This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to control shunt active power filters for reducing harmonics. It begins with an abstract describing how neural networks can improve active power filter performance. It then provides background on power harmonics and classifications of active power filters, focusing on shunt active power filters. The key section discusses applications of neural networks in active power filter control, noting advantages like increased speed, robustness, and accuracy. It also reviews design considerations for active power filter controllers and presents figures of a proposed neural network controlled shunt active power filtering system.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
Harmonic pollution of the power supply system has risen significantly in recent years due primarily
to an increase of non-linear loads connected to the utility through residential, commercial and industrial
customers. This paper, proposed a solution to eliminate the harmonics introduced by the nonlinear loads in
steady and in transients. It presents a predictive current control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from
these grid-interfacing inverters implementing conventional DC link controller and intelligence controller, when
installed in 3-phase 4-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function
device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The use of a four-leg voltage-source inverter allows
the compensation of current harmonic components, as well as unbalanced current generated by three-phase
nonlinear loads. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems
utilizing power electronic converters. The compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and the
associated hybrid PV/Wind system generation scheme with new control scheme is demonstrated to improve the
power quality features is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
Harmonic pollution of the power supply system has risen significantly in recent years due primarily
to an increase of non-linear loads connected to the utility through residential, commercial and industrial
customers. This paper, proposed a solution to eliminate the harmonics introduced by the nonlinear loads in
steady and in transients. It presents a predictive current control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from
these grid-interfacing inverters implementing conventional DC link controller and intelligence controller, when
installed in 3-phase 4-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function
device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The use of a four-leg voltage-source inverter allows
the compensation of current harmonic components, as well as unbalanced current generated by three-phase
nonlinear loads. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems
utilizing power electronic converters. The compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and the
associated hybrid PV/Wind system generation scheme with new control scheme is demonstrated to improve the
power quality features is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Impr...ijtsrd
With the increased rate of urbanization and industrialization, the Nigerian electric power system is being put under pressure, high power losses which has led to fluctuation in voltage level. In this work the Nigeria 330Kv network of 42 bus system was considered. Data for the analysis were obtained from Transmission Company of Nigeria National Control Centre, Osogbo TCN and MATLAB PSAT software with newton Raphson's solution method embedded in it was used to carry out the analysis. The results of the analysis showed that many of the bus voltages were outside the voltage limits of ±5 i.e 0.95pu 1.05pu . After compensation with Flexible AC Transmission System devices FACTs namely Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC which can be used to control power flow on a transmission line, the voltage profile almost flat with bus voltages within acceptable voltage limits. It is also evident that the UPFC is device that can used to combat the voltage problem in the Nigerian electric power system. Adikaibe James | Prof. Engr. F. O. Enemuoh | Aghara Jachimma "Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Improvement of Voltage Profile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27838.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27838/application-of-unified-power-flow-controller-in-nigeria-power-system-for-improvement-of-voltage-profile/adikaibe-james
Simulation of a 13-Level Inverter with Facts Capability for Distributed Energ...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Integration of Unified Power Quality Controller with DGIJRST Journal
This paper gives an insight into the analytical results of the intergration of Unified power quality controller (conditioner) with distribution generation system. The intergration is achieved by connecting the DClink throught rectifier to the distribution generatoion along with thwe connection of the series and shunt inverter to the same dc link. This type of connection can account for the voltage sag, voltage swell, along with the reduction of harmonics and also compensation of reactive power. The analysis is supported with the simulation which will are discussed in detail in the paper.
Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded ...IJECEIAES
The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified I d -I q control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Recently, Re-boost seven-level inverter has been developed as an alternative between Photovoltaic system and single-phase load. DC level is increased using a re-boost regulator and its output is rehabilitated into single-phase AC utilizing a seven-level inverter. The re-boost converter is utilized to escalate the voltage gain. The objective of the suggested closed loop Re-boost Seven Level Inverter fed Induction Motor (RBSLIIM) system is to enhance the dynamic response of RBSLIIM using FO-P-I-D controller. Simulink models are developed for P-I and FO-P-I-D controlled RBSLIIM systems. The results of P-I and FO-P-I-D based RBSLIIM systems indicate that the voltage response with FO-P-I-D is superior to P-I controlled RBSLIIM system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Living Longer, Living Better: Reform Report #2 - GT review AustraliaGrant Thornton
This is our second report in response to the Government's Living Longer, Living Better package.
In this document, we discuss the implications of, and industry reaction to, the initiatives recently announced by the Government as more detail of their response to the Productivity Commission's report emerges.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Impr...ijtsrd
With the increased rate of urbanization and industrialization, the Nigerian electric power system is being put under pressure, high power losses which has led to fluctuation in voltage level. In this work the Nigeria 330Kv network of 42 bus system was considered. Data for the analysis were obtained from Transmission Company of Nigeria National Control Centre, Osogbo TCN and MATLAB PSAT software with newton Raphson's solution method embedded in it was used to carry out the analysis. The results of the analysis showed that many of the bus voltages were outside the voltage limits of ±5 i.e 0.95pu 1.05pu . After compensation with Flexible AC Transmission System devices FACTs namely Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC which can be used to control power flow on a transmission line, the voltage profile almost flat with bus voltages within acceptable voltage limits. It is also evident that the UPFC is device that can used to combat the voltage problem in the Nigerian electric power system. Adikaibe James | Prof. Engr. F. O. Enemuoh | Aghara Jachimma "Application of Unified Power Flow Controller in Nigeria Power System for Improvement of Voltage Profile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27838.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27838/application-of-unified-power-flow-controller-in-nigeria-power-system-for-improvement-of-voltage-profile/adikaibe-james
Simulation of a 13-Level Inverter with Facts Capability for Distributed Energ...IJMTST Journal
This Paper Presents A whole New resonant twin active bridge(DAB) topology, that uses a tuned inductor-capacitor-inductor(LCL) network. As compared to ancient DAB topologies, the planned topologies significantly reduced the bridge current, lowering every physical phenomenon and alter losses and conjointly VA rating associated with the bridges. The performance of the DAB is investigated using a mathematical model at a lower place varied operational conditions. Experiment results of a model is reduced the outflow current of the circuit. are presented with discussion to demonstrate the improved performance of the LCL DAB topology. Result clearly that the planned DAB Topology provide higher efficiency over an oversized vary of every input voltage and as compared to ancient DAB topology
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Integration of Unified Power Quality Controller with DGIJRST Journal
This paper gives an insight into the analytical results of the intergration of Unified power quality controller (conditioner) with distribution generation system. The intergration is achieved by connecting the DClink throught rectifier to the distribution generatoion along with thwe connection of the series and shunt inverter to the same dc link. This type of connection can account for the voltage sag, voltage swell, along with the reduction of harmonics and also compensation of reactive power. The analysis is supported with the simulation which will are discussed in detail in the paper.
Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded ...IJECEIAES
The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified I d -I q control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Recently, Re-boost seven-level inverter has been developed as an alternative between Photovoltaic system and single-phase load. DC level is increased using a re-boost regulator and its output is rehabilitated into single-phase AC utilizing a seven-level inverter. The re-boost converter is utilized to escalate the voltage gain. The objective of the suggested closed loop Re-boost Seven Level Inverter fed Induction Motor (RBSLIIM) system is to enhance the dynamic response of RBSLIIM using FO-P-I-D controller. Simulink models are developed for P-I and FO-P-I-D controlled RBSLIIM systems. The results of P-I and FO-P-I-D based RBSLIIM systems indicate that the voltage response with FO-P-I-D is superior to P-I controlled RBSLIIM system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hysteresis SVM for Coupled Inductor Z Source Diode Clamped 3-Level Inverter B...IAES-IJPEDS
Due to its advantages such as it can defeat problems such as leakage current
and insertion of DC in the grid and provides low stress on power devices,
Diode-clamped three-level inverter (DCTLI) is habitually used in
transformerless photovoltaic (PV) connected to grid network. But it still has
a problem of shoot-through which dwells in its legs, so its operation not
reliable. Z source network is employed to permit operation without shoot
through risk and improve its reliability. Coupled inductors are replaced the
line transformers in to attain lower cost, reduced size, and improved its
reliability and efficiency. Coupled inductor which avoids leakage current
problem and losses. It employs coupled inductor z source diode clamped
three level inverter (CI-Z-DC-TLI) to boost the voltage and further progress
the consistency of the proposed system by avoiding the shoot through the
problem. The proposed system assures that common-mode voltage
and shoot-through risk is avoided. Moreover, controlling DC-TLI with
Hysteresis SVM algorithm which improves output voltage and current
control. Simulation and experimental results of this proposed system were
analyzed using MATLAB environment and FPGA hardware.
