This paper intends to present the recent development of artificial intelligence
(AI) applications in active power filter (APF). As a result of the development
in power electronic technology, (APF) continues to attract ample attention.
Compared with the traditional reactive LC filter, active power filter is
considered to be more effective in compensating harmonic current generated
by nonlinear loads. APF, can correct the power quality and improve the
reliability and stability on power utility. A brief explanation of some
important areas in AI and a comprehensive survey of the literature along the
main categories of AI is presented to introduce the readers into the wideranging
topics that AI encompasses. Plenty of relevant literatures have been
selected in the review, mostly emphasized on better accuracy, robustness,
efficiency, stability and tracking ability of the system.
Design of shunt hybrid active power filter for compensating harmonic currents...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a shunt hybrid active power filter to compensate for harmonic currents and reactive power in electrical systems. The hybrid filter combines a passive power filter and active power filter in a shunt configuration. It uses several control methods, including p-q theory, PI controllers, and hysteresis current control, to extract reference compensation currents and regulate the DC bus voltage. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink showed the filter can reduce total harmonic distortion below 5% according to IEEE standards and improve the power factor by compensating reactive power. The hybrid filter aims to overcome limitations of previous filter designs by providing effective harmonic mitigation while avoiding issues like resonance or high costs.
Power system harmonics are a menace to electric power system with disastrous consequence. Due to the presence of non linear load, power quality of the system gets affected. To overcome this, shunt active power filter have been used near harmonic producing loads or at the point of common coupling to block current harmonics. The shunt active power filter is designed to minimize harmonics in source current and reactive power in the non linear power supplies which are creating harmonics. In this paper, Instantaneous power of p-q theory is employed to generate the reference currents and PI controller is used to control the dc link voltage. In addition to this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is used to minimize the harmonics produced by nonlinear load. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare THD of the source current with PI controller and by artificial neural network based back propagation algorithm. The proposed system is designed with MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
IRJET- Harmonic Mitigation for Power Quality Improvement using Active Power F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using an active power filter with current control strategies to mitigate harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. It begins with an introduction to harmonics and different filter types, including passive filters and active power filters. It then describes the objectives and methodology of using a shunt active power filter with p-q theory and d-q control strategies in MATLAB simulations. Simulation results are presented and control strategies are compared based on their ability to reduce harmonic distortion below IEEE standards.
Pll based shunt active harmonic filter to compensate multiple non linear loadsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a shunt active power filter used to compensate for multiple non-linear loads. It uses a phase locked loop (PLL) to generate a reference current signal that is in phase with the source voltage. A hysteresis controller compares the reference current to the measured compensation currents to produce switching signals for an IGBT inverter. Simulation results show the filter can compensate for current harmonics from diode rectifier loads and reduce total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter uses PLL and hysteresis control to estimate the reference current and control the inverter to inject compensation currents.
Mitigation of the Harmonics under Reactive Power Compensation by SHPF-TCR Usi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a combined system of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and a shunt hybrid power filter
(SHPF)has been designed by MATLAB/SIMULINK approach for harmonic and reactive power compensation.
The quality of the power is effected by many factors like harmonic contamination, due to the increment of nonlinear
loads, sag and swell due to the switching of the loads etc. Also control schemes based on PI and Fuzzy
logic controllers have been proposed to mitigate the harmonics and neutral current . The proposed methodology
not only reduces the complexity but also offers simplicity to implement and increases reliability of the system.
These control strategies also help in achieving a low cost highly effective control. The performance is also
observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics, flicker and spikes with Non-Linear and
Reactive Loads with different control strategies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
The document discusses the use of shunt active filters to mitigate current harmonics in power systems. It analyzes the performance of a shunt active filter controlled by a PI controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) under normal and increased load conditions with balanced and unbalanced source voltages. The main points are:
A) Shunt active filters inject compensating current to make the source current sinusoidal and maintain unity power factor.
B) Both PI and FLC controllers perform well under balanced voltages but FLC provides better compensation under unbalanced voltages.
C) The FLC with a triangular membership function offers superior results compared to the PI controller in mitigating current harmonics.
Optimize Controlling of Active Filters Controlled by Pi ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of an active power filter controlled by a PI controller to minimize harmonics and improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to active power filters and the need to compensate for non-linear loads. It then provides details on the proposed PI control scheme, including the control system block diagram and simulation model. Simulation results show that the PI-controlled active power filter is able to make the source current sinusoidal and reduce total harmonic distortion.
Design of shunt hybrid active power filter for compensating harmonic currents...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a shunt hybrid active power filter to compensate for harmonic currents and reactive power in electrical systems. The hybrid filter combines a passive power filter and active power filter in a shunt configuration. It uses several control methods, including p-q theory, PI controllers, and hysteresis current control, to extract reference compensation currents and regulate the DC bus voltage. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink showed the filter can reduce total harmonic distortion below 5% according to IEEE standards and improve the power factor by compensating reactive power. The hybrid filter aims to overcome limitations of previous filter designs by providing effective harmonic mitigation while avoiding issues like resonance or high costs.
Power system harmonics are a menace to electric power system with disastrous consequence. Due to the presence of non linear load, power quality of the system gets affected. To overcome this, shunt active power filter have been used near harmonic producing loads or at the point of common coupling to block current harmonics. The shunt active power filter is designed to minimize harmonics in source current and reactive power in the non linear power supplies which are creating harmonics. In this paper, Instantaneous power of p-q theory is employed to generate the reference currents and PI controller is used to control the dc link voltage. In addition to this, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is used to minimize the harmonics produced by nonlinear load. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare THD of the source current with PI controller and by artificial neural network based back propagation algorithm. The proposed system is designed with MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
IRJET- Harmonic Mitigation for Power Quality Improvement using Active Power F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using an active power filter with current control strategies to mitigate harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. It begins with an introduction to harmonics and different filter types, including passive filters and active power filters. It then describes the objectives and methodology of using a shunt active power filter with p-q theory and d-q control strategies in MATLAB simulations. Simulation results are presented and control strategies are compared based on their ability to reduce harmonic distortion below IEEE standards.
Pll based shunt active harmonic filter to compensate multiple non linear loadsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a shunt active power filter used to compensate for multiple non-linear loads. It uses a phase locked loop (PLL) to generate a reference current signal that is in phase with the source voltage. A hysteresis controller compares the reference current to the measured compensation currents to produce switching signals for an IGBT inverter. Simulation results show the filter can compensate for current harmonics from diode rectifier loads and reduce total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter uses PLL and hysteresis control to estimate the reference current and control the inverter to inject compensation currents.
Mitigation of the Harmonics under Reactive Power Compensation by SHPF-TCR Usi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a combined system of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and a shunt hybrid power filter
(SHPF)has been designed by MATLAB/SIMULINK approach for harmonic and reactive power compensation.
The quality of the power is effected by many factors like harmonic contamination, due to the increment of nonlinear
loads, sag and swell due to the switching of the loads etc. Also control schemes based on PI and Fuzzy
logic controllers have been proposed to mitigate the harmonics and neutral current . The proposed methodology
not only reduces the complexity but also offers simplicity to implement and increases reliability of the system.
These control strategies also help in achieving a low cost highly effective control. The performance is also
observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics, flicker and spikes with Non-Linear and
Reactive Loads with different control strategies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
We will dispatched hard copy to the author within 7 days of date of publication
The document discusses the use of shunt active filters to mitigate current harmonics in power systems. It analyzes the performance of a shunt active filter controlled by a PI controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) under normal and increased load conditions with balanced and unbalanced source voltages. The main points are:
A) Shunt active filters inject compensating current to make the source current sinusoidal and maintain unity power factor.
B) Both PI and FLC controllers perform well under balanced voltages but FLC provides better compensation under unbalanced voltages.
C) The FLC with a triangular membership function offers superior results compared to the PI controller in mitigating current harmonics.
Optimize Controlling of Active Filters Controlled by Pi ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of an active power filter controlled by a PI controller to minimize harmonics and improve power quality. It begins with an introduction to active power filters and the need to compensate for non-linear loads. It then provides details on the proposed PI control scheme, including the control system block diagram and simulation model. Simulation results show that the PI-controlled active power filter is able to make the source current sinusoidal and reduce total harmonic distortion.
