricultural GDP.

13. Share of livestock and agriculture in India’s GDP
Though the share of agriculture in total GDP decreased gradually
(from 35 % to 15.2 %), the share of the livestock sector in total GDP
remained close to 5 percent as well as livestock contribution to
agricultural GDP increased gradually from 14.8 % to 26.5 % over
the same period (1980-81 to 2009-10), underlining the increasing
relative importance of the sector in generating economic growth.

14.  The overall growth rate in livestock sector is steady and is around 5-6% and
this has been achieved despite the fact that investment in this sector was not
substantial.
 But in terms of productivity, India’s huge livestock resources are one of the
poorest in the world ……. the milk productivity per lactation is only 987 kg
in India as against world average of 2,038 kg and even productivity of small
ruminant viz wool, meat & milk are far below compared to the world
average production.
 The reason behind the low production of our livestock is that the sector did
not receive the proper policy and financial attention as it deserved.
 The sector received only about 12% of the total public expenditure on
agriculture and allied sectors, which is disproportionately lesser than its
contribution to agricultural GDP.
 Paradoxically small ruminant sector receives only a paltry 2.5% of the
public spending on livestock sector.
 Allocation of funds to DAHDF as a proportion of the overall allocation to
agricultural sector has been meager over the last several plan periods in spite
of rising contributions of the livestock sector
Present scenario…………

15. How important is SRD……….
(Small Ruminant Development) ?
 Small ruminants make an important contribution to the sustenance of
small, marginal and landless rural populace of India.
 They also make substantial contribution around Rs.24, 000 millions
every year to the rural economy.
 At the national level, small ruminants account for 14% meat output,
4% of the milk output and 15% of skins and hide production in
country and contribute 10% of total value of livestock sector.
 Paradoxically it receives only a paltry 2.5% of the public spending
on livestock sector.
 Small ruminants are considered to be efficient and uncomplicated
livestock in terms of their economics and management in the rural
livelihood systems.
 A number of micro studies concluded that the small ruminants have
great social and economic relevance in poverty reduction and social
equity. …….. Considerable bias exists against small ruminants, they
are perceived as inimical to the ecosystem

16. Potential of Small Ruminant………
Demand for Mutton / Chevon
 Small ruminants represent a great opportunity to generate income and
increase the availability of animal based products to improve nutrition.
 Rising income levels, population growth and urbanization are driving a
shift in dietary patterns in India away from carbohydrate rich cereals
to diets richer in proteins and micronutrients (e.g.
fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, milk and fish).
 Growth in meat demand is highly responsive to incomes changes
 As per NSSO (2009-10),
Per capita consumption of chicken was 0.96 kg (rural) and 1.2 kg
(urban) which is about 300 % increase from 1993- 94
where as, per capita consumption of mutton/chevon was 0.36 kg from
0.72 kg, a decline of about 50% over 1993-94
(driven by low growth rate of supply and high population growth rate)
 With rising incomes, population growth rate and income
responsiveness, the projected demand for mutton/chevon is 7.9%
increase per annum (Gandhi and Zhou, 2010)

17. Meat situation in the country
Of the total meat available in the country, 45% is chicken, about 24%
each is goat and buffalo meat, while the remaining about 8% is pork.
(BAHS, 2013)
Per capita availability of about 4.4 Kg per annum is far below the
requirement of about 13 Kg as recommended by ICMR
Relative price of various meats in major cities :
Beef – Rs.150/ Kg., Broiler Chicken – Rs.160-200/ Kg,
Chevon/mutton – Rs.350-400/ Kg, which increases to Rs. 420-450/kg
during winters and festivals

18. Supply of Mutton/Chevon
While, poultry industry has grown at about 8-10% per
annum, where as supply of chevon /mutton has grown at
about @ 3% per annum

19. Demand-Supply Gap
 Production of Chevon in 2011-12 (‘000 MT) was 905 Thousand MT
 In general, demand growth rate is >8%, whereas the supply is
growing at just @ 3%
As per FAO estimates, goat meat production will increase to 2050 thousand MT
in 2030 (~growth rate 4.5%), However, based on past trends, we estimate
production growth will be slower and will reach only 1586 thousand MT by
2030 (assuming the current growth rate of ~ 3%) metric tons. Either way, there
will be a significant supply/demand gap.
The gap in demand and supply will lead to higher prices, limiting consumption
by the low income groups with implications for nutrition perspective.