Living Longer, Living Better: Reform Report #2 - GT review AustraliaGrant Thornton
This is our second report in response to the Government's Living Longer, Living Better package.
In this document, we discuss the implications of, and industry reaction to, the initiatives recently announced by the Government as more detail of their response to the Productivity Commission's report emerges.
A regional multi-risk assessment approach to support the definition public mi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Carmelo DIMAURO1, Marco BULDRINI2, Stefano OLIVERI3, Paolo SEMINATI3, Paolo FRATTINI4
1RGS Srl - Risk Governance Solutions, Italy, Republic of; 2NIER Ingegneria, Italy; 3Ecometrics Srl, Italy; 4Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche e Geotecnologie, Universit`a degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
PI and fuzzy logic controllers for shunt active power filterISA Interchange
This paper presents a shunt Active Power Filter (APF) for power quality improvements in terms of harmonics and reactive power compensation in the distribution network. The compensation process is based only on source current extraction that reduces the number of sensors as well as its complexity. A Proportional Integral (PI) or Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to extract the required reference current from the distorted line-current, and this controls the DC-side capacitor voltage of the inverter. The shunt APF is implemented with PWM-current controlled Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and the switching patterns are generated through a novel Adaptive-Fuzzy Hysteresis Current Controller (A-F-HCC). The proposed adaptive-fuzzy-HCC is compared with fixed-HCC and adaptive-HCC techniques and the superior features of this novel approach are established. The FLC based shunt APF system is validated through extensive simulation for diode-rectifier/R–L loads.
Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System using ANN Based Shunt Active...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper focuses on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller based Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for mitigating the harmonics of the distribution system. To increase the performance of the conventional controller and take advantage of smart controllers, a feed forward-type (trained by a back propagation algorithm) ANN-based technique is implemented in shunt active power filters for producing the controlled pulses required for IGBT inverter. The proposed approach mainly work on the principle of capacitor energy to maintain the DC link voltage of a shunt connected filter and thus reduces the transient response time when there is abrupt variation in the load. The entire power system block set model of the proposed scheme has been developed in MATLAB environment. Simulations are carried out by using MATLAB, it is noticed that the %THD is reduced to 2.27% from 29.71% by ANN controlled filter. The simulated experimental results also show that the novel control method is not only easy to be computed and implemented, but also very successful in reducing harmonics.
Harmonic Compensation for Non Linear Load Using PWM Based Active Filteridescitation
In this paper the elimination of the current harmon-
ics of injected by nonlinear loads is investigated. The active
power filter proposed in this study is a Single phase voltage
source inverter (VSI) connecting to the AC mains. The dspic
controller is used to control the operation of the switches of
the inverter. Active filtering is achieved through PWM in-
verter connected next to a given nonlinear load or at the point
of the common coupling (PCC). The simulation results show
that how well the filter eliminates the harmonics of the source
current.
NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE FILTER elelijjournal
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the implementation of Distributed Active Filters (DAFs). To share the workload of harmonic filtering, several Active Filter Units (AFUs) are placed on different locations which can perform the harmonic filtering without a direct communication. Different configurations of DAFs are described and are implemented using MATLAB /Simpower system Toolbox environment to observe their performances and comparison.
KEYWORDS
Distributed Active Filters (DAFs), Power Quality, Total Harmonic Distortion
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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The extensive use of non-linear loads in industry becomes increasingly a serious problem that affects the quality of energy delivered to customers. Therefore, the shunt active power filter (SAPF) has emerged as an important industrial tool to eliminate induced harmonic currents and compensating of reactive power. This paper proposes an improved control configuration for SAPF based on a modern technique called predictive direct power control (Predictive-DPC). The principle of this control is based on the direct regulation of the instantaneous active and reactive powers to guarantee a good energy quality on the grid side. For this purpose the appropriate average voltage vector which cancels power tracking errors is calculated by a simple predictive model at the bigining of each control period. This type of control includes various features such as the lack of look up table (LUTs) and closed current loops and the constant switching frequency is achieved through the use of PWM modulation. The results of the simulation process show a high performance in the steady and transient state function for predictive-DPC control that might be a reasonable alternative to conventional DPC in the field of active power filtering.
Performance Analysis Of PV Interfaced Neural Network Based Hybrid Active Powe...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a comparative analysis of neural network controlled PV interfaced hybrid active power filter designed for harmonic compensation for nonlinear load.The neural network has been chosen for reference current generation because of its fast adaptiveness, simple calculation and high accuracy to eliminate harmonics.This paper shows a novel approach to interface PV array to hybrid active power filter to keep the capacitor voltage stable. To obtain efficient output from PV Array Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is employed in it. MPPT is able to extract maximum possible power from PV Array of change in atmospheric condition. Simulation and analysis of hybrid active power filter and PV Array is done under nonlinear load, sudden change in load and unbalanced load conditions. The detailed simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed methodology.
Performance Analysis Of PV Interfaced Neural Network Based Hybrid Active Powe...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a comparative analysis of neural network controlled PV interfaced hybrid active power filter designed for harmonic compensation for nonlinear load.The neural network has been chosen for reference current generation because of its fast adaptiveness, simple calculation and high accuracy to eliminate harmonics.This paper shows a novel approach to interface PV array to hybrid active power filter to keep the capacitor voltage stable. To obtain efficient output from PV Array Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is employed in it. MPPT is able to extract maximum possible power from PV Array of change in atmospheric condition. Simulation and analysis of hybrid active power filter and PV Array is done under nonlinear load, sudden change in load and unbalanced load conditions. The detailed simulation results have been presented to validate the proposed methodology.
report of Improvement of the Electric Power Quality Using Series Active and S...Vikram Rawani
The increase of nonlinear loads due to the proliferation of electronic equipment causes power quality in the power system to deteriorate. Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC) due to the source impedance. Both distorted current and voltage may cause end-user equipment to malfunction, conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment connected at the PCC.