The development of active power filter (APF) using rectifier boost technique has been identified to compensate for the pulsating nature of the distorted supply current waveform of non-linear load. In this work, investigation is carried out on the operation of rectifier without any filters function. This is then extended to operate the rectifier converter with an active power filter function. APF function is implemented by enabling the closed-loop control using standard proportional integral control to rectify the distorted supply current to become continuous, sinusoidal and in-phase with the supply voltage waveform. Consequently, the total harmonic distortion (THD) level was reduced to meet the acceptable limit defined in the standard of IEEE-519 1992. The selected simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are presented to justify the proposed filter structure.
IRJET-Harmonic Elimination in Three Phase System by Means of a Shunt Active F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a shunt active power filter to eliminate harmonics in a three-phase power system. The paper introduces the problem of harmonics produced by non-linear loads distorting current and voltage waveforms. It then discusses passive and active harmonic filtering techniques, focusing on the shunt active power filter. Key control strategies for the shunt active filter are described, including the p-q theory method and d-q synchronous reference frame method. The document provides mathematical models of these control methods and presents simulation results demonstrating harmonic elimination using a shunt active power filter in MATLAB/Simulink.
A new fuzzy based control strategy for three phase shunt active power filtersIAEME Publication
This document discusses a new fuzzy-based control strategy for three-phase shunt active power filters. It begins with an abstract that introduces active power filters and describes a current control scheme that does not require a harmonic detector but uses two current sensors on the supply side. A fuzzy controller and vector PI controller are used for effective harmonic compensation to make the supply current sinusoidal. The proposed control scheme improves accuracy and is not affected by harmonic tracking as it does not use a harmonic detector. The rest of the document provides details on the proposed control strategy, including generating reference currents, typical control schemes for active power filters using PI and VPI controllers, and the advantages of the new fuzzy-based control strategy.
This document discusses the use of an adaptive hysteresis band current controller for a shunt active filter to better mitigate current harmonics and regulate DC link voltage. A shunt active filter using PI and fuzzy logic controllers was unable to satisfy IEEE standards for total harmonic distortion of less than 5%. The adaptive hysteresis band current controller aims to maintain a nearly constant modulation frequency to optimize switching and reduce harmonic distortion. Simulation results showed this controller achieved better performance than conventional hysteresis control in mitigating harmonics and regulating DC link voltage to meet standards.
Harmonic Mitigation using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame TheoryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a new control algorithm called the Modified Synchronous Reference Frame (MSRF) Theory to generate reference currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to mitigate harmonics in power systems. The SAPF injects compensating currents to cancel out harmonic currents from nonlinear loads, making the source current sinusoidal. The MSRF method calculates the transformation angle from the AC network voltages rather than a phase-locked loop, allowing it to better isolate harmonics. Simulation results showed the SAPF reduced the total harmonic distortion to 3.25% using the MSRF control algorithm. Passive filters are limited and can cause resonance, while the SAPF
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE FILTER elelijjournal
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the implementation of Distributed Active Filters (DAFs). To share the workload of harmonic filtering, several Active Filter Units (AFUs) are placed on different locations which can perform the harmonic filtering without a direct communication. Different configurations of DAFs are described and are implemented using MATLAB /Simpower system Toolbox environment to observe their performances and comparison.
KEYWORDS
Distributed Active Filters (DAFs), Power Quality, Total Harmonic Distortion
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to control shunt active power filters for reducing harmonics. It begins with an abstract describing how neural networks can improve active power filter performance. It then provides background on power harmonics and classifications of active power filters, focusing on shunt active power filters. The key section discusses applications of neural networks in active power filter control, noting advantages like increased speed, robustness, and accuracy. It also reviews design considerations for active power filter controllers and presents figures of a proposed neural network controlled shunt active power filtering system.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
Mitigation of Harmonic Current through Hybrid Power Filter in Single Phase Re...IDES Editor
This document discusses a proposed hybrid power filter for harmonics and reactive power compensation in a single-phase rectifier system. The hybrid power filter combines a passive filter and active power filter. The passive filter is tuned to compensate for the 3rd and 5th order harmonics, while the active power filter compensates for the remaining harmonic components not addressed by the passive filter. This allows for a reduction in the rating and size of the active power filter components. The effectiveness of the hybrid power filter configuration is demonstrated through simulation results showing reduced harmonic distortion in the source current and improved power factor.
In This paper we present experimental comparative study of feedBack Linearized and Proportional Integral (PI) Controller of the DC bus voltage of three phase shunt Active Power Filter (APF). The FeedBack Linearized and PI controllers are introduced to improve tracking performance characteristics, power quality and minimized consumption of the reactive power. The algorithm used to identify the reference currents is based on the Self Tuning Filter (STF). The firing pulses of the IGBTs inverter are generated using a hysteresis current controller; which is implemented on an analogue card. Finally, the above study, under steady state and transient conditions, is illustrated with signal-flow graphs and corresponding analysis. This study was verified by experimental tests on hardware prototype based on dSPACE-1104. The experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the designed active filter, associated with Feedback Linearized and PI controllers and are capability in meeting the IEEE 519-1992 recommended harmonic standard limits.
Harmonic Compensation for Non Linear Load Using PWM Based Active Filteridescitation
In this paper the elimination of the current harmon-
ics of injected by nonlinear loads is investigated. The active
power filter proposed in this study is a Single phase voltage
source inverter (VSI) connecting to the AC mains. The dspic
controller is used to control the operation of the switches of
the inverter. Active filtering is achieved through PWM in-
verter connected next to a given nonlinear load or at the point
of the common coupling (PCC). The simulation results show
that how well the filter eliminates the harmonics of the source
current.
This paper presents the Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) to improve the power quality of power electronic converters. The development of HCC was implemented using Active Power Filter (APF) function based on rectifier boost technique to control the range of upper and lower bands. Through this technique, the supply current waveform followed the shape of the sinusoidal reference signal, thus, the distorted input current waveform becomes sinusoidal and in the same phase with the input voltage. As a result, the THD level and switching losses can be reduced, thus improving the power factor of the power supply system. In order to verify the proposed operation, validation of the proposed HCC was done through MATLAB. Selected simulation results are presented.
Power Quality Improvement Fuzzy Logical Controlled Based on Cascaded Shunt Ac...IJMTST Journal
Improve its quality and reliability catches growing interest. In this paper, based on the analysis and
modeling of the shunt APF with close-loop control, a feed forward compensation path of load current and also
fuzzy logic control is applied to improve the dynamic performance of the APF.. The two H-bridge cascaded
inverter is used for the aeronautical APF (AAPF). Justifications for topology choosing and corresponding
system control method are given. Furthermore, the global framework and operation principle of the proposed
AAPF are presented in detail. Simulated waveforms in different load conditions indicate the good
performance of the AAPF.
This document describes a predictive approach for power quality improvement using direct power control (Predictive-DPC) for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) system. The proposed Predictive-DPC control calculates the appropriate average voltage vector at each sampling period to cancel errors between the instantaneous active and reactive powers and their references, indirectly forcing the SAPF to generate the compensation current needed. Simulation results show the Predictive-DPC control achieves good steady state and transient performance with high harmonic elimination, regulating active power and maintaining zero reactive power under load variations. A comparative analysis found Predictive-DPC control offers improvements over conventional DPC control for SAPF systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of power quality using microprocessor based shunt active power fi...IJECEIAES
Power quality is the most significant factor of power sector. The end user equipment such as induction motor, inverters, rectifiers inject harmonics into power system that influences the quality of power delivered. The presence of harmonics forces the use of instantaneous reactive power theory to calculate instantaneous power that helps in finding the compensating currents to eliminate harmonics. The control action required by active filter is accomplished by STM32F303RET6 microcontroller. Single phase induction motor is used as a dynamic nonlinear load in one of the three phases and resistive loads on the other two phases. TRIAC based RC triggering circuit was used to control the single phase induction motor. This paper presents the simulation and hardware implementation of shunt active power filter for 3 phase 4 wire unbalanced system. The hardware results show that THD in the source side has been reduced from 50.7% to 9.6% by implementing the SAPF.
