This document provides an overview of echocardiogram views and measurements. It describes the standard views obtained from the parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal windows. For each view, it indicates the transducer position, imaging plane, and cardiac structures visualized. It also provides typical Doppler sequences and includes normal measurements for cardiac structures. Troubleshooting tips are provided for technically difficult studies.

1. ECHO views and measurements
Chairperson :
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Naveen Sheikh
Dept of Cardiology,UCC, BSMMU
Dr. Md. Reza-ud-doulla Razu
D-card

3. Introduction
 The Comprehensive adult 2D TTE examination begins at the left
parasternal window, followed by the apical, subcostal, and suprasternal
notch windows.
 Each standard echocardiographic view is described using there
components
 Transducer position or window
 Echocardiographic imaging plane
 Cardiac structures or region of interest

4. TTE Windows:
The left parasternal window
The apical window
Subcostal or subxiphoid window
Suprasternal notch window

6. Cardiac imaging plane
Long axis
(LAX) plane
Short axis
(SAX) plane
Four chamber
(4C) plane

7. Typical sequences of modalities
2D examination: cross sectional anatomy of the cardiac structures
M-mode examination: for timing of cardiac events and linear measurements,
quantification of volume, contractile function of heart, wall thickness abnormalities ,LV
mass, monitoring of diseases process
Color flow Doppler examination: initial visual assessment of normal and abnormal flows and Peak
mean gradients, PHT, Continuity equation, holodiastolic reversal of flow.
Spectral Doppler examination: CWD to measure maximum trans-valvular velocities and gradients;
PWD to detect flows at specific low velocity anatomical sites when indicated.
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to assess myocardial velocities and systolic, diastolic LV function.
3D echocardiography incorporated when available and indicated more accurate assesmemt of heart.

8. Left Parasternal views
Long axis view
(PLAX): LV inflow-out
flow, RV inflow, RV
outflow
Short axis views
(PSAX): aortic valve
level, PA bifurcation,
mitral valve level,
papillary muscle level,
apical level.

9. Left PLAX:
Transducer position: left
sternal edge; 3rd – 4th
intercostal space
Marker dot direction:
points towards right
shoulder
Patient position: left
lateral position

10. Left parasternal long axis view
Key Features:
 Coaptation of the anterior and
posterior MV leaflets.
 Coaptation of the AoV leaflets.
 LV cavity maximized(imaging
between papillary muscles).
 Measurement of LVOT diameter
 2-5mm inside LVOT from insertion of
AV leaflet into IVS & anterior MV
leaflet.18-24mm.

12. Aortic Valve Level:
• Aortic Root Diameter: 30-37mm
• Aortic cusp Separation: 15-26mm
• Left Atrial Diameter: 19-40mm

14. Mitral Valve Level:
• AML D-E Excursion: 20-35mm
• AML E-F slope: 18-120mm/sec
• E point to Septum: >5mm

16.  Left ventricular end-diastole (LVEDD): 36 - 52 mm (23 -31 mm/m²)
 Left ventricular end-systole (LVESD): 24 - 42 mm (14 -21 mm/m²)
 Interventricular septum thickness (diastolic): 6 - 12 mm
 Interventricular septum excursion (Systolic): 6 - 9 mm
 Posterior wall thickness (diastolic): 6 - 11 mm
 Posterior wall excursion (Systolic): 6 - 9 mm
 LV fractional Shortening: 30-45%
 LV ejection fraction: 52-72% (Male), 54-74 % (Female)

17. PSAX
 Transducer position: left
sternal edge; 2nd – 4th intercostal
space
 Marker dot direction: points
towards left shoulder(900
clockwise from PLAX view)

18. Parasternal short axis views: levels
The aortic valve (AVL)
Pulmonary artery bifurcation
(PAB)
The mitral valve (MV)
Papillary muscle (PM) or
mid LV
LV apical level and apical
cap

19.  Doppler Examination (AoV
Level):
Color Doppler :
AoV, PV, TV
Spectral Doppler :
 PW: PV (place sample volume in the
RVOT, 1 cm proximal to PV).
 CW: Place cursor through the vena
contracta of the TV or PV regurgitant jet,
or the valve leaflet coaptation point.