20. Need of the hour……
 Supply of meat (chevon/mutton) is a function of growth rate
of small ruminant population, mortality rate and slaughter rate.
 Support to small ruminant sector can focus on encouraging
larger herd size per HH (holding capacity of the area) and
reducing high mortality rates through veterinary services.
 Market linkages should be an important part of the support
system to enable farmers to link farmers to traders / potential
markets
 Export markets and retail chains also present very significant
untapped markets

21. Implications for Livelihoods
 Almost 89 percent of the goat population in India is
owned by about 50 million small holders rearing 2-3
goats, serving as a moving bank to be used at
times of emergency.

Goats are largely reared on extensive system
using common resources, forest land and crop
residues; investments from public or private
sector have been very minimal.

Small holders are willing to invest to grow their
herd size

22. Issues & Interventions related to SR
development

23. Issues & Interventions related to SR
development

24. Issues & Interventions related to SR
development

25. Analysis of existing policies and schemes for
development of Small Ruminants
 There were many government initiatives for
development of small ruminants.
 Several cross breeding trials were attempted in
sheep to evolve new breeds for wool quality,
particularly apparel variety using exotic breeds for
wool quality.
 In goats cross breeding to improve milk yield or to
improve Mohair too, have not yet provided any
conclusive results.
 Attempts at crossbreeding of Indian breeds of
sheep and goats with exotic breeds have not
served the Indian livestock Industry, in any manner
and were mostly of academic interest.

26. Five Year Plans and sheep development
 During the second five-year plan period breeding policy for sheep was
evolved which included.
◦ Selective breeding.
◦ Upgrading of non-descriptive breeds with superior breeds.
◦ Cross breeding with foreign breeds in selected hilly areas.
 In the third plan period, new sheep breeding farms were established.
Old farms expanded and quality rams were supplied to the farmers.
 Further during the fourth plan period, sheep and wool extension
centres and wool grading-cum marketing centres were established.
 In the Fifth plan period, cross breeding with wooly type sheep was
encouraged.
 Various programmes were launched during the other plan period also.
 During the ninth plan period, the production of wool was increased from
43.3 million kg in 1996-97 to 49 million kg in 2001-02. The fine wool
production in the country is around 4 million kg.

27.  The programme of providing exotic males for
improvement of sheep in the northern temperate region
continued in the Tenth Plan.
 A new Centrally Sponsored Scheme "Conservation of
threatened livestock breeds of small ruminants, pack
animals and equine" to conserve and protect threatened
breeds of livestock, has been initiated during 10th Plan.
 Under the scheme, assistance is provided to the States for
the conservation of sheep, goat, pigs, camels, yak, horse,
donkey and ponies.
 The grant is given through the State Governments to the
State Government farms / State Government Undertakings
/Boards / Federations / Government Institutes like ICAR,
etc. / NGOs / Self-Help Groups / farmers / breeders /
professional scientists of repute involved in conservation
work.

28. Five Year Plans and goat development
 Despite various adverse comments about the impact of goat
rearing on the flora, the number of goats in fact has gone up in
recent years.
 Considerable size of rural community, especially women
farmers and landless labourers are rearing one or two goats.
This traditional mini husbandry practices still has its roots
throughout rural India because the goats are the poor man’s
cows.
 They give milk and also meet the farmer’s timely needs
through selling of kids.
 They are a sort of money-spinners to the poor people.
 Insurance cover and fodder development are provided to
promote goat rearing under various rural development
programmes like IRDP, SGSY, NWDPRA, Ambedkar Visesh
Rojgar Yojna and DANIDA project.
 During the ninth plan period, instead of increasing the goat
population, emphasis was made on productivity per animal,
organized marketing and prevention of emerging new diseases .