The document describes the design of a shunt hybrid active power filter (SHAPF) to reduce harmonics on the AC side due to non-linear loads. A SHAPF consists of both an active filter and a passive filter connected in parallel. The active filter uses an instantaneous reactive power theory-based control strategy to calculate compensating currents, while the passive filter includes a tuned RLC circuit to filter specific harmonics. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show the SHAPF reduces the total harmonic distortion of the source current from 30.35% to 3.25%, outperforming passive and active filters alone. The control strategy effectively reduces harmonics through feedback compensation provided by the hybrid filter configuration.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
A New Topology for Power Quality Improvement using 3-Phase 4-Wire UPQC with R...IJMTST Journal
This document discusses a new topology for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a reduced DC-link voltage rating. The UPQC uses a series inverter to perform simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power sharing with a shunt inverter. The control approach integrates active power control for sag/swell compensation with power angle control to coordinate reactive power between the inverters. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK support the new UPQC concept. Finally, the proposed UPQC topology is validated through simulation.
The development of active power filter (APF) using rectifier boost technique has been identified to compensate for the pulsating nature of the distorted supply current waveform of non-linear load. In this work, investigation is carried out on the operation of rectifier without any filters function. This is then extended to operate the rectifier converter with an active power filter function. APF function is implemented by enabling the closed-loop control using standard proportional integral control to rectify the distorted supply current to become continuous, sinusoidal and in-phase with the supply voltage waveform. Consequently, the total harmonic distortion (THD) level was reduced to meet the acceptable limit defined in the standard of IEEE-519 1992. The selected simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink are presented to justify the proposed filter structure.
IRJET-Harmonic Elimination in Three Phase System by Means of a Shunt Active F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using a shunt active power filter to eliminate harmonics in a three-phase power system. The paper introduces the problem of harmonics produced by non-linear loads distorting current and voltage waveforms. It then discusses passive and active harmonic filtering techniques, focusing on the shunt active power filter. Key control strategies for the shunt active filter are described, including the p-q theory method and d-q synchronous reference frame method. The document provides mathematical models of these control methods and presents simulation results demonstrating harmonic elimination using a shunt active power filter in MATLAB/Simulink.
A new fuzzy based control strategy for three phase shunt active power filtersIAEME Publication
This document discusses a new fuzzy-based control strategy for three-phase shunt active power filters. It begins with an abstract that introduces active power filters and describes a current control scheme that does not require a harmonic detector but uses two current sensors on the supply side. A fuzzy controller and vector PI controller are used for effective harmonic compensation to make the supply current sinusoidal. The proposed control scheme improves accuracy and is not affected by harmonic tracking as it does not use a harmonic detector. The rest of the document provides details on the proposed control strategy, including generating reference currents, typical control schemes for active power filters using PI and VPI controllers, and the advantages of the new fuzzy-based control strategy.
This document discusses the use of an adaptive hysteresis band current controller for a shunt active filter to better mitigate current harmonics and regulate DC link voltage. A shunt active filter using PI and fuzzy logic controllers was unable to satisfy IEEE standards for total harmonic distortion of less than 5%. The adaptive hysteresis band current controller aims to maintain a nearly constant modulation frequency to optimize switching and reduce harmonic distortion. Simulation results showed this controller achieved better performance than conventional hysteresis control in mitigating harmonics and regulating DC link voltage to meet standards.
Harmonic Mitigation using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame TheoryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a new control algorithm called the Modified Synchronous Reference Frame (MSRF) Theory to generate reference currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF) to mitigate harmonics in power systems. The SAPF injects compensating currents to cancel out harmonic currents from nonlinear loads, making the source current sinusoidal. The MSRF method calculates the transformation angle from the AC network voltages rather than a phase-locked loop, allowing it to better isolate harmonics. Simulation results showed the SAPF reduced the total harmonic distortion to 3.25% using the MSRF control algorithm. Passive filters are limited and can cause resonance, while the SAPF
Modeling & Analysis of Shunt Active Power Filter Using IRP Theory Fed to Indu...IJERA Editor
Utility distribution networks have sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. Because of sensitivity of consumers on power quality and advancement in power electronics. Active power filter technology is the most efficient way to compensate reactive power and cancel out low order harmonics generated by nonlinear loads. The shunt active power filter was considered to be the most basic configuration for the APF. This paper reviews the basic principle of shunt active power filter, along with the current tracking circuit based on the instantaneous reactive power theory and the main circuit performing as an inverter with PWM hysteresis control. The instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method and instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) method are two control strategies which are extensively used in active filters. A shunt active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component (id-iq) method is proposed. This method aims to compensate harmonic and first harmonic unbalance. A Comprehensive control method is analyzed and a harmonic Compensation simulation is conducted, the result of which verifies The harmonic detection algorithm is well-proposed and the power Quality of the grid is overall-enhanced. The results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE FILTER elelijjournal
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the implementation of Distributed Active Filters (DAFs). To share the workload of harmonic filtering, several Active Filter Units (AFUs) are placed on different locations which can perform the harmonic filtering without a direct communication. Different configurations of DAFs are described and are implemented using MATLAB /Simpower system Toolbox environment to observe their performances and comparison.
KEYWORDS
Distributed Active Filters (DAFs), Power Quality, Total Harmonic Distortion
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to control shunt active power filters for reducing harmonics. It begins with an abstract describing how neural networks can improve active power filter performance. It then provides background on power harmonics and classifications of active power filters, focusing on shunt active power filters. The key section discusses applications of neural networks in active power filter control, noting advantages like increased speed, robustness, and accuracy. It also reviews design considerations for active power filter controllers and presents figures of a proposed neural network controlled shunt active power filtering system.
Simulation and Design of SRF based Control Algorithm for Three Phase Shunt Ac...idescitation
Active power filters are effective in mitigating line
current harmonics and compensating for the reactive power
in the line. There are basically two types of Active Power
Filters (APFs): shunt type and series type. Shunt active power
filters (SAPFs) represent the most important and most widely
used filters in industrial purposes, this is due not only to the
fact that eliminate the harmonic current but also they are
suitable for a wide range of power ratings. In this paper,
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory is employed to
calculate compensating currents while the three phase source
is feeding a highly non-linear load. The main objective is to
study and investigate the performance of Shunt active power
filter using SRF theory. The algorithm is simulated under
M ATLAB
7.8
environment
using
Simulinkand
SimPowerSystems toolbox. The results shown are within the
IEEE Standard 512-1992.
Mitigation of Harmonic Current through Hybrid Power Filter in Single Phase Re...IDES Editor
This document discusses a proposed hybrid power filter for harmonics and reactive power compensation in a single-phase rectifier system. The hybrid power filter combines a passive filter and active power filter. The passive filter is tuned to compensate for the 3rd and 5th order harmonics, while the active power filter compensates for the remaining harmonic components not addressed by the passive filter. This allows for a reduction in the rating and size of the active power filter components. The effectiveness of the hybrid power filter configuration is demonstrated through simulation results showing reduced harmonic distortion in the source current and improved power factor.
In This paper we present experimental comparative study of feedBack Linearized and Proportional Integral (PI) Controller of the DC bus voltage of three phase shunt Active Power Filter (APF). The FeedBack Linearized and PI controllers are introduced to improve tracking performance characteristics, power quality and minimized consumption of the reactive power. The algorithm used to identify the reference currents is based on the Self Tuning Filter (STF). The firing pulses of the IGBTs inverter are generated using a hysteresis current controller; which is implemented on an analogue card. Finally, the above study, under steady state and transient conditions, is illustrated with signal-flow graphs and corresponding analysis. This study was verified by experimental tests on hardware prototype based on dSPACE-1104. The experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the designed active filter, associated with Feedback Linearized and PI controllers and are capability in meeting the IEEE 519-1992 recommended harmonic standard limits.
Harmonic Compensation for Non Linear Load Using PWM Based Active Filteridescitation
In this paper the elimination of the current harmon-
ics of injected by nonlinear loads is investigated. The active
power filter proposed in this study is a Single phase voltage
source inverter (VSI) connecting to the AC mains. The dspic
controller is used to control the operation of the switches of
the inverter. Active filtering is achieved through PWM in-
verter connected next to a given nonlinear load or at the point
of the common coupling (PCC). The simulation results show
that how well the filter eliminates the harmonics of the source
current.
