Earth Fault Loop Impedance Summary.ppt
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The document discusses how to calculate the maximum allowable earth fault loop impedance according to BS7671 2008 clause 411.4.5. The formula is Zs x Ia ≤ Uo, where Zs is the earth fault loop impedance in ohms, Ia is the current in amperes required to trip the circuit breaker within the relevant disconnection time, and Uo is the nominal line voltage to earth in volts. It provides the disconnection times for 230V systems and an example calculation for a 20A type D MCB to determine the maximum Zs value allowable.
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Ico; however this can cause severe damage to generator core. Generally, oil & gas installation is a
customized design. So, earthing scheme of 11kV generating utility system should be selected
judiciously at basic engineering stage to avoid equipment damage and protection mal-operation
during operation. Different methods of earthing scheme are available to mitigate the same. One of
the method is presented here in which generator neutral is connected to high resistance grounding
and 11kV switchgear connected to low resistance grounding though zig-zag transformer, subject to
single grounding operation at a time. Prior to synchronization or under complete load throw
scenario, generator circuit breaker is opened. So, an earth fault in generator or evacuation system,
create over-voltage or ferro-resonance conditions, stressing insulation of generator and associated
system. This is mitigated by putting neutral earthing resistor into service at generator neutral. This
paper presents the experience learned in designing neutral earthing scheme for off-shore utility
plant in view of high capacitive charging current at 11kV voltage level, outlines impact on stator
core damage, mitigation and conclusion
Introduction-to-MV-Design-Guide.ppt
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage equipment, defining key terms:
- Voltage levels are defined by rated voltage, insulation level, and withstand voltages.
- Current levels include operating current, minimum short-circuit current, and maximum short-circuit current for thermal ratings.
- Short-circuit power depends on network configuration and impedances, and is used to rate equipment.
- Standards like IEC provide insulation level ratings corresponding to voltage classes.
40220140507001
In offshore oil & gas installation, the electrical power system consists of a large distribution
network, generally operating in island mode i.e., without grid support.
40220140507001
1. The document discusses ungrounded generator operation in offshore utility plants. It describes challenges with directly connecting multiple generators to a distribution network at 11kV voltage level, which introduces high capacitive charging currents.
2. Operating generators without transformers requires special consideration of neutral grounding schemes to mitigate risks of generator core damage during faults while enabling sensitive earth fault protection.
3. Various grounding schemes like high, low, and hybrid resistance are evaluated based on factors like capacitive currents, generator specifications, protection sensitivity and space requirements in the compact offshore utility platform. Ungrounded operation with indirect earth fault detection is proposed to address these challenges.
Generator grounding
This document discusses generator grounding and neutral grounding. It provides information on different grounding methods like solid grounding, low resistance grounding, and high resistance grounding. It explains that the method used depends on factors like system voltage level, generator design, fault current levels, and capacitive charging currents. High resistance grounding is generally preferred as it limits fault currents while allowing faults to be detected.
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- CTs reduce power system currents to lower values for measurement and insulate secondary circuits from primary currents.
- Standards for CTs include IEC, European, British, American, Canadian, and Australian.
- CTs are constructed with either a bar or wound primary and have defined polarity and testing procedures.
- Basic theory explains how CTs transfer current based on turns ratio and induce a voltage to power secondary devices.
- Ratings include rated
Electrical Power Systems 3 phase apparatus
This document discusses 3-phase power apparatus and provides information on various electrical machine concepts including:
- The basic concept of magnetic fields and flux in electrical machines
- The rotating components and applications of rotating machines like generators, motors, and alternators
- The structures and operating principles of different types of AC and DC machines including synchronous and induction machines
It also covers topics like induced voltages and torque in electrical machines, power flows and losses, efficiency, voltage regulation, and speed regulation.
ABB Contactors - 3 Pole Contactors ABB AF09 AF09Z (AC DC) Contactors
ABB Contactors - 3 Pole Contactors ABB AF09 AF09Z (AC DC) Contactors
ABB Extended Product Type:
ABB AF09-30-10-11
ABB Product ID:
ABB 1SBL137001R1110
EAN: 3471523110014
ABB Catalogue Description:
ABB AF09-30-10-11 24-60V50/60HZ 20-60VDC Contactor
ABB AF09 contactors are used for controlling power circuits up to 690 V AC and 220 V DC. ABB contactors are mainly used for controlling 3-phase motors, non-inductive or slightly inductive loads. ABB AF contactors include an electronic coil interface accepting a wide control voltage Uc min. ... Uc max. Only four ABB coils cover control voltages between 24...500 V 50/60 Hz or 20...500 V DC. ABB AF contactors can manage large control voltage variations. One ABB coil can be used for different control voltages used worldwide without any coil change. ABB AF contactors have built-in surge protection and do not require additional surge suppressors. The ABB AF... series 1-stack 3-pole contactors are of the block type design. - Main poles and auxiliary contact blocks: 3 main poles, 1 built-in auxiliary contact, front and side-mounted add-on auxiliary contact blocks (mechanically-linked auxiliary contacts compliant with Annex L of IEC 60947-5-1. N.C. mirror contacts compliant with Annex F of IEC 60947-4-1) - Control circuit: AC or DC operated - Accessories: a wide range of accessories is available. Note: AF..-30-..-11 not suitable for a direct control by PLC-output. AF..-30-..-11 contactor type available in some countries: please consult Throen & Derrick tel 00 44 191 4901547
Vignettes in Grounding
This document discusses various grounding techniques for electrical systems. It begins by comparing different grounding methods such as ungrounded, solidly grounded, and resistance grounded systems. It then focuses on high resistance grounding and describes how HRG limits fault currents while allowing systems to continue operating after ground faults. The document provides examples of applying HRG to generators, variable frequency drives, and paralleled power sources. It discusses component ratings, fault currents, harmonics, and coordination of protection devices for HRG systems.
