The document discusses a feasibility study conducted by EADS Innovation Works and Astrium, in partnership with ONERA, for a future high-speed transport system called ZEHST. ZEHST aims to fly long-haul routes like Tokyo to Los Angeles in under 2.5 hours while having minimal environmental impact. The concept uses technologies from Astrium's spaceplane and studies how to meet performance and environmental requirements for high-speed commercial transport. Initial concepts propose using liquid hydrogen fuel and rocket engines to accelerate the aircraft to high speeds before switching to ramjet propulsion for cruise. Research topics include evaluating hydrogen fuel and reducing emissions and sonic booms.
This is a presentation that contains detailed information about hypersonic vehicle or hyperplanes travelling at speeds upto 6 times the speed of sound. It also contains information about some hyperplanes like nasa x43, avatar hyperplane. This presentation also deals with the selection of suitable design for hyperplanes.
This is a presentation that contains detailed information about hypersonic vehicle or hyperplanes travelling at speeds upto 6 times the speed of sound. It also contains information about some hyperplanes like nasa x43, avatar hyperplane. This presentation also deals with the selection of suitable design for hyperplanes.
Introduction Cum Need for a Scramjet Engine
History
Working
More information about Scramjet Engines
Hyper X Vehicle
Applications of scramjet engines
Challenges to scramjet engine technology
Conclusion
References
For further explanation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ux7mYSlAfg
AM PRESENTING U MA SEMINAR SLIDES ON TOPIC "HYPERSONIC AIR BREATHING ENGINES" ROOTED UP BY HELP OF NASA INFORMATION.SINCE I AM INTERESTED IN SPACE STUDIES I CHOOSE THIS,EVENTHOUGH AM A MECH ENGINEER!! ..I KNOW , SOMEONE OR ANYONE BE GAINFUL BY THIS.....DURING MA SEMINAR I HOLD ON MANY SITES TO PROVIDE RELATD SLIDES,BUT THEY ALL NEED REGISTRATION,MONEY AND ALL...BUT ITZ NOT FAIR.!!...SO AM SHARING U WITH THIS.....FOR ANY DOUBTS OR REPORTS,SUPPORTING JOURNELS ,CONTACT ME: sanoojsiddikh@gmail.com
Study of direct current motor power requirement for manikin smart irrigation ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Manikin Irrigation Area (I.A) has ± 3000 ha of the area, utilizes the water source from the Tefmo Dam and distributes to the Primary-Secondary-Tertiary channels with controlled by watergates that operated by lift. This mechanism has resulted in jealousy and squabbles in farmer groups because of the inequality distribution that ultimately decreases crop production. The development of Microcontroller Technology has changed the Watergate model into an automated system based on certain parameters and algorithms. One of that being developed is the smart irrigation system based on Arduino at Manikin I.A that regulates the water to land based on the time from the Real-Time Clock sensor and uses Direct Current (DC) motor as a driver to watergate. While it may work, but the system has not considered the power requirement of DC motor when the water flows in the maximum discharge and pressure affecting the motor. This study examines the power requirement of an ideal DC motor for smart watergate in 5 open channels in Manikin I.A. Based on the open channel standard parameters, a total load measurement is performed when the water given speed (V) and pressure (p) then converted to energy. The study results that on 5 different open channels in Manikin I.A, with 0.30 m3/s maximum water discharge and 7.56 m/s2 flow rate, a watergate control requires DC motor that has 35 to 43 Watt power (39,4 Watt average power) or 3 to 3.5 Ampere current (3,26 Ampere average Current) in order to 24-hours work.
A presentation file for Space shuttles & advancement for seminar purposes.
Information is collected from various websites including nasa.gov.in,wikipedia,space.com.