29. Central Sector Scheme
“Integrated Development of Small Ruminants
and Rabbits”
The scheme has been approved during XIth
Plan period with allocation of Rs 134.825
crore and outlay of Rs 42.00 crore for
financial year 2010-11.

30. The IDSRR Scheme Context
 The Small Ruminant Sector contributes Rs 2400 cr
annually which is 10 % of the total value of the
livestock products.
 No other scheme aimed at the SR sector at the
national level.
 Very little scientific breeding to improve
performance
 An all encompassing Scheme, having scope for
all required / potential interventions has
therefore been devised.

31. Objectives of the IDSRR Scheme
 Encouraging sheep/goat/rabbit rearing
farmers to go for Commercial Rearing
 Production performance of the native
breeds to be improved by regular
selection and culling based on measurable
indicators.

32. Major components of the IDSRR scheme are
 Creation of small ruminant development fund to foster
area/cluster-based integrated development as viable
commercial activity;
 Strengthening of infrastructure, human resources,
institutions and rearers’ organizations for rapid
improvement of small ruminants and rabbits;
 Developing skill-pool of NGOs for taking up development
projects on PPP mode;
 Resource mapping in 126 nos. identified districts for
sheep, goat and rabbits rearing and in terms of raw
material sources as well as meat consumption pattern
and development of 108 clusters for intensive
development of sheep, goat and rabbit during XIth Plan.

33. Implementation Arrangement:
The scheme is being implemented in a bimodal approach comprising of a Small
Ruminant Development Fund operated by NABARD and a State Implementing
Agency (SIA) designated by the State Government undertaking the activities
relating to State Government institutions.
There will be a State Level Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (SLMC)
constituted by NABARD in each State covered under the scheme, which will be
chaired by Principal Secretary / Secretary of the Department of Animal Husbandry
in the State.
The SLMC will have as its Member a representative each from:
 (i) Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India.
 (ii) Lead Bank in the State.
 iii) State Animal Husbandry Department.
 (iv) An NGO actively operating in the State.
 (v) NABARD
 (vi) NCDC
The Committee will liaise with the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries (GOI), State Government Departments, prominent NGOs and
NABARD’s Head Office. State Office of NABARD will be the Secretariat for SLMC.
At the National Level, a Central Monitoring Committee (CMC) will be constituted
to approve innovative projects to be sanctioned directly by the Department and
to formulate operational plan and policy with respect to the scheme

34. State Implementing Agency (SIA)
 The States participating in the project will identify a
suitable Semi-Government Agency and designate
the same as the State Implementing Agency (SIA) for
implementation of the project.
 The primary responsibility of the SIA will be to
spearhead Institutional Restructuring as it relates to
sheep, goat and rabbit development.
 The SIA will also be charged with responsibility of
developing synergy among prominent stakeholders
concerned with development of these species in the
State as well as up-gradation of institutional
infrastructure.

35. Beneficiaries……….
 For commercial rearing units, the intended
beneficiaries are landless and marginal
farmers. Preference would be given to women.
 For breeding Farms and Open Nucleus
Flocks, the beneficiaries will be traditional
breeders as well as entrepreneurs / NGOs
/Companies etc.
 Entrepreneurs will be primary beneficiary of
the interventions relating to market linkages.

36. Channels / linkages
 Two channels – one for credit linkage of
commercial units & private breeding farms
and another to support State Govts for
reviving breeding Farms.
 Assistance to States will be for reviving
breeding farms, human resource
development, supporting research and for
organizing livestock shows etc.
 NABARD will be administering the Capital
Subsidy for only the first channel i.e.
credit linkage of commercial units and
private breeding farms.