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
Closed Loop Non Linear Control of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter for Harmonics Mit...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, the amount of non-linear loads has increased considerably since there were improvements in power electronic equipment (such as adjustable speed drives or converter ac-dc, ac-ac, dc-ac and dc-dc) in industrial sectors which cause deterioration of the quality of the electric power supply through distortion of supply voltage and supply current. This has led to improvement of many stringent needs regarding generation of harmonic current, which are found in IEEE519 and IEC61000 standards. This paper proposes a non-linear function based closed loop control strategy (without load current extraction) for three-phase Shunt Active Power Line Conditioner and LC passive filter to compensate harmonics, power factor improvement and enhance the dynamic performance of Shunt Hybrid Power Filter (SHPF). By using a PI controller the DC bus voltage of the Shunt Active Power Filter is maintained constant. Results obtained from simulation shows the performance of expected hybrid filter in transient and steady state operation . This indicates that the controller is able to compensate even under severe load current imbalances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Power system harmonics are a menace to electric power system with disastrous consequence. Due to the presence of non linear load, power quality of the system gets affected. To overcome this, shunt active power filter have been used near harmonic producing loads or at the point of common coupling to block current harmonics. The shunt active power filter is designed to minimize harmonics in source current and reactive power in the non linear power supplies which are creating harmonics. In this paper, Instantaneous power of p-q theory is employed to generate the reference currents and PI controller is used to control the dc link voltage. In addition to this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is used to minimize the harmonics produced by nonlinear load. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare THD of the source current with PI controller and by artificial neural network based back propagation algorithm. The proposed system is designed with MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
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“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
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crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
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energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
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grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
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State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
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UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 2, Issue 11 (August 2012), PP. 32-41
Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction:
A technological review
V.V.Appalanaidu Menda1, B Sankaraprasad2, Kotyada Kalyani3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, st.Theresa Inst .of Engg &Tech, Garividi-535101
2,3
Associate Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering, st.Theresa Inst .of Engg &Tech, Garividi-535101
AndhraPradesh.
Abstract––The paper attempts to improve shunt active power filter performance using neural networks. Shunt Active
Power Filters (SAPF) are one of the viable solutions to eliminate the power line harmonic/reactive currents generated by
nonlinear loads and improve the power factor. Design and implementation are studied for a neural-network-based
controller to govern the dynamics of non-linear processes. The advantages of using neural networks for modeling non-
linear processes are shown together resulting implementation of the neural controller is able to eliminate the most
significant obstacles encountered in non-linear systems.
Keywords––Active power filter, Artificial neural networks, Harmonics mitigation, Power electronics, Power quality,
Voltage source inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power electronics based electronics based devices/equipments are a major key component of today’s modern
power processing, at the transmission as well as the distribution level because of the numerous advantages offered by them.
These devices, equipments, nonlinear load including saturated transformers, arc furnaces and semiconductor switches and so
on, draw non-sinusoidal currents from the utility. Although these power electronics devices have benefited the electrical and
electronics industry, these devices are also the main source of power harmonics in the power system. These power
harmonics are called electrical pollution which will degrade the quality of the power supply. As a result, filtering process for
these harmonics is needed in order to improve the quality of the power supply. Thus, active power filter seems to be a viable
alternative for power conditioning to control the harmonics level in the power system nowadays.
Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects on the distribution system. They fall into two basic categories:
short-term and long-term. Short-term effects are usually the most noticeable and are related to excessive voltage distortion.
On the other hand, long-term effects often go undetected and are usually related to increased resistive losses or voltage
stresses. In addition, the harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads can interact adversely with a wide range of power
system equipment, most notably capacitors, transformers, and motors, causing additional losses, overheating, and
overloading. These harmonic currents can also cause interferences
II. ACTIVE FILTERS
The basic principle of APF is to utilize power electronics technologies to produce specific currents components
that cancel the harmonic currents components caused by the nonlinear load. Figure2.1 shows the components of a typical
APF system and their connections. The information regarding the harmonic currents and other system variables are passed to
the compensation current/voltage reference signal estimator [11]. The compensation reference signal from the estimator
drives the overall system controller. This in turn provides the control for the gating signal generator.
Fig 2.1. Generalized block diagram for APF
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2. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
A three-phase shunt APF is typically composed of a three-phase bridge converter and control circuitry. Most of
the previous control approaches need to sense the load current and calculate its harmonics and reactive components in order
to generate the reference for controlling the current of a bridge converter. Those control methods require fast and real-time
calculation; therefore, a high-speed digital microprocessor and high-performance A/D converters are necessary, which yields
high cost, complexity, and low stability.
2.1 Classification of Active Power Filters
An unfavorable but inseparable feature of APF is the necessity of fast switching of high currents in the power
circuit of the APF. This results in a high frequency noise that may cause an electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the power
distribution systems [11]. APF can be connected in several power circuit configurations as illustrated in the block diagram
shown in Figure2.2 In general, they are divided into three main categories, namely shunt APF, series APF and hybrid APF.
