Geology 101
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A presentation I did for my son's 2nd grade class in very basic geological terms and concepts. I brought in numerous fossils I have collected over the years for a visual and interactive teaching aids. I concluded the talk with a mock science experiment displaying the chemical reaction of a volcano erupting.
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Classification of Sandstone
The document summarizes several classification schemes for sandstone, focusing on the ternary QFL scheme that divides sandstones based on their quartz, feldspar, and lithic fragment composition as determined through point counting of thin sections. The document also describes various sandstone compositions including quartz arenite, feldspathic arenite/wacke, lithic wacke, and others; and discusses framework grains, matrix, cement, porosity, and the influence of provenance on sandstone composition.
Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Ch 10 magma generation
Mantle melting occurs when heat and pressure cause partial melting of the mantle, producing basaltic magma. Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on Earth and can be further differentiated to form other igneous rock types. Evidence for the composition and processes of the mantle comes from ophiolites, dredged samples from ocean floors, nodules contained in basalts, and xenoliths brought up from deep in the mantle via kimberlite eruptions. Together this evidence indicates that the upper mantle is composed predominantly of the minerals olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene which make up the rocks dunite, harzburgite, and lherzol
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
Supercontinent cycle
The document summarizes the theory of supercontinent cycles, where the Earth's continents periodically assemble into a single landmass called a supercontinent and then break apart over hundreds of millions of years. It describes how Pangaea formed approximately 300 million years ago before breaking apart, and how earlier supercontinents like Rodinia and Columbia also existed. It explains that the movement of tectonic plates will likely cause the continents to reconverge into a new supercontinent in about 200 million years. This cyclical assembly and breakup of supercontinents over billions of years has shaped the Earth's geography and geology.
Wacke ( graywacke)
Graywacke, also known as wacke, is a type of sandstone that is composed of sand mixed with mud. It forms in deep ocean waters through turbidity currents and submarine landslides that rapidly transport sediment short distances. Graywacke contains a higher percentage of clay and less rounded grains than typical sandstone. It displays graded bedding from larger grains settling out first during deposition from turbidity events. Fossils can occasionally be found that provide clues about the depositional environment.
Igneous rocks
Nature of Igneous Rocks, Magma, Lava, Textures, Types classification,compositions,Bowen’s Reaction Series, characteristics of magma, Origin of Magmas, Evolution of Magma, Magma Differentiation,Partial Melting,Fractional Crystallization, Plate Tectonic Setting of Igneous Rocks
1 igneous
Petrology is the branch of geology that studies rocks. It includes the origin and formation of rocks (petrogenesis) and their classification and description (petrography). There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.
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Classification of Sandstone
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Depositional environments
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
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Mantle melting occurs when heat and pressure cause partial melting of the mantle, producing basaltic magma. Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on Earth and can be further differentiated to form other igneous rock types. Evidence for the composition and processes of the mantle comes from ophiolites, dredged samples from ocean floors, nodules contained in basalts, and xenoliths brought up from deep in the mantle via kimberlite eruptions. Together this evidence indicates that the upper mantle is composed predominantly of the minerals olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene which make up the rocks dunite, harzburgite, and lherzol
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
Supercontinent cycle
The document summarizes the theory of supercontinent cycles, where the Earth's continents periodically assemble into a single landmass called a supercontinent and then break apart over hundreds of millions of years. It describes how Pangaea formed approximately 300 million years ago before breaking apart, and how earlier supercontinents like Rodinia and Columbia also existed. It explains that the movement of tectonic plates will likely cause the continents to reconverge into a new supercontinent in about 200 million years. This cyclical assembly and breakup of supercontinents over billions of years has shaped the Earth's geography and geology.
Wacke ( graywacke)
Graywacke, also known as wacke, is a type of sandstone that is composed of sand mixed with mud. It forms in deep ocean waters through turbidity currents and submarine landslides that rapidly transport sediment short distances. Graywacke contains a higher percentage of clay and less rounded grains than typical sandstone. It displays graded bedding from larger grains settling out first during deposition from turbidity events. Fossils can occasionally be found that provide clues about the depositional environment.
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Petrology is the branch of geology that studies rocks. It includes the origin and formation of rocks (petrogenesis) and their classification and description (petrography). There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.
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This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
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This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.
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Crust is outer part of the Earth and compositionally is consist tow types, continental and oceanic crust.
The oceanic crust is thin (~ 7 km ), and composed from denser rocks such as basalt , younger.
Whereas the continental crust is thick (~ 40 Km), and composed of highly diverse lithologies, and contains the oldest rocks.
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Rocks, Rock Cycle, PowerPoint Quiz Game, Earth Science Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
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This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.
Hotspots and Mantle plumes
The document provides an overview of mantle plumes and hotspots. It discusses that mantle plumes are columns of hot material rising from deep within the mantle, and hotspots are the surface expression of these plumes seen as volcanic regions. Hotspots have distinct geochemical signatures and are unrelated to tectonic plate boundaries. They can form hotspot tracks as the tectonic plate moves over them, leaving age-progressive volcanic chains. While hotspots were thought to be fixed in the mantle, evidence now suggests they may move slowly relative to each other over geologic timescales. Mantle plumes provide an explanation for various volcanic and tectonic phenomena seen in the interiors of tectonic plates.
Topic 1 concept of mineral deposits
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
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Composition of the continental crust
The Earth is an unusual planet by having bimodal topography that reflects the two distinct types of crust.