37. Components for Credit Linkage
(Rs Lakh )
SN Component TFO Pattern of Assistance
1 Sheep and Goat
rearing (40+2)
1.00 25% of TFO as Capital
Subsidy subject to max of
Rs 0.25 lakh
2 Sheep and Goat
breeding units
(500+25)
25.00 25% of TFO as CS
subject to a maximum of
Rs 6.25 lakh
3 Rabbit Rearing
(10+2)
2.25 25% of TFO as CS
subject to a maximum of
Rs 0.56 lakh

38. Funding Pattern
(Rs Lakh )
Enrepreneur
Margin
10 % of TFO in case of rearing
units
25% of TFO in case of breeding
units
Capital Subsidy 25 % of TFO subject to ceilings
(33.33% for SC/ST, Hilly and NE
States including Sikkim)
Bank loan Balance amount –Not less than
50% incl. subsidy. For SC/ST,
Hilly and NE States including
Sikkim Min. 58.33%

39. Monitoring Arrangement:
 At the State level, the scheme will be monitored every quarter by
the State Level Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (SLMC).
 NABARD Head Office will also monitor physical and financial
implementation of the project and submit reports to the
Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries,
Government of India.
 The SIA will report progress of their activities to the
Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries,
Government of India.
 A mechanism for monitoring performance of the State
Livestock Breeding Farms and other infrastructure is to be
evolved by concerned Department of State Government and the
SIA.
 The CMC will meet at least twice in a year to review progress of
implementation of the scheme.

40. Activities proposed to be taken up
 I. Launch & Promotion of the Scheme:
Since participation of beneficiaries is a key to success of the
scheme,
NABARD as the principal implementing agency will initiate action
to identify prominent NGOs who are already active in the field and
have experience of dealing with livestock owners so that they can
be supported for organizing farmers / rearers. Best of such
NGOs will also be charged with responsibility of forming local
NGOs to act as guardian for the new growers/rearers.
 II. Intensive Cluster Development and Small Ruminant
Development Fund:
 There will be 48 intensive clusters for sheep and 60 for goats.
 In each cluster, 100 commercial units of sheep and/or goat will
be set up, each unit will comprise of 40 female and 2
male animals.
 Breeding farms for sheep and goat breeds in private sector with
minimum flock size of 500 female and 25 males will also be
supported.

41. Activities proposed to be taken up contd….
III. Institutional restructuring and grants-in-aid to State Implementing Agencies:
 The State Implementing Agency (SIA) will orchestrate all activities and coordinate with
partners.
 The SIA will be eligible for managerial grant to the tune of 2% of the turnover in
scheme-related activities subject to a maximum of Rs 30.00 lakh per year.
 The Government institutions charged with responsibility of sheep, goat and rabbit
development may be restructured to conform to the SIA concept which is already popular
since launch of the National Project of Cattle and Buffalo Breeding.
IV. Improvement of high fecundity breeds and exploitation of fecundity gene
to improve productivity in indigenous breeds:
 Garole breed of sheep is known to have Fec. B gene which leads to twining. Twining is
also common in some other sheep breeds as also in Black Bengal Goats.
 Development programmes in breeding tracts of these breeds to improve body
weight and establishment of bio-technology centers to exploit genes responsible for
high fecundity will be taken up on a regional basis.
 Under the bio-technology centers, programmes will be undertaken to attain flock
strength of 500 animals which are homozygous for the high fecundity genes.
 In the breeding tracts, programmes will be taken up towards improvement in body
weight in these breeds through appropriate nutritional, genetic and other interventions.