20.  Key Features
 MV leaflets with the coaptation
point at the center of the ventricle
 If the valve appears to open
medially, rotate the transducer
clockwise for a more complete view;
if it opens laterally, rotate
counterclockwise.

21. Mitral valve area

23. Apical views:
5 chamber
view
4 chamber
view
3 chamber
view
2chamber
view

24. A4C view aquisition:
Transducer position: apex of heart
Marker dot direction: points towards
left shoulder

25.  Key Features :
• Entire length of the LV is visualized.
• LV endocardium is well-defined in all
segments.
• Coaptation of the MV and TV (septal
and anterior) leaflets
• RV free wall and TV annulus motion

26. Doppler Examination
 Color Doppler :
• MV: Color box should include LA, MV, LV inflow tract.
• TV: Color box should include RA, TV, RV, IVS.
 Spectral Doppler :
• PW: MV (place sample volume at leaflet tips
• CW: Place cursor through the vena contracta of regurgitant jet or MV and TV
leaflet coaptation point.
• TD: Septal and lateral MV annuli, lateral TV annulus
Basic use of doppler echo-detection of normal flow and disturbed flow.
Quentification of severity of lesion

31. Troubleshooting
 Common Problems :
• If ventricles visualized, but not the atria, tilt the transducer up or down.
• If MV/TV coaptation or LV/RV is cut-off, rotate transducer clockwise or
counterclockwise.
• If apex not centered, move transducer medially or laterally.

32.  From the A4C view, tilt the transducer tail
toward the patient’s left hip.
 Color Doppler : Color box should include the
AoV.
 Spectral Doppler :
• PW: LVOT (place the sample volume ∼1 cm
proximal to the AoV).
• CW: Place cursor through the vena contracta
of the AoV regurgitant jet or the valve leaflet
coaptation point to evaluate aortic stenosis
(AS).

33.  From the A4C view, rotate the
transducer roughly 30°
counterclockwise.
 Note: Be careful not to foreshorten
the LV by moving the transducer
medially.

34.  Key Features:
• Coaptation of the MV and AoV leaflets.
 Doppler Examination :
Color Doppler
• MV and AoV: Color box should include the
IVS, AoV, and MV.
Spectral Doppler
• PW: LVOT, MV inflow
• CW: MV for regurgitation and AoV for AS

35. Subcostal view
Transducer position: under the
xiphisternum
Marker dot position: points towards
left shoulder
The subject lies supine with head
slightly low (no pillow). With feet on
the bed, the knees are slightly
elevated
Better images are obtained with the
abdomen relaxed and during
inspiration

36. Subcostal views
Subcostal 4
chamber view
Subcostal short
axis view
Subcostal great
vessel imaging:
IVC, abdominal
aorta, hepatic vein

37.  Key Features :
• LV function
• Pericardial effusion and tamponade
physiology if effusion present
• Look for interatrial septal defects.

39.  Troubleshooting :
• Utilize the liver’s low acoustic impedance by imaging slightly to the right of the
xiphoid process.
• Image at end-inspiration.
• Relax the abdominal muscles by bending the patient’s knees.
• Decrease the transducer frequency to increase the depth of ultrasound
penetration.

40. Suprasternal notch views
Transducer position:
suprasternal notch
Marker dot direction: points
towards left jaw
The subject lies supine with
the neck hyper extended. The
head is rotated slightly
towards the left

41.  Key Features
• Look for anatomic abnormalities to
suggest an aortic dissection, aortic
coarctation, or patent ductus arteriosis
 Color Doppler :
• Arch vessels: Color box should include all
of the arch vessels.
 Spectral Doppler :
• PW sampling of the proximal DAo
(holodiastolic flow reversal seen in moderate
to severe AR) or any areas of turbulence.
• CW of AoV for aortic valve jet.

42. Tips For Technically Difficult Studies
 Patients with Hyperinflated Lungs :
• Lower-than-normal parasternal windows should be attempted. It is not uncommon
to obtain the best parasternal orientation from the subcostal view.
• Have the patient lie flat.
• Transducer orientation is the same, and all axis views are often attainable.

43.  Obesity :
• Reduce transducer frequency for deeper penetration.
• Increase transducer pressure slightly for better tissue compression.
• Optimize width and depth.
• Decrease frame rates.