For classroom teaching of the various forms of energy at about the early middle school level. Lots of animations. Would like some feedback if it downloads and plays ok.
Types of energy:
What is energy?
Types of energy.
Potential Energy
Kinatic Energy
Heat Energy.
Tidal Energy
Sound Energy
Solar energy.
Electrical Energy
Chemical Energy
Nuclear Energy
For classroom teaching of the various forms of energy at about the early middle school level. Lots of animations. Would like some feedback if it downloads and plays ok.
Types of energy:
What is energy?
Types of energy.
Potential Energy
Kinatic Energy
Heat Energy.
Tidal Energy
Sound Energy
Solar energy.
Electrical Energy
Chemical Energy
Nuclear Energy
what is energy? Includes definitions of the different types of energy. That is electromagnetic energy, Mechanical energy, Chemical energy, Thermal energy, Electrical energy. For more vist http://energy.wesrch.com/
science powerpoint of the forms of energy,for students in years 8-9, it has inforemation of all the eneryg required in todays life, good for tests and projects!
what is energy? Includes definitions of the different types of energy. That is electromagnetic energy, Mechanical energy, Chemical energy, Thermal energy, Electrical energy. For more vist http://energy.wesrch.com/
science powerpoint of the forms of energy,for students in years 8-9, it has inforemation of all the eneryg required in todays life, good for tests and projects!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. What is
Energy?
What is the relationship between energy and work?
Compare kinetic and potential energy
What are the different types of energy?
2. What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
Great, but what is work?
Work is done when a force (caused by energy)
causes an object to move.
Work = Force x distance
3. Law of Conservation of Energy
With every transformation, some energy is
converted to less useful forms. Energy
conversions are not 100% efficient. The
energy output for the intended purpose is
seldom the same as the energy we put in.
100 J electricity in
95 J heat out
4. Energy / Work
Energy is needed to push a box across the
floor. The box moving across the floor is
an example of work.
Energy is needed to hit a home run. The
ball flying over the fence is an example of
work.
5. Two Basic Types of Energy
Potential Energy = the energy of an object
due to its position, shape, or condition
Kinetic Energy = the energy of an object
due to the object’s motion
6. Potential Energy
Not all energy has to do with motion.
Potential Energy is the energy an object
has because of its position, shape, or
condition.
Objects with potential energy have the
potential, or ability, to do work.
7. Potential Energy Preview
We will learn about three kinds of
Potential Energy
1. Elastic Potential Energy
2. Chemical Potential Energy
3. Gravitational Potential Energy
8. Elastic Potential Energy
The bow has energy because work
has been done to change its shape.
The energy of that work is turned into
potential energy.
When the arrow is released the
potential energy of the bow and string
will be transferred to the arrow,
sending it flying through the air.
9. Elastic Potential Energy
Compressed, or squished, springs
also have potential energy.
A spring has energy because work
has been done to change its shape.
Just like the bow, the energy of that
work is turned into potential energy.
10. Elastic Potential Energy
What about rubber
bands and other
things that stretch?
Elastic Potential
Energy
11. Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy is the potential energy
stored in substances.
Calories = the chemical energy of food
Batteries also have chemical energy
It all depends upon the position and
arrangement of the atoms in a compound.
12. Chemical Potential Energy
A battery has potential energy
due to its condition.
Potential Energy is stored in
the chemicals within the
battery.
A fully charged battery has the
potential to do work.
15. Gravitational Potential Energy
When someone pushes you on a
swing, you and the swing gain
potential energy because work has
been done to change your position.
You will have the most potential
energy at the top, right before you
begin your arc downward.
Think about swinging. When will
you have the most kinetic energy?
16. Gravitational Potential Energy
When you lift an object, you do work on it.
You use a force that is against the force of
gravity.
When you do this you transfer energy to the
object and give the object Gravitational Potential
Energy.
The amount of Gravitational Potential Energy an
object has depends on the objects weight and
height above the ground.
17. Gravitational Potential Energy
Books on a shelf have
Gravitational Potential
Energy.
Which books have the
most Gravitational
Potential Energy?
Why?
18. Gravitational Potential Energy
A man and his cell phone are on
a ledge outside a very tall
building.
Which object (the man or his
cell phone) has the most
Gravitational Potential Energy?
Why?
19. How do we calculate
Gravitational Potential Energy?
GPE = Weight x Height
Measure Weight in Newtons (N)
Measure Height in meters (m)
The unit for Gravitational Potential Energy
= Newton meters (Nm) or Joules (J)
20. Calculate the Gravitational
Potential Energy
GPE = Weight x Height
Book #1 weighs 25 N on a shelf that
is 2 meters off of the ground.
Book #2 weighs 25 N and is on a
shelf only 1 meter off of the ground.
Which book has the most GPE?
21. Calculate the Gravitational
Potential Energy
GPE = Weight x Height
Man weighs 300 N on a ledge that
is 200 meters off of the ground.