42. Activities proposed to be taken up contd….
V. Strengthening and revival of potential sheep/goat breeding farms and
their corporatization:
 There are about 60 sheep breeding farms and over 50 goat breeding farms under State
Governments. Grants to the tune of Rs 50.00 lakh will be made available to select
government farms having potential of revival / corporatization.
 Such farms should attain minimum flock strength of 1000 females and 50 males.
 Assistance under the project will also be available so as to enable the State authorities
engage an appropriate consultant for chalking out a revival plan for the farm(s). This
activity will be implemented by the designated State Implementing Agency.
VI. Creation of open nucleus breeding flocks in collaboration with
farmers
 These flocks will have strength of 500 females and 25 males of one breed, and will
be required to follow pure breeding and maintain production, growth and reproduction
records to enable implementation of a scientific selection and breeding programme for the
flock.
 Ten such flocks will be established for each indigenous breeds and 20 breeds are proposed
to be covered during the 11th Plan. Funds required for setting up the units will be provided
by providing credit support with subsidy from banks who will select the collaborating
farmers, guide them into the programme and supervise progress.
 The SIA will undertake to provide technical support and inputs to such activity in the
vicinity of the revived breeding farms so as to augment supply of breeding material and
improvement in indigenous breeds.

43. Guidelines for Implementation of Goat
Scheme under the National Mission for
Protein Supplements (NMPS) in States
 The two major sets of activities proposed
(a) Intensive goat production system; and
(b) To support conventional goat production
with capacity building in the community.

44. (a) Promoting intensive goat production
i. Farmers already having at least ten or more goats for a year or more will be
eligible for assistance
ii. Unit size up to 95 females plus 5 male goats will be supported.
iii. Beneficiaries with poorer resources will be provided half the admissible unit
size.
iv. Units will be supported with provision of metal feeders, silage pit, health cover
packages, vitamin/ mineral supplementation, etc.
v. Indicative cost of a goat unit (95 females and 5 male animals) is given
below :
v. Under the scheme, 100% subsidy is provided, amount of subsidy for
one unit of 100 animals will be about Rs.2.36 lakh. With an investment of
Rs 39.00 crore it will be possible to establish total 1654 units of 100

45. (b) Improving productivity of goats under
conventional small holder / pastoral system
 Clusters having flock of 2,000 goats will be identified in a radius of 10 KM areas.
 Rural unemployed youth will be trained and enrolled by state Animal Husbandry
Department as Goat Scouts on contract basis. He will be responsible for
identification of goat clusters
 Provision of mass deworming, vaccination and area specific mineral mixture.
 Fattening with concentrate feed @ 250 gram par day for 60 days pre/ slaughter.
 100% subsidy towards the cost of supporting the clusters
Cost of supporting a cluster

46. Implementation …….
 Majority of Indian States (21) accounts for more than 95% of
the goat population in the country This is indicative of
popularity of goats in these states and possibility of better
results with appropriate breeding management and health
strategies.
 Beneficiaries will be selected from SC / ST communities and
BPL families in the rural areas.
 The NMPS will be implemented as a sub-scheme of
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
 The programme will be operationalised through a three-tier
planning-implementation-reviewing structure.
 The planning process will follow a decentralized approach.
PRIs or similar Local Govt. Institutions/line departments will
select the beneficiaries and identify appropriate interventions
in the villages/clusters in consultation with SAU’s, ATMA,
Watershed

47. Implementation …….
 The Department of Animal Husbandry / Veterinary of the
respective States will be the nodal agency for
implementation.
 State Govt. is also advised to build up synergy through
partnership with research institutions as well as existing
developmental schemes.
 All components under Scheme will be provided
assistance in form of subsidy for identified activities to the
beneficiary and funds will be channelised to these entities
through State Government.
 Subsidy on the approved items will be provided through
out lays earmarked under the scheme, balance amount
towards costs of projects for these ltems may be obtained
as loans made available to beneficiary through other
sources.

48. National Livestock Mission (NLM)
 formulated by subsuming and modifying 7 Centrally Sponsored and 7 Central
Sector Schemes of Government of India
List of XI Plan Schemes included under the National Livestock Mission

49. Sub-Mission on Livestock Development
The sub-mission on Livestock Development includes activities to
address the concerns for overall development of livestock
species including poultry, other than cattle and buffalo, with a
holistic approach.
Risk Management component of the sub-mission will, however,
also cover cattle and buffalo along with other major and minor
livestock.

