This document provides an overview of geology, meteorology, and astronomy. It discusses the definition of geology, minerals, rocks, rock formations, and the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, inorganic solids with an ordered structure and exact chemical composition. Rocks form from minerals and undergo the rock cycle. The document also covers earthquakes, volcanoes, the composition and structure of the Earth, continental drift theory, plate tectonics, and geological timescales. Key concepts explained include Moh's hardness scale, the rock cycle, igneous rock classification, sedimentary rock formation processes, and Steno's laws of superposition, original

1. G E O L O G Y, M E T E O R O L O G Y A N D A S T R O N O M Y
EARTH SCIENCE (PART 1)
BY JESS CHRISTIAN RAMIREZ
MAY 2012

2. GEOLOGY
• GEO – EARTH
• LOGOS – TO STUDY
• MINERALS
• ROCKS
• FORMATIONS
• HISTORY

3. MINERALS

4. MINERALS
• N – aturally occuring
• O – rdered Structure
• I – norganic
• S – olid
• E – xact Chemical Composition
• They are the building blocks of rocks

5. ORDERED STRUCTURES

6. PROPERTIES OF A MINERAL
• HARDNESS – Refers to which materials a mineral can
scratch, (Moh’s Hardness Scale**)
• COLOR – A property referring to the light which is
reflected by the mineral to the human eye
• STREAK – (Streak Plate**), refers to the color of the
mineral in its powder form. Note a minerals color may
differ from its streak
• CLEAVAGE – Refers to the number of cleaves or breaks
a mineral has. Aids in identification of minerals ordered
structured as related to how it is broken into pieces.

7. MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE

8. ROCKS
• Formed due to the presence of one or more minerals
• The rock cycle – refers to the processes that a rock has
undergone to obtain its present state
• Has 3 major classification; IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY,
METAMORPHIC

9. THE ROCK CYCLE

10. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• IGNIS – Fire/Flame
• Developed inside the Earth (Intrusive) or cooled on the
Earth’s surface (Extrusive)
• Higher time of cooling = Larger crystals
• Less time of cooling = Smooth, glassy features

11. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Obsidian

12. • Basalt

13. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Pegmatite

14. • Diorite

15. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• EROSION
• DEPOSITION
• LITHIFICATION/DIAGENESIS
• COMPACTION
• CEMENTATION

16. • These SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES give us an idea of
what type of environment the aggregate debris of these
rocks has and its mode of transport
• Classified as; CLASTIC (cemented rock with clasts or
pebble like mixed rocks), BIOCHEMICAL and
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

17. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

18. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• RESULT of the WEATHERING (either due to heat,
pressure of both) or sedimentary or igneous rock(s).
• FOLIATED OR NONFOLIATED
• FOLIATION refers to the layers/bands found on rocks

19. EARTHQUAKES
• Caused by rapid vibrations of the Earth releasing energy
coming from the focus, associated with fractures called
faults.
• Epicenter – Above the focus, on the “ground” where
vegetation is found.

20. EARTHQUAKE WAVES
• Surface Waves: Travels along the outer layer of the
Earth
• Body Waves: Travels through Earth’s interior
• P waves: PUSH-PULL waves, fastest among waves. Can travel
on all medium
• S waves: SHAKE waves, cannot travel on liquids

21. MEASURING THE “STRENGTH” OF AN
EARTHQUAKE
• INTENSITY: compares strength relative to effect, ie.
Swinging or lampshades, waking of asleep persons, etc.
• MOMENT MAGNITUDE: compares strength using
energy release by the earthquake as measured by a
seismograph

22. VOLCANISM
• VULCAN – Roman God of Fire
• Refers to any geological structure that has a
crater(mouth) that emits and/or contains magma(molten
rock) beneath the surface of the Earth.
• Basic classification includes: SHIELD(wide),
CINDER(cone like) and COMPOSITE(steep)

24. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH

25. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
• CRUST: thinnest layer of the Earth
• MANTLE: thickest layer of the Earth.
• OUTER CORE: liquid(higher temp, lower pressure)
• INNER CORE: solid(high temp, high pressure)
• DISCONTINUITIES
- Mohorovicic: “Moho”, Crust-Mantle
- Gutenberg: Mantle - Outer Core
- Lehmann: Outer Core –Inner Core

26. CHANGES IN THE EARTH’S SURFACE
1. Continental Drift Theorem: proposed by Alfred
Wedgener
• Pangea: Large land mass, evidences are as follows
• Puzzle like arrangement of Brazil and Africa
• Fossil Evidences
• Rock Structures
• Ancient Climate

27. CHANGES IN THE EARTH’S SURFACE
2. Plate Tectonics Theory
- Argued that the Continental Drift Theory
- Separates Crust into Plate Boundaries
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
• Convergent: Plates move toward each other
• Divergent: Plates move away from each other
• Transform: Plates slide past from each other

28. GEOLOGIC TIME
• Nicolas Steno: pioneered the study of geological
structures and relate them with computations regarding
dates and other time related features.
• STENO’S LAWS:
• Law of Superposition: The fossil on top is younger than the
bottom
• Principle of Original Horizontality: Layers are deposited
horizontally
• Principle of Cross Cutting: When a fault cuts through other rocks,
the fault is younger than these rocks.

29. ANY
QUESTIONS?

30. QUIZ

31. 1. A mineral is defined as NOISE, give at least 2 def’ns.
2. A rock is composed of several minerals that undergo the process of
_________
3. An igneous rock that develop inside the Earth is called _____ and
develops ______ crystals, while that develop outside/surface of the Earth
is called the ________ and develops ________ crystals.
4. A sedimentary rock relates its origin through ________
5. The release of energy due to vibration of the Earth is the ______
6. The source of 5, is the _____ and its reflection on the vegetation is the
_________
7. The ______ measures relative effect on persons due to 5, and ______
measures energy due to 5 using a __________
8. The father of Historical Geology is _______, he formulated the ______.
Explain at least 2 of these 3 laws.