The document discusses the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan. It began with a 6.9 magnitude earthquake on January 17, 1995 that caused widespread destruction. Over 6,000 people lost their lives and hundreds of thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed. The earthquake was caused by movement on a fault line between tectonic plates under Kobe, where pressure had built up over 50 years. The Japanese response to the earthquake showed how infrastructure like roads, bridges and utilities could be repaired relatively quickly through coordinated recovery efforts.

1. EARTHQUAKE
SA Tragedy to Life and Property
Created by..
A.SAITEJA
GUIDE ..
ANJANEYA BABU SIR

2. INTRODUCTION
 Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards
which often turn into disaster causing widespread
destruction and loss to human life.
 The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and
intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all round
the world, except in some places where earthquakes occur
rarely. The devastation of cities and towns is one of the
effects of earthquake.

3.  What is Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the result
of a sudden release of
energy in the earth’s crust
that creates seismic waves.
The seismic activity of an
area refers to the
frequency , type and size of
earthquakes experienced
over a period of time

4. For example:
If you throw stone in a pond
of still water , series of waves are
produced on the surface of water ,
these waves spread out in all
directions from the point where
the stone strikes the water.
 similarly, any sudden
disturbances in the earth’s crust
may produce vibration in the
crust which travel in all direction
from point of disturbances.

5. The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on
the crust of the earth.
“A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in
response to stress.”
This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an
earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the
surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.

6. KOBE EARTHQUAKEKOBE EARTHQUAKE
The Great Hanshin earthquake or Kobe
earthquake , occurred on January 17, 1995 at
05:46:53in the southern part of
Hy go Prefectureō , Japan.

7. Eurasian Plate
Philippine Plate
Pacific Plate
North American Plate
Kobe
Japan lies in the middle
of four tectonic plates.
The pressure of the plates
has produced fault lines
in Japan’s crust.
The fault running through
the Kobe area had not
moved for 50 years and a
huge amount of pressure
had built up.

8. The Earthquake only lasted 20
seconds but the caused terrible
human suffering and damage
estimated at £80 billion.
190,000 buildings destroyed or damaged
90% of the port destroyed
14,690 injured
4,569 deaths 82% schools damaged
12% industry destroyed300,000 people lost their homes
130km of Japan’s main rail system was closed

9. Some of the
older office
blocks built in the
1960's of steel
and concrete
collapsed in the
middle so that a
whole floor was
crushed by the
rooms above.
Before
After
Primary effect

10. Before
After
Most roads
suffered some
damage
Primary effect

11. The Port was
damaged due to
liquefactionliquefaction
Cranes tilted or
fell
Primary effect
`

12. Fire, triggered by
broken gas pipes
caused a huge
amount of damage,
destroying at least
7,500 wooden homes.
Secondary effect

13. Rescue Operation Flow chart

14. GESI METHODLOGY:
 Building Fatality Potential
 Land slide Fatality Potential
 Search and Rescue Life-Saving Potential
 Fire Fatality potential
 Medical care or Life –Saving Potential

16. Data Collection :
 Seismology , soils and landslides
 City planning
 Building inventory
 School buildings
 Emergency response
 Medical emergency preparedness
 Hospital emergency preparedness
 Fire preparedness

17. GESI Results :
1. Compare communities risk of
loss of life caused by
earthquakes (fig 2.5)
2. Identify the sources of each
city’s risk (fig 2.6) and.
3. Evaluate the various means of
reducing that risk

18. GESI Evaluation :

19. GESI Evaluation :

20. GESI Conclusions :
From the experience of kobe earth quake it is
evident that among different concerns of
reconstructions of the earth quakes in
urban areas a few critical issues are :
1. Focusing on community needs
2. Bringing communities In the decision
making process for reconstruction.
3. Reaching the collective opinion from the
communities
4. Keep pace with the speed of
reconstruction

21. •Water, electricity, gas services were fully working in six
months
•The railways were back in service in 7 months
•After three weeks most phones lines were working
•A year after the earthquake, 80% of the port was working
•By January 1999, 134,000 housing units had been built.
•After fourteen months all collapsed bridges were repaired.
What proof is there that the Japanese were able to
repair the City of Kobe quickly after the earthquake
Putting things right after the earthquake

22. Questions To Us ?
 In what ways are earthquakes
predictable?
 To what other hazards are
earthquakes linked?
 What are the potentially disastrous
consequences of earthquakes?
 In what ways has human activity made
earthquake hazards catastrophic?
 How can the hazardous
consequences of earthquakes be
minimized?