Cell Phone weighs 15 N and is on
the same ledge.
Which object has the most GPE?
22. Practice Calculating GPE
GPE = Weight x Height
Tools: Metric tape measure, spring scale
(be sure to use the Newton scale),
calculator
Units! Units! Units! ~ The units for GPE
are Newton meters (Nm) or Joules (J)
23. Potential Energy Review
We learned about three kinds of Potential
Energy
1. Elastic Potential Energy
2. Chemical Potential Energy
3. Gravitational Potential Energy
24. Kinetic Energy Preview
Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion or
energy in use
Any matter in motion has Kinetic Energy
There are many forms of Kinetic Energy
Some forms include: light (radiant),
thermal (heat), sound (acoustic), electrical,
and mechanical
25. Thermal Energy
All matter is made up of atoms
Atoms are in constant motion
Thermal energy (heat) is all of the kinetic
energy due to the random motion of atoms
Thermal energy also depends upon the
amount of atoms that are moving
26. Solids
The atoms in an
ice cube vibrate
in fixed positions
and do not have
a lot of kinetic
energy.
27. Liquids
Atoms of water
in a lake can
move more
freely and have
more kinetic
energy than
atoms in ice do.
28. Gas
The atoms of
water in steam
move rapidly, so
they have more
energy than the
particles in liquid
water or ice do.
30. Consider, a cup
of tea and the
water in a bath
tub.
Both are the
same
temperature.
Which has more
thermal energy?
31. ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
The water in the bathtub has
more thermal energy.
Why?
Simply because it has more water
molecules.
32. Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy
through matter from particle to particle.
It is the transfer and distribution of heat
energy from atom to atom within a
substance. Conduction is most effective in
solids-but it can happen in fluids.
33. Conduction (cont’d)
For example, a spoon in
a cup of hot soup
becomes warmer
because the heat from
the soup is conducted
along the spoon.
34. Conduction (cont’d)
Have you ever noticed that
metals tend to feel cold?
Believe it or not, they are not colder!
They only feel colder because they
conduct heat away from your hand.
You perceive the heat that is leaving your
hand as cold.
35. Conduction (cont’d)
Some items are conductors, they conduct
heat well. Example: metal
Some items are insulators, they DO NOT
conduct heat well. Examples: fabric,
wood, wool, and some plastic
36. Think about it . . .
What do we use a
“cooler” for?
What do we use a
coffee mug for?
Differences /
Similarities?
37. Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat by the
actual movement of the warmed matter.
Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents
of steam and air rise.
Convection is the transfer of heat energy
in a gas or liquid by movement of currents.
38. Convection (cont’d)
Convection is responsible for making
macaroni rise and fall in a pot of heated
water.
The warmer portions of the water are less
dense and therefore, they rise.
Meanwhile, the cooler portions of the water
fall because they are denser.
39. Mechanical Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy = the energy of an object
due to the object’s motion
All moving objects have kinetic energy
Kinetic Energy depends on Mass and
Speed
40. Mechanical Kinetic Energy (cont’d)
KE = mass x speed x speed divided by 2
The greater the mass of a moving object,
the more Kinetic Energy it has.
The faster something is moving, the more
Kinetic Energy it has, also.
41. Mechanical Kinetic Energy
Which animal has the
bigger mass?
Which animal is able
to move faster?
Which animal has the
greatest KE?
KE = mass x speed2
2
42. Calculate the Mechanical Kinetic
Energy (KE)
KE = mass x speed2
2
Mass = 0.2 kg
Speed = 2 meters/sec
KE = 0.4 J
43. Mechanical Kinetic Energy
KE = mass x speed2
2
Mass = 4000 kg
Speed = 2 meters/sec
(Note that the elephant is
going the same speed as
the mouse.)
KE = 8000 J
44. What effect does an increase of speed
have on Mechanical Kinetic Energy?
The green and yellow cars have the same
mass (1,200 kg)
The green car is traveling at a speed of 20
m/sec
The yellow car is traveling at a speed of 30
m/sec
Calculate their Kinetic Energies
KE = mass x speed2
2
45. Which car has the most KE?
Green car’s KE = 240,000 J
Yellow car’s KE = 540,000 J
Speed has a greater effect on
KE than mass because in the
equation speed is squared.
In other words, the faster an
object is going . . . the more
KE is has.
46. Practice Calculating KE
Use Joules (J) as the unit for Kinetic Energy
Tools: meter tape, stop watch, scale,
calculator
KE = mass x speed2
2
47. Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy is
the energy of moving
electrons.
Electricity is the flow of
electrical power or
charge.
48. Electrical Energy (cont’d)
It is a secondary energy source which means
that we get it from the conversion of other
sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil,
nuclear power and other natural sources, which
are called primary sources.