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1) The document describes the design and fabrication of a 1KVA, single-phase shell type transformer with an automatic cooling system. It discusses the core and winding designs based on specifications like voltage and power ratings.
2) A temperature sensor circuit with a thermistor is used to sense the temperature. When the temperature increases above a preset level, a DC fan is automatically switched on to cool the transformer. It is switched off once the temperature decreases.
3) The transformer is designed to output two voltages - 115V and 120V from an input of 230V, without any tapping. This is achieved through appropriate winding designs based on design calculations.
Shortcircuit-IEC.pdf
The document discusses short-circuit analysis based on IEC standards. It covers types of short-circuit faults, fault current calculations, and transient fault current analysis according to IEC 61363. Key aspects include symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault calculations, near and far generator faults, and adjusting transformer and synchronous machine impedances based on IEC guidelines. Transient fault currents are calculated and waveform envelopes are analyzed per IEC 61363.
Brett Roberts - Some aspects of electrical power system protection in undergr...
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This document discusses some of the challenges of electrical power system protection in underground mining environments. It notes that underground mines have unique features like continuous cable installation/retraction, reliance on reticulated earth conductors, and risk of fault energy causing explosions. Some specific challenges mentioned include increasing X/R ratios from larger transformers which can exceed equipment ratings, outdated dashpot overload relays still in use, inadequate instantaneous settings on overload relays, and issues with protection coordination across multiple lines of protection involving earth fault limitation. Trailing cable semiconductive screens and repairs are also identified as potential risks if faults progress to phase-to-phase arcs.Substation overview
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Substationoverview
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This document summarizes the refurbishment of a 3-phase induction motor originally designed for 415V but operating in an area with a maximum supply of 380V. Key steps included:
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2. Measuring the motor dimensions to inform the calculations.
3. Developing a double-layer lap winding with 12 phase groups of 44 turns each for the 380V design.
4. Rewinding the stator with the new winding configuration and testing the motor, which achieved satisfactory no-load speed.
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- 1. Schneider Electric 1 - Buildings Division – Neville Watkins – March 2009 Calculating the maximum allowable earth fault loop impedance. Earth loop impedance is calculated using the following formulae, (BS7671 2008 clause 411.4.5). Zs x Ia ≤ Uo Where: Zs is the earth fault loop impedance in ohms (Ω). Uo is the nominal line voltage to earth in volts (V). Ia is the current in Amperes (A) required to trip the circuit breaker for the relevant disconnection time.
- 2. Schneider Electric 2 - Buildings Division – Neville Watkins – March 2009 Current required to trip the circuit breaker (Ia). ● The current required to trip the circuit breaker (Ia) is required to calculate the Zs value for the circuit. ● To determine Ia the disconnection time for the circuit is required. The disconnection times for 230V systems are as follows; ● 0.4sec - for portable equipment. ● 5.0sec - for fixed equipment. ● The relevant disconnection time is plotted on the tripping curve so that Ia can be obtained. ● Note: The maximum tripping time (higher tolerance limit) must be used on the tripping curve. An example for a 20A type D MCB is shown on the following slide.
- 3. Schneider Electric 3 - Buildings Division – Neville Watkins – March 2009
- 4. Schneider Electric 4 - Buildings Division – Neville Watkins – March 2009 Calculating the Zs value when Ia is known. ●The Zs value is calculated as follows (BS7671 2008 clause 411.4.5). ● As seen on the previous slide, the current required to trip the circuit breaker can be measured from the tripping curve. e.g. a disconnection time of 5 sec is required, therefore the current required to trip the MCB = 156A (Ia). ● The nominal voltage to earth is 230V (Uo). ● The maximum Zs is calculated using the following formulae:- Zs x Ia ≤ Uo Max Zs = Uo / Ia 230V / 156A = 1.47ohms Therefore for a 20A Type D MCB the maximum Zs allowable for a 5 second disconnection time is 1.47 ohms.