This paper presents the Hysteresis Current Control (HCC) to improve the power quality of power electronic converters. The development of HCC was implemented using Active Power Filter (APF) function based on rectifier boost technique to control the range of upper and lower bands. Through this technique, the supply current waveform followed the shape of the sinusoidal reference signal, thus, the distorted input current waveform becomes sinusoidal and in the same phase with the input voltage. As a result, the THD level and switching losses can be reduced, thus improving the power factor of the power supply system. In order to verify the proposed operation, validation of the proposed HCC was done through MATLAB. Selected simulation results are presented.
Power Quality Improvement Fuzzy Logical Controlled Based on Cascaded Shunt Ac...IJMTST Journal
Improve its quality and reliability catches growing interest. In this paper, based on the analysis and
modeling of the shunt APF with close-loop control, a feed forward compensation path of load current and also
fuzzy logic control is applied to improve the dynamic performance of the APF.. The two H-bridge cascaded
inverter is used for the aeronautical APF (AAPF). Justifications for topology choosing and corresponding
system control method are given. Furthermore, the global framework and operation principle of the proposed
AAPF are presented in detail. Simulated waveforms in different load conditions indicate the good
performance of the AAPF.
This document describes a predictive approach for power quality improvement using direct power control (Predictive-DPC) for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) system. The proposed Predictive-DPC control calculates the appropriate average voltage vector at each sampling period to cancel errors between the instantaneous active and reactive powers and their references, indirectly forcing the SAPF to generate the compensation current needed. Simulation results show the Predictive-DPC control achieves good steady state and transient performance with high harmonic elimination, regulating active power and maintaining zero reactive power under load variations. A comparative analysis found Predictive-DPC control offers improvements over conventional DPC control for SAPF systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of power quality using microprocessor based shunt active power fi...IJECEIAES
Power quality is the most significant factor of power sector. The end user equipment such as induction motor, inverters, rectifiers inject harmonics into power system that influences the quality of power delivered. The presence of harmonics forces the use of instantaneous reactive power theory to calculate instantaneous power that helps in finding the compensating currents to eliminate harmonics. The control action required by active filter is accomplished by STM32F303RET6 microcontroller. Single phase induction motor is used as a dynamic nonlinear load in one of the three phases and resistive loads on the other two phases. TRIAC based RC triggering circuit was used to control the single phase induction motor. This paper presents the simulation and hardware implementation of shunt active power filter for 3 phase 4 wire unbalanced system. The hardware results show that THD in the source side has been reduced from 50.7% to 9.6% by implementing the SAPF.
The document describes the design of a shunt hybrid active power filter (SHAPF) to reduce harmonics on the AC side due to non-linear loads. A SHAPF consists of both an active filter and a passive filter connected in parallel. The active filter uses an instantaneous reactive power theory-based control strategy to calculate compensating currents, while the passive filter includes a tuned RLC circuit to filter specific harmonics. Simulation results using MATLAB Simulink show the SHAPF reduces the total harmonic distortion of the source current from 30.35% to 3.25%, outperforming passive and active filters alone. The control strategy effectively reduces harmonics through feedback compensation provided by the hybrid filter configuration.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Power System Harmonic Compensation Using Shunt Active Power FilterIJERA Editor
This paper shows the method of improving the power quality using shunt active power filter. The proposedtopic comprises of PI controller, filter hysteresis current control loop, dc link capacitor. The switching signal generation for filter is fromhysteresis current controller techniques. With the all these element shunt active power filter reduce the total harmonic distortion. Thispaper represents the simulation and analysis of the using three phase three wire system active filter to compensate harmonics .Theproposed shunt active filter model uses balanced non-linear load. This paper successfully lowers the THD within IEEE norms and satisfactorily works to compensatecurrent harmonics.
A New Topology for Power Quality Improvement using 3-Phase 4-Wire UPQC with R...IJMTST Journal
This document discusses a new topology for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with a reduced DC-link voltage rating. The UPQC uses a series inverter to perform simultaneous voltage sag/swell compensation and load reactive power sharing with a shunt inverter. The control approach integrates active power control for sag/swell compensation with power angle control to coordinate reactive power between the inverters. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK support the new UPQC concept. Finally, the proposed UPQC topology is validated through simulation.
This document describes a simulation study of a PI-controlled three-phase shunt active power filter using hysteresis current control. Shunt active power filters can compensate for harmonics and reactive power required by non-linear loads. The filter employs fast Fourier transform to calculate the reference compensation current. Hysteresis current control is used to inject the compensation current into the line. Simulation results show the filter is able to mitigate harmonic distortion, reactive power compensation, and improve power factor, while maintaining total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System using ANN Based Shunt Active...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper focuses on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller based Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for mitigating the harmonics of the distribution system. To increase the performance of the conventional controller and take advantage of smart controllers, a feed forward-type (trained by a back propagation algorithm) ANN-based technique is implemented in shunt active power filters for producing the controlled pulses required for IGBT inverter. The proposed approach mainly work on the principle of capacitor energy to maintain the DC link voltage of a shunt connected filter and thus reduces the transient response time when there is abrupt variation in the load. The entire power system block set model of the proposed scheme has been developed in MATLAB environment. Simulations are carried out by using MATLAB, it is noticed that the %THD is reduced to 2.27% from 29.71% by ANN controlled filter. The simulated experimental results also show that the novel control method is not only easy to be computed and implemented, but also very successful in reducing harmonics.
A proportional resonant current controller for selective harmonic compensathareesh hari
This paper deals with reactive power compensation
and harmonics elimination inmedium-voltage industrial networks
using a hybrid active power filter. It proposes a hybrid filter as a
combination of a three-phase, two-level, voltage-source converter
connected in parallel with the inductor of a shunt, single-tuned,
passive filter. This topological structure greatly decreases the
voltage and current stress over the elements of the active filter.
Since the topology is composed of a single-tuned branch, the
control algorithm also has to ensure sufficient filtering at other
harmonic frequencies. We propose using a proportional-resonant,
multiloop controller. Since the controller is implemented in a
synchronous-reference frame, it allows us to use half the number
of resonators, compared with the solution using proportional-integral
controllers in the harmonic-reference frame. Theoretical
analyses and simulation results obtained from an actual industrial
network model in PSCAD verify the viability and effectiveness
of the proposed hybrid filter. In addition, the simulation results
are validated by a comparison with the results obtained from a
real-time digital simulator.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on using neural networks to improve the performance of shunt active power filters for harmonic reduction. It discusses how nonlinear loads cause power harmonics and how active filters work to inject compensating currents to reduce harmonics. Neural networks can be used for harmonic detection and current control in active filters to increase processing speed, robustness, and accuracy compared to conventional control methods. The document reviews various active filter configurations and control designs. Simulation results show the neural network approach improves compensation performance by reducing harmonic distortion in source currents.
report of Improvement of the Electric Power Quality Using Series Active and S...Vikram Rawani
The increase of nonlinear loads due to the proliferation of electronic equipment causes power quality in the power system to deteriorate. Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC) due to the source impedance. Both distorted current and voltage may cause end-user equipment to malfunction, conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment connected at the PCC.
Unified Power Quality Conditioner Model Based with Series and Shunt FiltersIAES-IJPEDS
With the increase of the complexion in the power distribution system, it is very possible that several kinds of power quality disturbances are happened in a power distribution system simultaneously.This paper proposes a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) including a series and a shunt active power filter (APF) to compensate harmonics in both the distorted supply voltage and nonlinear load current. In the series APF control scheme, a proportional-integral (PI) controller, meanwhile a PI controller and are designed in the shunt APF control scheme to relieve harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads. The DC voltage is maintained constant using Two degree of freedom proportional integral voltage controller (2DoFPI). The performance of the proposed UPQC is significantly improved compared to the conventional control strategy. The feasibility of the proposed UPQC control scheme is validated through the simulations.
PI and fuzzy logic controllers for shunt active power filterISA Interchange
This paper presents a shunt Active Power Filter (APF) for power quality improvements in terms of harmonics and reactive power compensation in the distribution network. The compensation process is based only on source current extraction that reduces the number of sensors as well as its complexity. A Proportional Integral (PI) or Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to extract the required reference current from the distorted line-current, and this controls the DC-side capacitor voltage of the inverter. The shunt APF is implemented with PWM-current controlled Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and the switching patterns are generated through a novel Adaptive-Fuzzy Hysteresis Current Controller (A-F-HCC). The proposed adaptive-fuzzy-HCC is compared with fixed-HCC and adaptive-HCC techniques and the superior features of this novel approach are established. The FLC based shunt APF system is validated through extensive simulation for diode-rectifier/R–L loads.