Introduction Cum Need for a Scramjet Engine
History
Working
More information about Scramjet Engines
Hyper X Vehicle
Applications of scramjet engines
Challenges to scramjet engine technology
Conclusion
References
For further explanation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ux7mYSlAfg
AM PRESENTING U MA SEMINAR SLIDES ON TOPIC "HYPERSONIC AIR BREATHING ENGINES" ROOTED UP BY HELP OF NASA INFORMATION.SINCE I AM INTERESTED IN SPACE STUDIES I CHOOSE THIS,EVENTHOUGH AM A MECH ENGINEER!! ..I KNOW , SOMEONE OR ANYONE BE GAINFUL BY THIS.....DURING MA SEMINAR I HOLD ON MANY SITES TO PROVIDE RELATD SLIDES,BUT THEY ALL NEED REGISTRATION,MONEY AND ALL...BUT ITZ NOT FAIR.!!...SO AM SHARING U WITH THIS.....FOR ANY DOUBTS OR REPORTS,SUPPORTING JOURNELS ,CONTACT ME: sanoojsiddikh@gmail.com
Study of direct current motor power requirement for manikin smart irrigation ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Manikin Irrigation Area (I.A) has ± 3000 ha of the area, utilizes the water source from the Tefmo Dam and distributes to the Primary-Secondary-Tertiary channels with controlled by watergates that operated by lift. This mechanism has resulted in jealousy and squabbles in farmer groups because of the inequality distribution that ultimately decreases crop production. The development of Microcontroller Technology has changed the Watergate model into an automated system based on certain parameters and algorithms. One of that being developed is the smart irrigation system based on Arduino at Manikin I.A that regulates the water to land based on the time from the Real-Time Clock sensor and uses Direct Current (DC) motor as a driver to watergate. While it may work, but the system has not considered the power requirement of DC motor when the water flows in the maximum discharge and pressure affecting the motor. This study examines the power requirement of an ideal DC motor for smart watergate in 5 open channels in Manikin I.A. Based on the open channel standard parameters, a total load measurement is performed when the water given speed (V) and pressure (p) then converted to energy. The study results that on 5 different open channels in Manikin I.A, with 0.30 m3/s maximum water discharge and 7.56 m/s2 flow rate, a watergate control requires DC motor that has 35 to 43 Watt power (39,4 Watt average power) or 3 to 3.5 Ampere current (3,26 Ampere average Current) in order to 24-hours work.
A presentation file for Space shuttles & advancement for seminar purposes.
Information is collected from various websites including nasa.gov.in,wikipedia,space.com.
3 d printing-for-everyone-from-personnal-to-professional-applications-sirrisSirris
Intellectual property, traceability and the counterfeiting of 3D printable objects
3D printing for everyone - From personal to professional applications
Julien Magnien - Sirris
The aerospace and automotive industries have been using 3D printing technology for years to create custom parts quickly, efficiently and at a lower cost.
This SlideShare will teach you about additive manufacturing, and how this growing field can help enhance your production processes and complement traditional manufacturing practices.
Scramjet Engine a variant of Ram jet engine.In this presentation you will find all necessary details about it.By this slide you have a broader idea about scramjet engine,its working,its uses,its scope in India.
India is also among those nations who have developed Scramjet engine.
Development of a Integrated Air Cushioned Vehicle (Hovercraft)IJMER
The design and development of a hovercraft prototype with full hovercraft basic functions is
reported by taking into consideration, size, material and component availability and intermediate
fabrication skill. In-depth research was carried out to determine the components of a hovercraft
system and their basic functions and in particular its principle of operation. Detailed research in design
was done to determine the size of component parts, quite in accordance with relevant standard
requirements as applicable in the air cushioned vehicles (ACV). The fabrication of the designed
hovercraft by using materials that are readily available by taking into consideration the economic
constraints and time constraints. It also includes the testing process which includes the tweaking of
various parameters that govern lift and thrust of the hovercraft. Further research is recommended to
improve on the efficiency of the craft.
As we know that there are four modes of
transportation are, rail, road, water, and air. These modes
of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road and
water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively
slow and expensive (i.e., rail). Hyper loop is a new mode of
transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both
fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is also
unique in that it is an open design concept, similar to Linux.
Feedback is desired from the community that can help
advance the Hyperloop design and bring it from concept to
reality. Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with
capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds
throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are
supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and
aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a
magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the
low pressure tube with rotors contained in each capsule.
Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located
either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube
length. In this study, the initial route, preliminary design,
and logistics of the Hyperloop transportation system have
been derived. The system consists of capsules that travel
between Los Angeles, California and San Francisco,
California. The total one-way trip time is 35 minutes from
county line to county line. The capsules leave on average
every 2 minutes from each terminal carrying 28 people each
(as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less
frequently at night). This gives a total of 7.4 million people
per tube that can be transported each year on Hyperloop.