Fig2.2 classification of active power filters
2.2 Shunt Active Power Filter
Shunt active power filter (SAPF) is commonly used as an effective method in compensating harmonic components
in non-linear loads[10]. Fig. 2.1 shows the basic principle of SAPF in which APF is connected in parallel to the power
system at a point of common coupling (PCC) between metropolitan electricity authority (MEA) and power users. The
objective of SAPF is to minimize the distortion in power supply using four main components – harmonic detection,
compensating current control, DC bus voltage control, and active power filter – as shown in Fig.2.2
Fig. 2.1 The system using shunt active power filter
Fig. 2.2 Three – phase shunt active power filter
In the harmonic detection component, the distorted signal can be detected by several harmonic detection
techniques, i.e., the instantaneous reactive power theory (PQ), the synchronous reference frame (SRF), the d-q axis with
Fourier (DQF), and the synchronous detection (SD) etc. Then, APF injects the compensating currents into the power system.
The current control techniques are hysteresis current control, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and Space Vector
Modulation (SVM) etc. For dc bus voltage control, proportional integral (PI) is employed[10].
33
3. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
III. AN APPLICATION OF NEURAL NETWORK IN APF
There are many conventional techniques to detect and compensate harmonic current. ANN is one of the modern
techniques which are used in many areas of application including harmonic eliminations [1][10]. Fig. 3.1 shows an
architecture of three-phase diagram of neural network controlled SAPF. A NN is used to control the compensating current
injection with SAPF.
Fig. 3.1 the active power filter control using NN approaches
From the review several IEEE papers, it shows that neural network is employed to substitute a harmonic detection
component for the following reasons [10]:
1. To increase the processing speed, response speed, and convergence speed.
2. To increase the robustness.
3. To increase the efficiency and performance of the algorithm.
4. To increase the steady-state stability.
5. To increase an accuracy, precision, and validity of the evaluation process.
6. To increase an adaptive ability, so that it can response in real time.
7. To increase tracking ability.
8. To provide the optimal solution.
NN is easy and convenient to use as a substitution of the current control component. Furthermore, the following
reasons are also given as the merit of the NN for current control process[10].
1. To increase the performance and efficiency of the algorithm in order to improve power factor.
2. To increase an accuracy, precision, and validity of the process.
3. To eliminate the threat of resonance.
4. To increase processing speed, response speed.
5. To increase the steady-state stability.
6. To reduce the switching frequency.
IV. DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR APF CONTROLLERS
The block diagram of the proposed power line conditioner using active power filter is shown in Fig.4.1. The
proposed Modular Active power filter connected to the electric Distribution system. The line current signal is obtained and
fed to an ADALINE which extracts the fundamental components of the line current signal. In the controller block,
fundamental component is compared with distorted line current to generate modulating signal. This modulating signal is
used to generate Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) switching pattern for the switches of the active line conditioner module.
The output current of the active filter is injected into the power line.
Fig. 4.1: Block Diagram of the Proposed Scheme
34
4. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
The injected current, equal-but opposite to the harmonic components to be eliminated. Harmonics are suppressed
by connecting the active filter modules to the electric grid [3][4].
Fig.4.2 consists of a single phase fully controlled converter feeding RL load, Active filter and its ANN based
control circuit. Fig.6 shows the details of control block using ANN. In the control block an improved scheme is proposed in
which only the actual Load current is given to adaptive neural network and the reference current is obtained [5][6]. The load
voltage is given to a DC regulator with a simple PI controller which gives the actual filter current and which is compared
with reference current the gating pulses to IGBTs are provided through a hysteresis band comparator
Fig 4.2: Simulated circuit diagram of ANN based active filter connected to non-linear load
4.1.1 Design of Low Pass Filter for Reference Current calculation
The reference current calculation for low pass filter for balanced load is
The d-axis current for balanced load can be written as.