This document discusses using an active power filter (APF) to compensate for power quality issues caused by linear and non-linear loads. It analyzes system performance with and without an APF for different load types. For a linear load without an APF, voltage sag and 2.96% total harmonic distortion are observed. With an APF, voltage sag is eliminated and distortion is reduced to 1.70%. For a non-linear load without an APF, voltage is highly distorted with harmonics. When an APF is added, it monitors the load current and adapts to changes in harmonics to improve power quality. The APF provides a solution for problems like harmonics, reactive power compensation, and voltage regulation
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement using Active Power FilterIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using an active power filter. It proposes a novel circuit topology for a three-phase active power filter (APF) that can suppress harmonic currents and provide complete reactive power compensation. The proposed APF uses a two-arm bridge power converter along with filter inductors, reactive power capacitors, and capacitor/resistor filtering. It is shown to have enhanced harmonic compensation capabilities compared to conventional APF topologies. The APF aims to mitigate issues caused by nonlinear loads such as current harmonics, reduced power factor, and voltage distortions on distribution systems.
IRJET- Hybrid Active Power Filter Topologies for Power Quality Improvement: A...IRJET Journal
This document reviews hybrid active power filter topologies and control strategies for power quality improvement. Hybrid active power filters combine active and passive filters to mitigate harmonics more cost-effectively than active filters alone. The document describes various hybrid active power filter configurations including series active filters with shunt passive filters, shunt active filters with shunt passive filters, and combinations of series and shunt active/passive filters. Control strategies like instantaneous reactive power theory and indirect current control algorithms are discussed for hybrid active power filter compensation of harmonics under different load conditions. In conclusion, hybrid active power filters reduce the cost and rating requirements of active filters while improving compensation compared to passive filters alone.
Comparison of Two Compensation Control Strategies for Shunt Active Power Filt...ijtsrd
Use of nonlinear loads has been increased in large extent in industries now-a-days which injects harmonic currents in supply system. These harmonics creates power quality issue. Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) is the popular and efficient solution to reduce these harmonics. SAPF can overcome voltage sag, eliminate harmonics and improves power factor. SAPF reduces total harmonic distortion (THD) to acceptable level. Reference current generation is the heart of APF. Reference current generation using instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory is presented in this paper. IRP theory is widely used to control active power filters (APFs). Modeling of this technique is implemented in MATLABsimulink. The system is experimentally implemented using DS1104 card of d SPACE system. Mr. Amit Kumar Rajan | Dr. E Vijay Kumar"Comparison of Two Compensation Control Strategies for Shunt Active Power Filter in three Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18198.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18198/comparison-of-two-compensation-control-strategies-for-shunt-active-power-filter-in-three-systems/mr-amit-kumar-rajan
This document discusses frequency domain control strategies for active filters. It begins by introducing the issues caused by harmonics from non-linear loads and how active power filters can help compensate. It then discusses some common control techniques for active filters including the p-q theory, d-q theory, and hysteresis current control. Simulation results are presented showing the FFT algorithm achieving over 90% compensation of harmonics when used with a shunt active filter under steady state balanced conditions. The document concludes that FFT-based control is effective at compensating harmonics from constant non-linear loads.
This dissertation presents research on using an active filter to improve power quality by reducing harmonics from nonlinear loads. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, literature review on active filtering techniques, and simulations of power systems with and without an active filter. Simulation results show the active filter significantly reduces total harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling from 30.34% to 4.54%, demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating power quality issues caused by nonlinear loads.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and simulates a hybrid power generation system using renewable energy sources like solar and wind along with an active power filter to improve power quality. The system uses a four-leg voltage source inverter with both a conventional DC link controller and a fuzzy logic controller to regulate the DC link voltage and compensate for current harmonics from nonlinear loads. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed control scheme and active power filter configuration can effectively improve power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
This document describes a simulation of a three-phase shunt active power filter using a fuzzy logic controller to compensate for current harmonics from a non-linear load. It discusses how active power filters can mitigate harmonics and reactive power issues. The simulation shows that the fuzzy logic controller is able to keep the source current balanced, sinusoidal and in phase with the voltage after compensation, reducing the total harmonic distortion from 28.61% to 3.85%. The fuzzy logic controller provides an effective control approach without requiring an accurate mathematical model of the system.
Similar to Advanced Techniques in Harmonic Suppression via Active Power Filter: A Review (19)
Inter-Area Oscillation Damping using an STATCOM Based Hybrid Shunt Compensati...IJPEDS-IAES
FACTS devices are one of the latest technologies which have been used to
improve power system dynamic and stability during recent years. However,
widespread adoption of this technology has been hampered by high cost
and reliability concerns. In this paper an economical phase imbalanced shunt
reactive compensation concept has been introduced and its ability for power
system dynamic enhancement and inter-area oscillation damping are
investigated. A hybrid phase imbalanced scheme is a shunt capacitive
compensation scheme, where two phases are compensated by fixed shunt
capacitor (C) and the third phase is compensated by a Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM) in shunt with a fixed capacitor (CC). The power
system dynamic stability enhancement would be achieved by adding
a conventional Wide Area Damping Controller (WADC) to the main control
loop of the single phase STATCOM. Two different control methodologies
are proposed: a non-optimized conventional damping controller
and a conventional damping controller with optomised parameters that are
added to the main control loop of the unbalanced compensator in order to
damp the inter area oscillations. The proposed arrangement would, certainly,
be economically attractive when compared with a full three-phase
STATCOM. The proposed scheme is prosperously applied in a 13-bus
six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to
demonstrate its ability in damping inter-area oscillations and power system
dynamic enhancement.
Fuzzy Gain-Scheduling Proportional–Integral Control for Improving the Speed B...IJPEDS-IAES
In this article, we have set up a vector control law of induction machine
where we tried different type of speed controllers. Our control strategy is of
type Field Orientated Control (FOC). In this structure we designed a Fuzzy
Gain-Scheduling Proportional–Integral (Pi) controller to obtain best result
regarding the speed of induction machine. At the beginning we designed a Pi
controller with fixed parameters. We came up to these parameters by
identifying the transfer function of this controller to that of Broïda (second
order transfer function). Then we designed a fuzzy logic (FL) controller.
Based on simulation results, we highlight the performances of each
controller. To improve the speed behaviour of the induction machine, we
have designend a controller called “Fuzzy Gain-Scheduling Proportional–
Integral controller” (FGS-PI controller) which inherited the pros of the
aforementioned controllers. The simulation result of this controller will
strengthen its performances.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
Modified SVPWM Algorithm for 3-Level Inverter Fed DTC Induction Motor DriveIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a modified space vector pulse width modulation (MSVPWM)
algorithm is developed for 3-level inverter fed direct torque controlled
induction motor drive (DTC-IMD). MSVPWM algorithm simplifies
conventional space vector pulse width modulation (CSVPWM) algorithm for
multilevel inverter (MLI), whose complexity lies in sector/subsector/subsubsector
identification; which will commensurate with number of levels. In
the proposed algorithm sectors are identified as in two level inverter
and subsectors/sub-subsectors are identified by shifting the original reference
vector to sector 1 (S1). This is valid due to the fact that a three level space
vector plane is a composition of six two level space planes, and are
symmetrical with reference to six pivot states. Switching state/sequence
selection is also very important while dealing with SVPWM strategy for
MLI. In the proposed algorithm out of 27 available switching states apt
switching state is selected based on sector and subsector number, such that
voltage ripple is considerably less. To validate the proposed algorithm, it is
tested on a three level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter fed DTC-IMD.
The performance of the MSVPWM algorithm is analyzed by comparing no
load stator current ripple of the three level DTC-IMD with two level
DTC-IMD. Significant reduction in steady state torque and flux ripple is
observed. Hence, reduced acoustic noise is a distinctive facet of the proposed
method.
Modelling of a 3-Phase Induction Motor under Open-Phase Fault Using Matlab/Si...IJPEDS-IAES
The d-q model of Induction Motors (IMs) has been effectively used as an
efficient method to analyze the performance of the induction machines. This
study presents a step by step Matlab/Simulink implementation
of a star-connected 3-phase IM under open-phase fault (faulty 3-phase IM)
using d-q model. The presented technique in this paper can be simply
implemented in one block and can be made available for control purposes.