The total cost of Hyperloop is under $6 billion USD for two
one-way tubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing this capital cost
over 20 years and adding daily operational costs gives a total
of $20 USD plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the
passenger Hyperloop
Cooling of a truck cabin by vapour absorption refrigeration system using engi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Heat Transfer Analysis for a Winged Reentry Flight Test BedCSCJournals
In this paper we deal with the aero-heating analysis of a reentry flight demonstrator helpful to the research activities for the design and development of a possible winged Reusable Launch Vehicle. In fact, to reduce risks in the development of next generation reusable launch vehicles, as first step it is suitable to gain deep design knowledge by means of extensive numerical computations, in particular for the aero-thermal environment the vehicle has to withstand during reentry. The demonstrator under study is a reentry space glider, to be used both as Crew Rescue Vehicle and Crew Transfer Vehicle for the International Space Station. It is designed to have large atmospheric manoeuvring capability, to test the whole path from the orbit down to subsonic speeds and then to the landing on a conventional runway. Several analysis tools are integrated in the framework of the vehicle aerothermal design. Between the others, we used computational analyses to simulate aerothermodynamic flowfield around the spacecraft and heat flux distributions over the vehicle surfaces for the assessment of the vehicle Thermal Protection System design. Heat flux distributions, provided for equilibrium conditions of radiation at wall and thermal shield emissivity equal to 0.85, highlight that the vehicle thermal shield has to withstand with about 1500 [kW/m2] and 400 [kW/m2] at nose and wing leading edge, respectively. Therefore, the fast developing new generation of thermal protection materials, such as Ultra High Temperature Ceramics, are available candidate to built the thermal shield in the most solicited vehicle parts. On the other hand, away from spacecraft leading edges, due to the low angle of attack profile followed by the vehicle during descent, the heat flux is close to values attainable with conventional heat shield. Also, the paper shows that the flying test bed is able to validate hypersonic aerothermodynamic design database and passenger experiments, including thermal shield and hot structures, giving confidence that a full-scale development can successfully proceed.
On 4 November 2010, while climbing through 7,000 ft after departing from Changi Airport, Singapore, the Airbus A380 registered VH-OQA, sustained an uncontained engine rotor failure (UERF) of the No. 2 engine, a Rolls-Royce Trent 900. Debris from the UERF impacted the aircraft, resulting in significant structural and systems damage.
Global MRO market study: The civil maintenance, preventive maintenance and alteration (MRO) market contains four distinct segments: heavy airframe, engine, component and line maintenance.
The articles in this Special Report were previously published in Negotiation,
a monthly newsletter for leaders and business professionals in every field.
Negotiation is published by the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, an interdisciplinary consortium that works to connect rigorous research and scholarship on negotiation and dispute resolution with a deep understanding of practice. For more information about the Program on Negotiation, our Executive Training programs, and
the Negotiation newsletter, please visit www.pon.harvard.edu.
All companies conducting business abroad should be concerned about compliance with
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA or the Act). Companies in certain industries
— like the aerospace and defense industry—due to the heavily regulated nature of the
industry and the level of interaction with foreign governments, are even more vulnerable
to FCPA liability than others.
Embraer foresees a 5% year-over-year Revenue Passenger Kilometer (RPK) growth over the next 20 years which will require 32,800 new aircraft deliveries representing a total market value of US$ 3,6 trillion.
In an effort to be more competitive, aerospace companies have to embrace a more integrated
and concurrent approach to their operational processes. The aim is to meet the key
requirements of being more cost effective, lean and agile while delivering consistently high
quality performance in their operational practices
Bombardier Aerospace is pleased to present the 2012 edition of its Business Aircraft Market Forecast. The forecast incorporates a 20-year outlook of business jet industry, Bombardier's long-term vision of the business jet market and an in-depth look at the market drivers in the major regios af the world.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
2. 2
EADS INNOVATION WORKS and ASTRIUM – in
partnership with the French ONERA national
aerospace research laboratory – have launched a
feasibility and systems study sponsored by the
French Agency Direction Générale de l'Aviation
Civile (DGAC) for a future commercial high-speed
transport system that could fly long-haul routes –
typically Tokyo-Los Angeles or Tokyo-London – in less
than 2 hr. 30 min., while having minimal environmental
impact and being operated as a standard aircraft.
Called ZEHST, this high-speed transport concept
definition uses know-how from ASTRIUM’s
sub-orbital Spaceplane, and is one of the projects
incorporated in EADS INNOVATION WORKS’
eCO2
avia activities – which also include such efforts
as demonstrating the feasibility of biofuels and
electric power for aviation use.