50. Role of sheep and goat rearing in the
Jammu division
 The livestock industry plays vital role in the state economy.
This has been major factor for sheep and goat rearing as
prime occupation by communities like Gaddies, Bakerwals
and Chopans and in the recent times by the rural masses of
plain belt of Jammu division.
 The sheep and goat sector fulfills a pioneering function in
sustainable economic development and food security.
Tribal and rural population of the division is directly or
indirectly engaged with rearing.

51. Role of sheep and goat rearing in the Jammu division….
Pre-Independence Period
 This animal has sustained the life of Nomads for centuries with no
alternative for economic sustenance.
 The state rulers in 1920 sought technical know how from British
Government to effect improvement in local sheep.
 Professor Alfred Barker of Leeds University arrived in state in year
1928 and after surveying submitted his report in early thirties titled
“Prospective Development of Kashmir as Sheep Breeding and Wool
Growing Country”
 In pursuance to the recommendations, Sheep Breeding Company named
“Kashmir Sheep Farm Pvt. Ltd.” came into existence at Banihal. in
early 1937
 with establishment of Sheep Breeding and Research Farm Reasi
/Banihal and a scientific breeding plan was implemented.
 Mr.R.C.Haksar was made officer In charge of the farm who was later
made Managing Director of “Kashmir Sheep Farm LTD”

52. Role of sheep and goat rearing in the Jammu
division….
Post Independence period
 The process of winding up of Kashmir Sheep Farm
Pvt.Ltd. had already been initiated prior to 1947 and
its liquidation took place finally in 1949.
 Sheep Development witnessed a revision of
breeding plan.
 Importation of new exotic fine wool breeds
materialized in 1951 and onwards and fresh ICAR
scheme of improvement of Sheep and wool on
regional basis got initiated from 1952.
 With the exit of Mr. Haksar the onus of running the
Sheep breeding was shouldered by Dr. D.N.Koul and
Dr. G.A.Bandey.

53. Development in Sheep Husbandry sector in J & K
 On the recommendation of ICAR, it was decided to switch
over to breeding of Rambouillet breed of sheep on pure
lines with sole objective of producing rams of higher
genetic potential for further propagation of indigenous
sheep in private sector.
 The sheep breeding activity got a boost in 1968 when a
separate department of Sheep Husbandry was created
in the state and further expansion took place in early
seventies with creation of Divisional level Migratory
Project, Disease Investigation Laboratory and
establishment of different farms in the state.
 In 1982 the department was re-organized with creation of
posts of Directors at Provincial level and District Officers
at District level, Sheep & Wool Dev.Officers at Tehsil level
and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons at block level.

54. Breeding Policy……..
Fine wool production
 The Sheep Breeding policy adopted in Jammu and Kashmir
is one recommended by the ICAR and further laid down
by the National Commission on Agriculture for Northern
temperate regions.
 As envisaged therein, the cross breeding of local sheep
with fine wool breeds like Merino in Kashmir and
Rambouillet in Jammu Division is being continued.
 The major chunk of Sheep population of Jammu division
being migratory in nature, this policy is being continued till
date in these migratory, semi-migratory and stationary
flocks of colder regions of the state.
 Due to introduction of superior fine wool Germplasm in
these areas about 65% sheep population has attained
desired type of crossbred wool with subsequent increase in
body weight.