The simulated results provide to show the behavior of the star-connected 3-phase IM under open-phase fault condition.
Performance Characteristics of Induction Motor with FielIJPEDS-IAES
With development of power electronics and control Theories, the AC motor
control becomes easier. So the AC motors are used instead of the DC motor
in the drive applications. With this development, a several methods of control
are invented. The field oriented control and direct torque control are from the
best methods to control the drive systems. This paper is compared between
the field oriented control and direct torque control to show the advantages
and disadvantages of these methods of controls. This study discussed the
effects of these methods of control on the total harmonic distortion of the
current and torque ripples. This occurs through study the performance
characteristics of the AC motor. The motor used in this study is an induction
motor. This study is simulated through the MATLAB program.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Modeling and Simulation of Induction Motor based on Finite Element AnalysisIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the development of a co-simulation platform of induction
motor (IM). For the simulation, a coupled model is introduced which
contains the control, the power electronics and also the induction machine.
Each of these components is simulated in different software environments.
So, this study provides an advanced modeling and simulation tools for IM
which integrate all the components into one common simulation platform
environment. In this work, the IM is created using Ansys-Maxwell based on
Finite Element Analysis (FEA), whereas the power electronic converter is
developed in Ansys-Simplorer and the control scheme is build in MATLABSimulink
environment. Such structure can be useful for accurate design
and allows coupling analysis for more realistic simulation. This platform is
exploited to analyze the system models with faults caused by failures of
different drive’s components. Here, two studies cases are presented: the first
is the effects of a faulty device of the PWM inverter, and the second case is
the influence of the short circuit of two stator phases. In order to study the
performance of the control drive of the IM under fault conditions,
a co-simulation of the global dynamic model has been proposed to analyze
the IM behavior and control drives. In this work, the co-simulation has been
performed; furthermore the simulation results of scalar control allowed
verifying the precision of the proposed FEM platform.
Comparative Performance Study for Closed Loop Operation of an Adjustable Spee...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper an extensive comparative study is carried out between PI
and PID controlled closed loop model of an adjustable speed Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive. The incorporation of Sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) strategy establishes near sinusoidal
armature phase currents and comparatively less torque ripples without
sacrificing torque/weight ratio. In this closed loop model of PMSM drive, the
information about reference speed is provided to a speed controller, to ensure
that actual drive speed tracks the reference speed with ideally zero steady
state speed error. The entire model of PMSM closed loop drive is divided
into two loops, inner loop current and outer loop speed. By taking the
different combinations of two classical controllers (PI & PID) related with
two loop control structure, different approximations are carried out. Hence a
typical comparative study is introduced to familiar with the different
performance indices of the system corresponding to time domain and
frequency domain specifications. Therefore overall performance of closed
loop PMSM drive is tested and effectiveness of controllers will be
determined for different combinations.
Novel Discrete Components Based Speed Controller for Induction MotorIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents an electronic design based on general purpose discrete
components for speed control of a single phase induction motor drive. The
MOSFETs inverter switching is controlled using Sampled Sinusoidal Pulse
Width Modulation (SPWM) techniques with V/F method based on Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (VCO). The load power is also controlled by a novel
design to produce a suitable SPWM pulse. The proposed electronic system
has ability to control the output frequency with flexible setting of lower limit
to less than 1 Hz and to higher frequency limits to 55 Hz. Moreover, the
proposed controller able to control the value of load voltage to frequency
ratio, which plays a major parameter in the function of IM speed control.
Furthermore, the designed system is characterized by easy manufacturing
and maintenance, high speed response, low cost, and does not need to
program steps as compared to other systems based on Microcontroller
and digital signal processor (DSP) units. The complete proposed electronic
design is made by the software of NI Multisim version 11.0 and all the
internal sub-designs are shown in this paper. Simulation results show the
effectiveness of electronic design for a promising of a high performance IM
PWM drive.
Sensorless Control of a Fault Tolerant PMSM Drives in Case of Single-Phase Op...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper introduces a sensorless-speed-controlled PMSM motor fed by a
four-leg inverter in case of a single phase open circuit fault regardless in
which phase is the fault. To minimize the system performance degradation
due to a single phase open circuit fault, a fault tolerant control strategy that
includes taking appropriate actions to control the two remaining healthy
currents is used in addition to use the fourth leg of the inverter. Tracking the
saliency is done through measuring the dynamic current responses of the
healthy phases of the PMSM motor due the IGBT switching actions using the
fundamental PWM method without introducing any modification to the
operation of the fourth leg of the inverter. Simulation results are provided to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for sensorless controlling of
a PMSM motor driven by a fault-tolerant four-phase inverter over a wide
speed ranges under the case of a single phase open circuit.
Improved Stator Flux Estimation for Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor ...IJPEDS-IAES
Stator flux estimation using voltage model is basically the integration of the
induced stator back electromotive force (emf) signal. In practical
implementation the pure integration is replaced by a low pass filter to avoid
the DC drift and saturation problems at the integrator output because of the
initial condition error and the inevitable DC components in the back emf
signal. However, the low pass filter introduces errors in the estimated stator
flux which are significant at frequencies near or lower than the cutoff
frequency. Also the DC components in the back emf signal are amplified at
the low pass filter output by a factor equals to . Therefore, different
integration algorithms have been proposed to improve the stator flux
estimation at steady state and transient conditions. In this paper a new
algorithm for stator flux estimation is proposed for direct torque control
(DTC) of induction motor drives. The proposed algorithm is composed of a
second order high pass filter and an integrator which can effectively
eliminates the effect of the error initial condition and the DC components.
The amplitude and phase errors compensation algorithm is selected such that
the steady state frequency response amplitude and phase angle are equivalent
to that of the pure integrator and the multiplication and division by stator
frequency are avoided. Also the cutoff frequency selection is improved; even
small value can filter out the DC components in the back emf signal. The
simulation results show the improved performance of the induction motor
direct torque control drive with the proposed stator flux estimation algorithm.
The simulation results are verified by the experimental results.
Minimization of Starting Energy Loss of Three Phase Induction Motors Based on...IJPEDS-IAES
The purpose of this paper is to minimize energy losses consumed by three
phase induction motors during starting with wide range of load torque from
no load to full load. This will limit the temperature rise and allows for more
numbers of starting during a definite time. Starting energy losses
minimization is achieved by controlling the rate of increasing voltage
and frequency to start induction motor under certain load torque within a
definite starting time. Optimal voltage and frequency are obtained by particle
swarm optimization (PSO) tool according to load torque. Then, outputs of the
PSO are used to design a neuro-fuzzy controller to control the output voltage
and frequency of the inverter during starting for each load torque. The
starting characteristics using proposed method are compared to that of direct
on line and V/F methods. A complete model of the system is developed using
SIMULINK/MATLAB.
Hardware Implementation of Solar Based Boost to SEPIC Converter Fed Nine Leve...IJPEDS-IAES
Multi level inverters are widely used in high power applications because of
low harmonic distortion. This paper deals with the simulation
and implementation of PV based boost to SEPIC converter with multilevel
inverter. The output of PV system is stepped up using boost to sepic
converter and it is converted into AC using a multilevel inverter.
The simulation and experimental results with the R load is presented in this
paper. The FFT analysis is done and the THD values are compared. Boost to
SEPIC converter is proposed to step up the voltage to the required value. The
experimental results are compared with the simulation results. The results
indicate that nine level inverter system has better performance than seven
level inverter system.
Transformer Less Voltage Quadrupler Based DC-DC Converter with Coupled Induct...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper a voltage quadrupler dc-dc converter with coupled inductor
and π filter is presented. The use of the coupled inductor reduces the high
leakage inductance which is present in a transformer enabled converter.
The output ripples in the converter is reduced by providing a π filter.
The interleaved voltage quadrupler is used in this system in order to boost the
output voltage. The voltage multiplier improves the output voltage gain.
The main advantage of this system is more voltage gain when compared with
the transformer eneabled circuit and the overall efficiency of the system is
improved. The circuit is simple to control. As a final point of this research,
the simulation and the hardware investigational results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness of this proposed converter.
