On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck Kobe, Japan, killing over 5,000 people and making over 300,000 homeless. The 20-second quake caused $100 billion in damage to infrastructure and buildings. Earthquakes occur when blocks of the earth slip past one another at fault lines, releasing stored elastic energy in seismic waves.

1. EARTHQUAKE
Academic Lecture

2. On Tuesday, January 17th 1995, at 5.46
a.m. (local time), an earthquake of
magnitude 7.2 on the Richter Scale struck
the Kobe region of south-central Japan. This
region is the second most populated and
industrialized area after Tokyo, with a total
population of about 10 million people. The
ground shook for only about 20 seconds but
in that short time, over 5,000 people died,
over 300,000 people became homeless and
damage worth an estimated £100 billion
was caused to roads, houses, factories and
infrastructure (gas, electric, water,
sewerage, phone cables, etc).

3. Video 1
(Earthquake in Kobe)

4. DEFINITION
• An earthquake is what happens
when two blocks of the earth
suddenly slip past one another.
• The surface where they slip is
called the fault or fault plane.

5. DEFINITION
• The location below the earth’s
surface where the earthquake
starts is called the hypocenter,
and the location directly above it
on the surface of the earth is
called the epicenter.

6. illustration

7. The Three Shocks
•Foreshocks
•Mainshock
•Aftershocks

8. • Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks.
These are smaller earthquakes that happen in
the same place as the larger earthquake that
follows.
• Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a
foreshock until the larger earthquake
happens.

9. • The largest, main earthquake is called the
mainshock.
• Mainshocks always have aftershocks that
follow. These are smaller earthquakes that
occur afterwards in the same place as the
mainshock.
• Depending on the size of the mainshock,
aftershocks can continue for weeks, months,
and even years after the mainshock!

10. • Christchurch earthquakes of 2010–11, also
called Canterbury earthquakes, series of
tremors that occurred within and near the
city of Christchurch, N.Z., and the Canterbury
Plains region from early September 2010 to
late February 2011. The severest of those
events were the earthquake (magnitude
from 7.0 to 7.1) that struck on Sept. 4, 2010,
and the large, destructive aftershock
(magnitude 6.3) that occurred on Feb. 22,
2011.

11. The source
of
Earthquakes

12. • tectonic plates,
• plate boundaries,
• faults

14. Type of Plate Boundaries

15. • plates spread apart
• caused by magma upwelling from
deep in the Earth
• usually found in the oceans along
with mid-ocean ridges
divergent

16. Convergent
Where an oceanic and a continental plate collide, the denser oceanic
plate will be forced under (subduction) the other.

17. The Kobe Earthquake

18. Why does the earth shake when there
is an earthquake?

19. • While the edges of faults are stuck
together, and the rest of the block is
moving, the energy that would normally
cause the blocks to slide past one
another is being stored up.
• When the force of the moving blocks
finally overcomes the friction of the
jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks,
all that stored up energy is released.

20. • The energy radiates outward from the
fault in all directions in the form of
seismic waves like ripples on a pond.
• The seismic waves shake the earth as
they move through it, and when the
waves reach the earth’s surface, they
shake the ground and anything on it,
like our houses and us!

21. How are earthquakes recorded?
• Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called
seismographs.
• The recording they make is called a seismogram.
• video

22. Below is the seismogram from the Christchurch, New Zealand,
earthquake, as recorded by the seismograph at South Karori, New
Zealand, and retrieved using GEE.

23. The size of the earthquake is called its
magnitude. There is one magnitude
for each earthquake. Scientists also
talk about the intensity of shaking
from an earthquake, and this varies
depending on where you are during
the earthquake.

24. The Difference

25. Magnitude and Intensity
measure different characteristics
of earthquakes. Magnitude
measures the energy released at
the source of the earthquake.
Magnitude is determined from
measurements on seismographs.