55. Breeding Policy contd ……..
Mutton Development Programme
 To improve the stationery sheep of plain belt and Shivalik
hills area of Jammu Division (Jammu, Samba, Kathua and
Rajouri districts) with infusion of Germplasm of Nali and
Sonadi X Rambouillet crosses for production of medium type of
wool with higher carcass yield.
 To give further boost to mutton production, recently Dorper
breed of sheep has been introduced in the state.
 Since, the importation of live Germplasm due to strict Indian
Health Protocol conditions could not be made after 1995-96, the
Department has introduced Innovative Pilot Study Project on
Embryo Transfer Technology at Sheep Breeding Farm
Panthal so as to give boost to overall productivity of sheep sector
in the state.
 Frozen Embryos of Dorper & Rambouillet sheep were
implanted in surrogate ewes and various traits of progeny born
are being studied. It is envisaged to introduce the crosses of
Dorper breed in plain border belts of Kathua, Rajouri and

56. Goat Development….
Development of goat sector, which remained neglected due to
more stress being laid on sheep development, has now been
taken up so as to narrow down the gap between demand and
supply of meat.
The Department has accordingly introduced programmes for
development of goat sector.
Introduction of Beetal breed:
 Under the programme beetal bucks are being purchased from
progressive breeders of Kathua district and Gurdaspur district of
Punjab and from Central Sheep Breeding Farm Hisar (Haryana)
and distributed among the breeders of Jammu, Samba,
Kathua and Rajouri belt for improvement of their local goats
so as to increase the milk production.
 Dairy Goat Farm, Rajbagh is being maintained on pure beetal
goats breeding.
Conservation of Kagani goats:
 Under the programme best Kagani bucks are being purchased
from progressive goat breeders of Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi,
Jammu and Samba districts and provided to the breeders
having Kagani goats so as to conserve the breed on pure lines
and to check the inbreeding.

57. SCHEMES UNDER OPERATION FOR SMALL
RUMINANT DEVELOPMENT in J & K
Centrally Sponsored Schemes under Operation:
 Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases
(ASCAD)
 Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
 Integrated Sample Survey (ISS)
 Integrated Development of Small Ruminants and
Rabbits (IDSRR)
 Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.
 Establishment and Strengthening of Veterinary
Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD) under Livestock
Health and Disease Control Programme (LH&DC)

58. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases
(ASCAD)
The scheme is funded by Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Government
of India on 75:25 basis (75% Central Share and
25% State Share).
Following Components are taken up under the Scheme:
Vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste
Des Petits ruminants (PPR), Sheep Pox (SP) and Clostridial
infestations.
Strengthening of Disease Diagnostic Laboratories.
Training Programme for Veterinarians and Para Vets.
Organization of District/ Block level Awareness Camps for
breeders.
Monitoring and Surveillance.

59. Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
The scheme is funded by Ministry of Agriculture &
Cooperation, Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying & Fisheries, Government of India
(100% Centrally Sponsored)
Salient features of the Scheme are:
Genetic Up-gradation of sheep and goats by providing
quality Germplasm to the breeders.
Employment Generation through Organized Sheep and
Goat Farming on participatory mode and Machine Shearing
cum Training Programme.
Strengthening/ Creation of Infrastructure including
establishment of Polyclinics, purchase of camp equipments,
solar lanterns, tractors for farms, etc.
New Initiatives for Skill Development by organizing Study
tours of Farmers.
Increased Fodder production by providing Fodder Seed
Mini-Kits.

60. Integrated Sample Survey (ISS)
The scheme is funded by Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Government of
India on 50:50 basis
This Scheme has been taken up by Sheep
Husbandry Department, Jammu in Poonch,
Rajouri and Kathua districts of Jammu Division.
Under the scheme, estimation of livestock and
livestock products on yearly basis is being
conducted by staff of the Department.

61. Integrated Development of Small Ruminants
and Rabbits (IDSRR)
 The scheme is funded by Ministry of Agriculture &
Cooperation, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying
& Fisheries, Government of India (100% Centrally
Sponsored).
 The scheme is being implemented in State w.e.f. 2010-11
onwards.
The salient features of the Scheme are:
Creation of Venture Capital Fund to foster area/ cluster based
integrated Development as a viable commercial activity.
Strengthening of infrastructure, human resource, institutions and
rearers’ organizations for rapid improvement of these species.
Developing a skill pool of NGOs for taking up development projects
on PPP mode.
Resource mapping in identified districts for sheep, goat & rabbit in
terms of raw material source as well as consumption pattern and
potential.