IRAMY Inverter Control for Solar Electric VehicleIJPEDS-IAES
Solar Electric Vehicles (SEV) are considered the future vehicles to solve the issues of air pollution, global warming, and the rapid decreases of the petroleum resources facing the current transportation technology. However, SEV are still facing important technical obstacles to overcome. They include batteries energy storage capacity, charging times, efficiency of the solar panels and electrical propulsion systems. Solving any of those problems and electric vehicles will compete-complement the internal combustion engines vehicles. In the present work, we propose an electrical propulsion system based on three phase induction motor in order to obtain the desired speed and torque with less power loss. Because of the need to lightweight nature, small volume, low cost, less maintenance and high efficiency system, a three phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) is selected in the electrical propulsion system. The IM is fed from three phase inverter operated by a constant V/F control method and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on the texas instruments TM320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to generate SVPWM signal needed to trigger the gates of IGBT based inverter. The inverter used in this work is a three phase inverter IRAMY20UP60B type. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed control strategy to generate a three-phase sine wave signal with desired frequency. The proposed control strategy is experimented on a locally manufactured EV prototype. The results show that the EV prototype can be propelled to speed up to 60km/h under different road conditions.
Design and Implementation of Single Phase AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for Powe...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper discusses the Power Factor Correction (PFC) for single phase AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter (BBC) operated in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) using inductor average current mode control. The proposed control technique employs Proportional-Integral (PI) controller in the outer voltage loop and the Inductor Average Current Mode Control (IACMC) in the inner current loop for PFC BBC. The IACMC has advantages such as robustness when there are large variations in line voltage and output load. The PI controller is developed by using state space average model of BBC. The simulation of the proposed system with its control circuit is implemented in MatLab/Simulink. The simulation results show a nearly unity power factor can be attained and there is almost no change in power factor when the line frequency is at various ranges. Experimental results are provided to show its validity and feasibility.
Improvement of Wind farm with PMSG using STATCOMIJPEDS-IAES
This paper studies about the dynamic performance of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for Wind farm integration. A whole dynamic model of wind energy conversion system (WECS) with PMSG and STATCOM are established in a MATLAB environment. With this model the dynamic behaviour of the generator and the overall system has been studied to determine the performance of them with and without STATCOM. Final results portrays that the WECS based PMSG with STATCOM improves the transient response of the wind farm when the system is in fault.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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harmonics signals [5]. The AI techniques using in electric power has received large consideration from
reviewer in the electric power area and the literature on these applications has become enormous in volume.
Motion control and power electronics are other areas where neural networks and fuzzy logic (FL) have been
applied [6]. This paper aims to presenta survey of harmonic compensation using shunt APF with an
application of AI. In the past few years, many AI applications in the active power filter APF have expanded.
The following is review of work documented in the literature include the application of AI techniques to APF
related issues.
Figure 1. Basic principle of APF Figure 2. Theoretical waveforms
2. HARMONIC MITIGATION APPROACHES
In power distribution systems harmonic mitigation can be carried out through the following
techniques: (1) Passive filter; (2) APF; (3) Hybrid APF. Due to remarkable growth in power electronics, the
use of APF has become the dynamic solution for mitigation of harmonics. The fundamental rule of APF is to
utilize advances in power electronics switches to produce equal and opposite current signals that eliminate
the harmonic currents from the nonlinear loads [7].
2.1. Passive Filtering of Harmonics
To mitigate the harmonic distortion passive filtering is the simplest traditional resolution. The
passive harmonic filters works is as follows: A filter connected in parallel with the load and in series with
inductance and capacitance is a current acceptor. The harmonic frequency must be reduced to be equal the
resonant frequency of the circuit. The impedance of the network and the low impedance of the filter thus
eliminate the harmonic current. The general kinds of passive filters and their order are shown in Figure 3 [8].
The use of a passive filter has many disadvantages which decrease the reliability and flexibility of the filter
devices such as, tuning, large size and risk of resonance problems [9].
Figure 3. Common types of passive filters and their configurations
2.2. Active Filtering of Harmonics
APF is a kind of stable, highly efficient, flexible optimization power quality machine, which plays
an important role in improving power quality. APF is one of most important harmonic mitigation and
reactive power compensation electronic devices [10]. Active filters can be divided into single-phase active
filters and three-phase (3φ) active filters [11], [12], [13]. Research on single-phase (1φ) active filters has been
carried out, and the resultant papers have appeared in technical literature. Because 1φ versions are limited to
low-power applications except for electric traction or rolling stock, 1φ AFs attract much less attention than
3φ AFs [13]. For providing harmonic compensation to a system, active filters are commonly used by
controlling current harmonics in supply networks at the low to medium voltage distribution level or for
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reactive power or voltage control at high voltage distribution level. To achieve the various functions
mentioned above or in separate active filters which can attack each aspect individually, these functions may
be put together in a single circuit [14]. According to its procedure connection in the power system, there are
two types of APFs: Series APF and parallel APF. Research and applications show that the series APF is
selected to compensate the harmonic voltage-source, while shunt APF is more appropriate to compensate the
harmonic current source [15]. APF which is at most used as a current or voltage harmonic compensation, can
be divided into AC and DC filters. The APF can be classified as topology-based classification, converter-
based classification, and supply-system-based classification, a combination of various types of PPF and APF
is HPF [16].
2.3. Shunt APF
As APF eliminate the harmonics and compensate the reactive power, it is also called as active power
line conditioners (APLC). The shunt or parallel connection is the more usual APF configuration. The basic
scheme of the connection is shown in Figure 4, where the Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor MOSFET switching device represents the APF power block. The loads with current harmonics can
be compensated by this APF configuration [17]. In most industrial processes, parallel active filters are by far
the most vastly accept and predominant filter of choice. In parallel at the point of common coupling PCC, the
active filter is connected and is supplied from the main power circuit. The SAF objective is to provide
opposing harmonic current to the nonlinear load, excellently resulting in a pure harmonic current. This kind
of filter can compensate harmonic currents generating from the source Ihs and the load Ih1 without affecting
the main component of load current If. In case of ideality, the parallel active filter generates a current equal to
(Ihs −Ih1). As the internal reactance of the source against harmonic components of load current creates high
impedance, these harmonic components are not able to cross the impedance of the source. In addition,
harmonic components of the source current are not able to affect nonlinear load. In such a case, the load
voltage will be in sine form [10], [18], and [19]. Figure 5 shows the Principle configuration of Voltage
Source Inverter VSI based Shunt APF.
Figure 4. Basic diagram of shunt APF Figure 5. Principle configuration of VSI based Shunt APF
2.4. Series APF
As shown in Figure 6, the series power filter compensates for the harmonics and improves the
power quality in the system. The series active filter ideally behaves as a controlled voltage source;
subsequently the load voltage will have only a positive-sequence at the fundamental frequency component
[20]. Figure 6 shows the basic connection diagram for series APF and Figure 7 shows the principle
configuration for a VSI-based APF. By producing a PWM voltage waveform which is subtracted or added
against the supply voltage waveform, the main object of the series active filter is to maintain a net sinusoidal
voltage waveform across the load is carried out. The voltage-fed PWM inverter without a current minor loop
is the choice of power circuit used in most cases. These Series APFs are not commonly used in power system
like the shunt APF [21].Series active filters act as voltage sources connected in series with the electrical grid,
and they can compensate for voltage harmonics. Three-phase series APFs can also compensate unbalances in
the phase voltages. The compensation capabilities of the series APF increases, allowing also the
compensation of voltage sags, voltage swells and flicker, If the dc link of the power inverter is connected to
other power supplies [22], [23]. Series active power filters were introduced to operate mainly as a voltage
regulator and as a harmonics isolator between the nonlinear load and the utility system. The series connected
filter protects the system from an in adequate supply voltage quality [24].
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Figure 6. Series Active Power filter Figure 7. Principle configuration of Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI) based APF
2.5. Hybrid Active Power Filter
A combination of static and passive filters using to reduce the cost of the static compensation is
called as hybrid active power filter. To cancel the most relevant harmonics of the load, the passive filters are
used and the active filter is dedicated to cancel other harmonics components or to improving the performance
of passive filters and thus, the total cost decreases without decrease of efficiency [17]. Figure 8 shows the
more usual hybrid topologies [25]. Formerly, many of the controllers for APF operation were implemented
based on analogue circuits. Due to this, the performance of the APF is affected by the signal deviation.