Reducing travel time for passengers has been – and
will continue to be – a key driver in development of
the world’s air transportation system. Not only will
long-haul airliners of tomorrow have to be fast, they
also will need to meet the air transport industry’s
ambitious environmental goals – including those
spelled out in the European Commission’s roadmap,
“Flightpath 2050 – Europe’s Vision for Aviation.”
This European Commission report sets targets for a
reduction of aircraft CO2
emissions by 75%, along
with decreases of NOx emissions by 90% and noise
levels by 65% – all compared to 2000 levels.
3. 3
ZEHST demonstrators are planned for the end
of this decade, followed by development of an
operational vehicle. Numerous technological
challenges require mastering so that future high-
speed commercial transport systems can achieve
the required performance and meet tomorrow’s
environmental constraints. Studies must identify how
requirements and objectives can be aligned with
technical aspects. In this context, the following
tasks are being performed in the ZEHST
project’s framework:
• Establishing an initial set of design requirements
and objectives
• Iterative development of reasonable technical
solutions
• Rating of new technologies with respect to their
applicability, maturity and the associated benefits
and risks
• Identifying, evaluating and selecting promising
new technologies, and initiating their application-
oriented development
• Evaluation of innovative service opportunities
offered by this concept
An initial ZEHST propulsion system concept based
on liquid hydrogen as the main fuel has been
conceived as the first step towards a basic reference
solution, which subsequently will be provided to
the partners’ respective competence centres for
in-depth technical feasibility analyses. In addition to
the aircraft’s initial definition, the ZEHST project also
will establish a technology maturation plan and
the preliminary definition of associated test
beds. The next steps in this long-term project then
will validate the concept’s environmental signature
and its propulsion system architecture. The type
of fuel to be used will be selected based on
environmental performance, as well as its
production and distribution, while also addressing
energy management and the concept’s acceptance
by future passengers, crew, and the public. Tests
and demonstrators will be critical milestones towards
completion of this second phase of the roadmap.
The project’s third step will deal with product
requirements of a high-speed aircraft capable
of flying hypersonic intercontinental missions while
still being “green,” quiet and operated as a year
2050-standard aircraft.
ZEHST |
Project Roadmap
Helium Tanks Oxygen Tanks
Ramjet Turbojet
Hydrogen Tanks Ramjet
Turbojet
Cryogenic
Rocket
Engines
4. 4
The initial concept represents a propulsion system
architecture which is driven by flight safety
considerations and by the requirements to
minimize exhaust gas and noise emissions,
in particular the mitigation of the sonic boom.
Three types of engines are operated in sequence
for the various phases of a long-range flight at
hypersonic cruise speed. Mastering the flight
profile’s ascent and descent phases will benefit from
the know-how derived from research conducted for
ASTRIUM’s Spaceplane over the past five years.
ZEHST | Propulsion System Concept
and Flight Profile
An overarching design criteria of the ZEHST
concept is that passengers should have a
“normal,” comfortable in-flight experience
without requiring any special equipment or training.
For a short period of time during the steep rocket
engine-powered climb and acceleration, ZEHST
passengers would feel mild acceleration forces
(not exceeding 1.2g).
Take-off from standard runway (turbofans)
Ignition and operation of two small liquid
hydrogen/liquid oxygen-powered booster
rocket engines, followed by the ignition of
a larger one (derived from the types used
in the Ariane commercial launch vehicle),
enable the aircraft’s continued steep
climb towards the cruising altitude and
acceleration through the transonic speed
regime up to a speed of Mach 2.5.
The required thrust for ZEHST’s initial
flight phase – beginning with the normal
takeoff from a standard runway through
the initial cruise, climb to a 5-km. altitude
and acceleration to Mach 0.8 – will be
provided by two high-power, low-bypass
turbojet engines without afterburner (reheat),
operating on biofuel.