Crust is outer part of the Earth and compositionally is consist tow types, continental and oceanic crust.
The oceanic crust is thin (~ 7 km ), and composed from denser rocks such as basalt , younger.
Whereas the continental crust is thick (~ 40 Km), and composed of highly diverse lithologies, and contains the oldest rocks.
Diagenesis of clay minerals
Diagenesis refers to the physical, chemical, and biological changes that sediments undergo after deposition to form sedimentary rock. It can include compaction, cementation, replacement of minerals, and formation of new minerals. There are three main stages of diagenesis: syndiagenesis during sedimentation, anadiagenesis involving compaction and maturation, and epidigenesis during emergence before erosion. Common diagenetic processes in mudrocks include mechanical and chemical compaction, which reduce porosity, and the formation of authigenic minerals like calcite, illite, and kaolinite via replacement or precipitation. Clay minerals are important indicators in hydrocarbon exploration as they can provide information about tectonics, hydrocarbon generation
Basin margin
This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
Understanding the sedimentary rocks - Geotalk 2 (MGSS)
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand and mud. This document discusses the formation of sedimentary rocks, including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis. It describes key sedimentary rock types like sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. Examples are given of each rock type and how to identify them based on composition, texture, and sedimentary structures. The study of sedimentary rocks provides information about geology, natural resources, and earth's history.
Origins of Life 3 - Age of Earth
1. The document discusses several theories regarding the age of the Earth, including that some scientists believe it is approximately 4.6 billion years old based on evidence from fossils and geology, while some creationists believe it is only around 10,000 years old based on historical documents and some scientific evidence.
2. The document also discusses theories of how life on Earth originated, such as the primordial soup theory that early Earth's atmosphere allowed organic molecules to form, and the endosymbiont theory that early cells incorporated aerobic bacteria in a symbiotic relationship.
3. Determining the age of the Earth and theories of the origin of life involve assumptions and can never be proven absolutely, as scientists with different beliefs
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The document summarizes the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes how the Earth is composed of layers with different densities, including the crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide and one is subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other. Plate tectonics involves the creation of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and recycling of crust through subduction.
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Earth Science 2.4 : Metamorphic Rock
This document describes metamorphic rock and the processes of metamorphism. It explains that rocks can undergo metamorphism through heat, pressure, or both, which causes changes to their structure, texture, or composition. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism deep underground from pressure. Original minerals change into more stable minerals indicating temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliated or non-foliated textures and structures like folds that result from deformation during metamorphism.
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- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
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Sedimentary ore deposit environments
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Paleocurrent analysis
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Chapter 2- Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011).pptx
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Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
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This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
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The document provides an overview of the geology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses the major geological processes that have shaped the region, including continental drift, tectonic activity, volcanic activity, erosion and deposition. These processes have resulted in key landforms like the Rift Valley, block mountains, and plateaus. The document also outlines the geological time scale and different dating techniques used to determine the age of Ethiopia's rocks and geological structures.
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Historical Geology Study Guide
Scientists study the Earth's history by examining rocks and dating them. The geological time scale divides Earth's lifetime into eras based on layers of rock and fossils. Relative dating involves placing rocks in proper sequence, while radiometric dating uses radioactive decay to determine ages. The oldest fossils date to around 3.8 billion years ago. Major periods include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Mass extinctions occurred, like at the end of the Permian, possibly due to asteroid impact. Humans have significantly impacted geology through pollution, deforestation, and species extinction.
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Geology 101
- 1. Geology 101 Presentation for: Mrs. Jennifer Rydberg 2nd Grade Class Located at: FAIRVIEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL January 6, 2012
- 2. Geology – What is this subject? • Geo- is taken from the Greek word γη or γαια meaning “Earth", usually in the sense of "ground or land”. • The science of study the Earth. • It is split into several disciplines, including: Petrology (the study of rocks), Geophysics (the study of the Earth using physics), Palaeontology (the study of fossils) and Mineralogy (the study of minerals).
- 5. NASA - Mercury Dual Imaging System, spacecraft captured several stunning The Earth images of Earth during a gravity assist swingby of its home planet on Aug. 2, 2005. http://youtu.be/zmBv7udnbes
- 6. The Earth is 4.54 billion years
- 7. Structure of the Earth • Inner Core (Solid) • Outer Core (Liquid) • Mantle • Crust
- 10. What is a Rock? 3 Types of Rocks • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic
- 19. Water Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Am9JPfu Nsw • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtcZbN0Z0 8c
- 22. The Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni o Hawai„i) are an archipelago of eight major islands. The islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain.
- 23. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAxj2ob_Jo U&feature=related Ambrym, Vanuatu Island near Eastern Australia • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiEw1p5Ba SU Mount. Etna on the island of Sicily http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/italys-mt- etna- erupts/2012/01/05/gIQAVJztcP_video.html
- 24. Fossil • Fossils (from Latin fossus, literally "having been dug up") are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.
- 25. Early Cambrian period (526 million years ago) through the end of the Permian about 250 million years ago. Roaming the oceans for over 270 million years.
- 26. Ammonites are an extinct group of marine invertebrate animals. These molluscs are more closely related to living (octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish) of today. They lived in the oceans of the Paleozoic era roughly 542 to 251 million years ago.
- 31. Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily.
- 33. Lava tubes are natural conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow, expelled by a volcano during an eruption.
- 35. Drill Rig @ Tinker Air Force Base
- 36. Drill core - Garber Sandstone @ Tinker Air Force Base