62. Schemes Undertaken under IDSRR
 Revival of Potential Farms-
◦ Strengthening of Sheep Breeding Farm- Proposal for strengthening of SBF
Reasi
 Innovative Projects:
◦ Project Proposals for Embryo Transfer Technology to be implemented jointly
by Sheep Husbandry Department & SKUAST-J.
 Organized Sheep and Goat Farming (Credit linked, funding through
NABARD):
 Scheme to be implemented during remaining period of 12 th FYP in all
districts of State.
 Beneficiaries shall be SHGs, individuals, unemployed youth, preference to
women, SCs and STs.
 NGOs selected by NABARD shall identify beneficiaries; act as facilitators for
training of beneficiaries and sponsorship of cases to banks.
 Provision of Sheep/ Goat rearing units of 25 ewes/ does + 1 ram/ buck at
estimated cost of Rs. 1.00 lacs where backend subsidy of 33.33% shall be
provided & margin money 10% (Rs. 0.10 lac) shall be arranged by beneficiary
& Rs. 0.90 lac shall be Bank Loan.
 Provision of Sheep/ Goat breeding farms of 500 ewes/ does + 25 rams /
bucks at estimated cost of Rs. 25.00 lacs where backend subsidy of 33.33%
shall be provided & margin money 25% (Rs. 6.25 lac) shall be arranged by
beneficiary & Rs. 18.75 lac shall be Bank Loan.

63. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SCHEMES
SHEEP HUSBANDRY SECTOR
 A. State Sector Mini Sheep Farm Scheme
(50 Ewes+ 2 Rams)
 B. Establishment of 25 ewes/does units on
participatory mode – Centrally Sponsored – RKVY
 C. Establishment of Sheep/Goat units of 25
ewes/does + 1ram/buck rearing units & 500 ewes/
does + 25 Rams/ Bucks breeding units under
Centrally Sponsored – Integrated Development of
Small Ruminants and Rabbits (IDSRR)

64. A. State Sector Mini Sheep Farm Scheme (50 Ewes + 2 Rams)

65. B. Establishment of 25 ewes/does units on
participatory mode -Centrally Sponsored –
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)

66. C. Establishment of Sheep/Goat units of 25 ewes/does + 1ram/buck
rearing units & 500 ewes/ does + 25 Rams/ Bucks breeding units
under Centrally Sponsored – Integrated Development of Small
Ruminants and Rabbits (IDSRR)

68. Using the FAMACHA© system to control
internal parasites in small ruminants
 Gastro-intestinal
parasites (worms)
pose the single
greatest threat to
the health and
productivity of
sheep and goats.

69.  The barber pole
worm (Haemonchus
contortus) is the
worm species of
primary concern in
warm, moist
climates.
 It is a blood-
sucking parasite
that causes anemia
and edema,
production loss and
sometimes death.

70. Conventional methods of control of
parasites
 Conventionally ,
parasite control
programs relied
heavily upon the
prophylactic use of
anthelmintics.
 This approach is no
longer sustainable
due to the
widespread
emergence of drug-
resistant worms.

71. FAMACHA© and selective deworming
 The FAMACHA©
system is a novel
system for assessing
barber pole worm
infection in small
ruminants and
determining the need
for deworming.
 Selective deworming
increases worm
refugia which slows
the rate by which
worms develop
resistance to
anthelmintics

72.  The FAMACHA©
system proved to
be an effective tool
for monitoring and
controlling internal
parasitism in growing
lambs and goats.
 It reduced the
number of
anthelmintic
treatments.
 It increased refugia.
 It identified
susceptible and
resistant animals

73. THANK YOU