5. 5
The ZEHST concept will focus research in various
aspects of future high-speed air transportation
systems, addressing such topics as:
• Evaluating hydrogen as a fuel, including
whether it is a viable and more environmentally-
acceptable alternative to hydrocarbon biofuels
• Examining water vapour and NOx emissions
for the aircraft’s ramjet mode during various flight
trajectories, especially in relation to the Earth’s
ozone layer
• Determining potential means for the reduction of
sonic booms
• Mastering the complexity of transitions between
the aircraft’s various propulsion modes
ZEHST |
Research Topics
• Finding lightweight materials capable of resisting
high stress levels and temperatures during a large
number of consecutive flight cycles
• Defining adequate thermal protection and thermal
management for the passenger cabin and cockpit
• Evaluating the on-board power generation and
storage aspects for hypersonic flight-rated
engines that do not have rotating parts
• Assessing the impact on passenger comfort
(including standard flight conditions in terms of
acceleration, effects of natural cosmic radiation;
interaction between the aircraft and pilot; cabin/
passenger interfaces; on-board service, and
cabin environment management in terms of
noise, temperature and humidity).
Loiter, approach and landing on standard runway
Once sufficient speed is reached and an
altitude of 23 km. is attained, two air-
breathing, hydrogen-fuelled ramjets are
employed for the aircraft’s cruise flight
at an optimum Mach number in terms of
fuel consumption beyond Mach 4 and an
altitude of up to about 32 km.
For the approach to destination, a gliding
descent and deceleration to subsonic
speed will be performed, followed by
re-ignition of the aircraft’s turbojets at an
altitude of 10 km. for the approach to a
normal landing – with sufficient thrust
output to allow the possibility of a runway
go-around or diversion to another airport,
should it be necessary.
6. 6
Inlet (M>1)
Compression (M<1)
Shocks
Fuel injection
Combustion chamber
Flame holder Nozzle (M=1)
Exhaust (M>1)
Ramjet engines – which would be used on the
ZEHST aircraft for acceleration to its maximum
cruise, as well as sustained high-speed flight – have
no rotating parts and use surrounding air for the
combustion of the fuel, which can be hydrogen,
kerosene, methane, gas or bio-fuel. Fuel
consumption is relatively low, which makes
it well suited for long-range flights within the
atmosphere. Ramjets produce thrust by passing
hot exhaust from the combustion of a fuel through a
nozzle, which accelerates the flow. The reaction to
this acceleration produces thrust. To maintain flow
through the nozzle, the combustion must occur at a
pressure that is higher than that at the nozzle exit.
A ramjet’s high pressure is produced by "ramming"
the air into the combustion chamber using the
forward speed of the aircraft. The combustion
process inside a ramjet occurs at subsonic speeds.
For an aircraft travelling faster than the speed of
sound (Mach >1), air entering the engine is slowed
to subsonic speeds (Mach <1) with shock waves
triggered by the engine inlet’s cone. A ramjet can
only produce sufficient thrust when an aircraft
already is moving at supersonic speeds greater
than Mach 2. As there are no rotating parts in a
ramjet, they are lighter and simpler in construction
than turbojets. Ramjet technology can be considered
proven for unmanned applications up to Mach 5.
ZEHST |
Ramjet Fundamentals
7. 7
Fuel FuelOxidizer Oxidizer
Nozzle Nozzle
Turbine Exhaust
The rocket engines for the ZEHST project will be
derived from the types used in the Ariane
commercial launch vehicle. They are to utilise
cryogenic (cooled and liquid) hydrogen as fuel and
cryogenic oxygen as an oxidizer, each of which
are stored in separate tanks. The propellant tanks
are pressurized by helium injection supplied from
separate high pressure tanks. When the rocket
engines are operating, propellants are pumped into
a combustion chamber where they are mixed and
burned. The combustion produces great amounts
of exhaust gas at high temperature (in the range
of 2500/3500 K) and pressure. The hot exhaust is
passed through a nozzle which accelerates the flow,
producing thrust. The engines feature a cooling circuit,
where some of the cold propellant is passed through
tubes around the combustion chamber and nozzle,
enabling them to sustain the high temperatures.
The schematics show a gas generator cycle as in
the Ariane 5 launch vehicle’s Vulcain engines (below,
left). In engine types which draw the energy to drive
the pumps from the cooling circuit instead of using
a gas generator, the cycle becomes an expander
cycle as in the Vinci engine (right), which is under
development.
ZEHST’s rocket engines will need to be suited for
multiple uses in operation. The European space
industry’s knowledge in the area of rocket engine
reusability is based on previous reusable engines
and studies performed – for example, within the
Reusable Launch Vehicles programmes – giving
confidence that this challenging task can be
mastered.
ZEHST |
Cryogenic Rocket Engine Fundamentals
Pumps
Turbine
Combustion
Chamber