Similarly for unbalanced load
It can be seen from equations (4.4) and (4.5) that the first are the fundamental component of the load current and
both are of DC values [7]. The lowest frequency in the d-axis current is the third harmonic for the balanced load and the
fundamental frequency for the case of unbalanced load. Thus, to obtain the fundamental component for both the cases of
balanced and unbalanced loads, the cutoff frequency a must lie between the DC frequency (0 rad/sec) and the
fundamental frequency (377 rad/sec). In this paper, a =100 rad/sec is chosen. This yields a delay time constant T a of
10ms.
35
5. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
4.1.2 Design of Current Regulators
The choice of cutoff frequency f in the simplified analytical model will influence the line current tracking
capability of the active power filter. To obtain a fast response and low overshoot for the current of an active power filter, a
higher value of f must be chosen. Unfortunately, the maximum value is limited by the maximum IGBT device switching
frequency.
4.1.3 Design of DC-link Voltage Regulator
For the sake of simplicity in the design of a DC-link voltage regulator, the cutoff frequency dc of a low -pass
filter in the voltage detection block is equal to a this gives
Thus, the delay time constant Tdc is equal to 10 ms and equation can be written as.
For design convenience of controller parameters, reduced-order operation is exercised for equation (4.7) to obtain the
following standard second-order transfer function.
To obtain low overshoot for the DC-link voltage, the damping coefficient = 0.707 is chosen. The corresponding proportional
gain of a DC-link voltage controller is
Equation (4.11) reveals the dependence of the proportional gain on the DC-link capacitance C2 DC-link voltage command
*
V dc 2
peak value of phase voltage Vm and delay times Tf and Tdc .
1
n ----------------- (4.12)
2 (T f Tdc )
Finally, substitution of the system parameters yields K pdc = 0.381 and n =70.15 rad/sec. The value of K pdc =0.381 is
reasonable because the limiting value for K pdc for stable operation is 96.71.
4.2 Design Consideration for APF Controller
4.2.1 DC-Link Capacitor Design
The output dc-link capacitor of voltage source converter is determined by the output voltage ripple. The equation
is given by
-------------- (4.13)
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6. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
Where Vomax , Vomin is the peak to peak of the output dc-link voltage ripple.
4.2.2 Selection of APF Inductance
The concept of the proposed control is using one-cycle control to implement the control key equation as follows:
Rs.ieq =Vm. (1-d) ---------------- (4.14)
Where
ieq = (2ip + in) (OR) (ip +2 in)
Similar to the peak current model control, there is the convergence condition.
The stability condition is given by
----------------- (4.15)
Where m1 is the ON slope of the input current and m2 is the OFF slope of the input current; mc is the equivalent slope of
the carrier signal, which is implemented by integrator with reset.
Considering that the load current is low frequency and the influence of load current can be neglected, we only concern the
inductor current in the stability analysis, we have
Where
Therefore
The convergence condition is dependent on the angular angle of input voltage wt and the Vm, which is related to the output
power and input voltage. When the convergency condition is satisfied partially, the system will still be stable.
According to (4.17), convergence condition for region 0o~360o is given by
But Vm is related to input voltage and output power through (4.19) . It can be rewritten as
where η is the estimated efficiency.
Combination of the above equations yields
37
7. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
4.2.3 Design of the Control stage:
The large-signal model for a single-phase APF in line cycle can be derived based on energy balance. Suppose the
efficiency is 100%. The input power equal to the output power, that is
Where Re is emulated resistance and Pload is the load power and ic is the current flowing into the dc-link capacitor.
By definition, we have
Combination of the above equation yields
Considering the small ac signal disturbation, that is
Neglecting the influence of load power, substitution of the (4.26) equation into (4.27) and linearize by considering the
following conditions
In addition, we can neglect the influence of input voltage disturbation by setting,
then we can get simplified solution as
The transfer function from capacitor current to output voltage is given by
Therefore, combination of the above equations (4.27) &(4.28) yields the following transfer function:
Equation (4.27) can be used to determine the design of the output feedback compensator.