49. Electrical Energy (cont’d)
The energy
sources we use to
make electricity
can be renewable
or non-renewable,
but electricity itself
is neither
renewable or non-
renewable.
50. Two types of electricity:
Static and Current
Static electricity is
usually caused when
certain materials are
rubbed against each
other, like wool on
plastic or the soles of
your shoes on the
carpet.
It is the attraction of two
objects because one has
a positive charge and the
other has a negative
charge.
51. Two types of electricity:
Static and Current
The flow of
electrons is
called an electric
current
52. Look familiar?
Some items are conductors, they conduct
electricity well. Example: metal
Some items are insulators, they DO NOT
conduct electricity well. Examples: fabric,
wool, wool, and some plastic
53. Semiconductors
Some items are
semiconductors.
The ability of a
semiconductor to
conduct electrictiy is
between the ability of a
conductor and an
insulator.
A dimmer switch is a
semiconductor.
54. Resistors
Resistors resist the flow of electrons.
They are really good at transforming
electrical energy into other forms of kinetic
energy (sound, light, heat).
We find resistors in radios,
light bulbs, and ovens.
55. Sound or Acoustic Energy
Sound Energy
is caused by
an object’s
vibration.
56. Sound is a type of energy made by vibrations.
When any object vibrates, it causes movement
in the air particles.
These particles bump into the particles close to
them, which makes them vibrate too causing
them to bump into more air particles.
This movement, called sound waves, keeps
going until they run out of energy.
If your ear is within range of the vibrations, you
hear the sound.
57.
58. Sound Energy (cont’d)
Picture a stone thrown
into a still body of water.
The rings of waves
expand indefinitely.
The same is true with
sound.
59. Sound Energy (cont’d)
Irregular repeating sound
waves create noise
While regular repeating
waves produce musical
notes
60. Sound Energy (cont’d)
When the vibrations
are fast, you hear a
high note.
When the vibrations
are slow, it creates a
low note.
61. Playing the Guitar
Stretching a guitar
string, stores potential
energy in the string
Letting it go causes
the potential energy
to be transformed into
kinetic energy
This makes the string
vibrate
62. Playing the Guitar (cont’d)
The vibrating string
transfers some of this
energy to the surrounding
air
The vibrating air travels to
your ear
When this energy reaches
your ear, you hear the
guitar
63. Radiation
Electromagnetic waves that directly
transport ENERGY through space.
Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated
through space to our planet.
The sun transfers heat through 93 million miles
of space.
The energy travels through nothingness! No
matter required!
64. Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Radiant energy can travel through a
vacuum.
Examples of radiant energy = visible light,
infrared light, microwaves, radio waves,
ultra violet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
65. Light Energy
Light energy is produced by
the vibrations of electrically
charged particles.
Unlike sound energy, the
vibrations that transmit light
energy do not need to be
carried through matter.
66. Light Energy (cont’d)
In fact, light
energy can move
through a
vacuum (an area
with no matter).
Also known as
visible light
energy.
67. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy is the energy that comes
from changes in the nucleus of an atom.
A lot of potential energy is stored in the
nucleus of atoms
When two nuclei join together, or when a
nucleus splits apart, a lot of energy is
released. This is nuclear energy.
68. Nuclear Energy (cont’d)
Fusion = The joining of two
nuclei. This happens on the
sun.
Fission = The splitting of a
nuclei. Fission is used in
nuclear power plants to
generate electrical energy.
70. Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created or destroyed
It can be transformed, or changed, from one
form to another
Kinetic Energy can be transformed into Potential
Energy or other types of Kinetic Energy, and vise
versa. This can and does happen many times.
The total amount of energy doesn’t change.
71.
72. Dynamic Mechanical Energy
Imagine a juggler
Sometime the objects
have a lot of kinetic
energy
Sometimes the objects
have a lot of potential
energy
73. A book on a shelf ledge has potential energy.
It has stored the energy that it took to lift it to the shelf.
If the book is bumped and it falls, the potential energy
changes to the kinetic energy of motion.
74. When does the book
have the most
potential energy?
When does the book
have the most kinetic
energy?
75.
76. Forms of Kinetic Energy
Mechanical
Thermal Energy or
Heat Energy
Electric Energy
Sound or Acoustic Energy
Light or Radiant Energy
Nuclear Energy
77. Review
Energy is the ability to do work
Work is the transfer of energy
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can change form
78. Potential Energy Review
We learned about three kinds of Potential
Energy
1. Elastic Potential Energy
2. Chemical Potential Energy
3. Gravitational Potential Energy
79. Review (cont’d)
Potential Energy is energy of position,
shape, or condition
Gravitational Potential Energy
depends on weight and height
GPE = Weight (N) x Height (m)
81. Review (cont’d)
Energy exists in many forms
Each form has its own characteristics
Some of the forms of kinetic energy we
learned about were: mechanical, thermal,
electrical, sound or acoustic, light or
radiant, and nuclear energy