38
8. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Simulations have been conducted for balanced and unbalanced loads using SIMULINK for different controller
configurations. Switching frequency of the inverter is set at 10 kHz, and the dead time of the inverter is set at 2 μs. The
controller took 36 and 42 ms to converge in simulations. The controller is found to operate satisfactorily. Finally, the
performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of a traditional controller (such as synchronous reference
frame based). The synchronous reference frame controller is simulated (using the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter as
10 Hz). A 110-V 50-Hz main supplying a load of 3 kVA is considered.
Fig.5.1 three phase source currents
Fig 5.2 load currents of Phase a wave, Phase b wave, Phase c wave
39
9. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
Fig 5.3 compensated source current of phase a, phase b, phase c
Fig 5.4 Performance of the APF with ADALINE (simulation results). Top waveform: Source current of phase A (scale: 5
A/div). Middle waveform: Load current of phase A (scale: 5 A/div). Bottom waveform: Compensating current of phase A
(scale: 5 A/div).
VI. CONCLUSION
Different power harmonic sources exist mainly due to nonlinear loads made up of power electronics devices.
Active filters main principle of operation is injecting harmonic current into the ac system, of the same amplitude and reverse
40
10. Neural network based shunt active filter for harmonic reduction: A technological review
phase to that of the load current harmonics.. This will thus result in sinusoidal line currents and unity power factor in the
input power system.
An integration of ANN-based controller for a shunt-type APF has been presented in this paper to improve the
convergence and reduce the computational requirement. The algorithm is derived from an ANN based PWM controller used
to regulate the dc-link voltage in the APF. This is followed by an adaline-based THD minimization technique. The results
from Experiments match well with the simulation, confirming the usefulness of proposed technique.
REFERENCES
[1]. Avik Bhattacharya, and Chandan Chakraborty, “A Shunt Active Power Filter With Enhanced Performance Using
ANN-Based Predictive and Adaptive Controllers” IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 58, No. 2,
February 2011.
[2]. Yang Han and Lin Xu “Design and Implementation of a Robust Predictive Control Scheme for Active Power
Filters”. JPE 11-5-16
[3]. Chongming Qiao and Keyue Ma Smedley; “Three-Phase Bipolar Mode Active Power Filters”, IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, vol. 38, no. 1, January/February 2002
[4]. Chongming Qiao ,Keyue M. Smedley and Franco Maddaleno; “A Single-Phase Active Power Filter With One-
CycleControl Under Unipolar Operationn”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and systems vol. 51, no. 8, august
2004.
[5]. J. Sebastian Tepper, Juan W. Dixon,Gustavo Venegas, and Luis Morh; “A Simple Frequency-Independent Method
for Calculating the Reactive and Harmonic Current in a Nonlinear Load”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 43, no. 6, December 1996.
[6]. Chongming Qiao, Taotao Jin and Keyue M. Smedley; “Unified Constant-frequency Integration Control of Three-
phase Active-Power-Filter with Vector Operation”, 2001 IEEE.
[7]. Wang Yong, Shen Songhua, Guan Miao; “Three-phase Active Power Filter Based on Space Vector and One-cycle
Control”, IEEE IPEMC 2006.
[8]. H.-H.Kuo, S.-N.Yeh and J.-C.Hwang; “Novel analytical model for design and implementation of three-phase
active power filter controller”, IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl.. Vol. 148, No. 4, July 2001.
[9]. Mircea Lazar and Octavian Pastravanu “A Neural Predictive Controller For Non-linear Systems”
[10]. S. Janpong, K-L. Areerak and K-N. Areerak “A Literature Survey of Neural Network Applications for Shunt
Active Power Filters”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 60 2011.
[11]. Zainal Salam, Tan Perng Cheng and Awang Jusoh Harmonics Mitigation Using Active Power Filter: A
Technological Review
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