Digital controllers using microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processor DSPs are selected, primarily due to its
immunity to noise and flexibility. By using digital methods, the high-order harmonics are not filtered
effectively, because of the hardware limitation of sampling rate in real-time application. In addition, the
utilization of fast switching power electronic switches (i.e. Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs),
Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFETs)) in APF application causes switching
frequency noise to appear in the compensated source current. Additional filtering circuit is required to reduce
this switching frequency noise and to prevent interference with other sensitive equipment [26] [27].
Figure 8. Hybrid active power filter (HAPF) Topologies (a) series active power filter +shunt passive filter,
(b) shunt active power filter + shunt passive filter, (c) active power filter connected in series with shunt
passive filter
3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
To detect and compensate harmonic current there are many classical techniques. A general outline
for the research literature on how to solve harmonic distortion problems using AI is presented in this paper.
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The automation of activities that are associated with human thinking is abroad definition of AI, such as
learning, decision making, perception, problem solving, and reasoning. The AI tools of benefit to the electric
power community include expert systems, Fuzzy Logic (FL), adaptive FL, genetic algorithms (GAs) and
artificial neural networks (ANNs) [6].
3.1. An Application of FL in APF
FL, the logic of approximate reasoning, continues to grow in importance, as its application to a
number of practical problems further demonstrates of its usefulness. FL has been used in areas such as
control, process, diagnostics, estimation, medicine, identification, agriculture, the stock market, etc.
However, process control is by far its most important and visible application [28]. Fuzzy modeling provides
the ability to linguistically specify approximate relations between the input and output, when a system is too
complex or too poorly understood to be described in accurate mathematical terms. Recently, in more
applications, FL controllers (FLCs) have been of interest as a good alternative. The fuzzy systems do not
need a precise mathematical model; the advantage of it is that: They can handle non-linearity; can work with
imprecise inputs and they are more robust than traditional nonlinear controllers [29]. A FLC divided into four
areas: knowledge base, Fuzzification, inference mechanism, and defuzzification.The knowledge base is
designed to obtain a good dynamic response under uncertainty in process parameters and for external
disturbances and is composed of a data base and rule base and the data base consisting of input and output
membership functions provides information for the appropriate fuzzification operations, i.e. the
defuzzification and inference mechanism. To convert the input conditions into a fuzzified output, the
inference mechanism uses a collection of linguistic rules. At last, defuzzification is used to convert the fuzzy
outputs into control signals. The formulation of fuzzy rule set plays a key role in improvement of the system
performance in designing of its control system [30], [31]. Structure of a FLC can be seen in Figure 9. In fact,
with FL for different working conditions, it’s possible to design a control system adjusting the control
surface, so the control can follow the reference current even when very high peaks occur. Besides, dc
capacitor voltages can be maintained at constant levels with fuzzy control [32], [33]. Fuzzy arithmetic is used
for adjustment of the proportional-integral coefficients in a timely fashion, while the generalised integrator is
used to divide frequency integral control. Results have shown that the new dividing frequency control
method is easy to calculate, implement, and is very effective in reducing harmonics. Figure10. Shows an
adaptive fuzzy dividing frequency control method [34]. The most commonly used current control strategy is
the fixed band hysteresis method. But it has the disadvantage of uncontrollable high switching frequency. To
improve this control, an adaptive hysteresis band current control technique can be programmed as a function
of the active filter and supply parameters to minimize the influence of current distortions on modulated
waveform. [35]. Figure 11 shows the schematic diagram of fuzzy control scheme.
Figure 9. Structure of a fuzzy logic controller Figure 10. The Adaptive Fuzzy Dividing
Controller Configuration
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Figure 11. The schematic diagram of fuzzy control scheme
3.2. Neural Networks Application
The non-sinusoidal current distorted by harmonics and the low power-factor are produced by the
non-linear loads in electricity supply networks, [36], [37]. AI applications resolving the power quality
problem mentioned above by using the parallel APF strategy in two-wire distribution systems. The proposed
AI adopted is an ANN responsible for the detection of current harmonics for the active power filtering
process. Figure 12 presents the configuration of the modified proposed ANN algorithm which is limited in
complexity compared to the classical algorithm [36]. A modified ANN was effectively developed in
detecting harmonic components and a PWM was also implemented in generating switching strategies for the
filter [38]. To eliminate the harmonics, an adaptive radial basis function (RBF) neural network control
system for a three-phase APF is proposed. This method features high control precision, a wide range of
applications, and real-time operation, then the total harmonic distortion current can be decrease effectively.
Figure 12. A modified ANN extraction topology
3.3. Genetic Algorithms
GAs were firstly introduced and sophisticated as a system aimed at modeling and explaining the
adaptation of natural systems. A basic GA includes selection, mixing, and mutation of components. Selection
is driven by an organism’s ability like biological systems, to survive in its environment. Mixing is usually
implemented by combining genetic information from two or more parents. Mutation is a mechanism for
reintroducing information that may not have been contained in the population. As an organism, the
population serves with distributed knowledge throughout the genes of the entire population. For finding
optimal minimum, GAs are especially good, where the fitness surface is nonlinear, highly convoluted with
many local minima and dependent on several parameters simultaneously. To reach these solutions, the time
taken by GAs is just a portion of that of other traditional techniques [39], [40]. A GA, improved later,
decreased convergence time but was no less complex or easier to implement, hardware-wise or as online
control. Hysteresis current control, principled on adaptive noise cancelling, needs both logic and analogue
circuits, complicating hardware development. An improved and fast ANN control scheme, for its learning,
simplicity, generalization ability, and also for possible control scheme modification through a weights-
updating algorithm that expedite harmonics extraction, the APF’s response and adaptation [41], [42]. To
reduce the % THD of the source current, the GA is used to design the controllers. The parameters for
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searching are the inductor filter (Lf), dc bus voltage (Vdc), and the hysteresis band (HB) [43]. Figure 13
illustrate how to search the parameters of APF using the GA method.
3.4. GA and a Fuzzy Neural Network
Figure 14 shows the structure of APF with fuzzy neural network predictive control. In the strategy,
to predict future harmonic compensating current, the fuzzy neural network is employed, in order to make the
predictive model compact and precise i.e. to optimize the model parameter, a GA with an efficient search is
developed [44]. Control vector u in the form of gating patterns of the inverter switches based on the
predictive output, can be figured out by the model predictive control algorithm, which maintains tracking of
dynamic reference current without time delay. All results prove that the GA and the fuzzy neural network -
based predictive controller cancel voltage distortion and supply current greatly and the performance of
harmonic compensation better than a PI controller.
Figure 13. The GA approach for APF design Figure 14. The structure of APF
4. SUMMARY
All AI techniques presented in this paper are summarized in Figure 15, to give the reader an idea of
a large percentage of recent developments of artificial intelligence in APF.
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Figure 15. Summary of AI in APF application
5. CONCLUSION
The main focus of the review was the use of FL, neural networks, and GAs in APF applications.
This paper suggests different AI approaches to advance signal processing techniques to improve the power
quality and the system performance. An extensive literature survey of AI techniques in APF is presented to
provide a clear perspective on various aspects of AI to the researchers and engineers working in this field.
These methods have the advantages of quick response, good current tracking accuracy of the APF, and
minimal current ripple. Simulation and application results have shown that using AI in control methods is not
only easy to calculate and implement, but also very effective in reducing harmonics. From the reviews
described in the paper, it is revealed that most of FLC has been applied to regulating the dc bus capacitor
voltage of an APF filter, while most of ANN has been applied to detecting current harmonics for the active
power filtering process. The GA has been applied to optimize the parameters of the simulation model of the
APF.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ekhlas Mhawi obtained the B.S. and the M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from University of
Technology/Baghdadin 1995 and 2006, respectively. She is serving as a lecturer in a University
of Technology/Baghdad, and currently pursuing her PhD degree at Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
The area of interest including Electric Power Quality, Active power filter, PWM techniques,
harmonics suppression, and reactive power compensation.
Hamdan Daniyal (M'07) received the B.E. degree in electrical & electronics (2002) from
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, the M.E. degree in mechatronics (2004) from Kolej Universiti
Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn and the Ph.D. degree (2011) in digital current control for power
electronics converter from The University of Western Australia.
In 2002, he worked as an EE engineer at Smart Ind., a switched mode power supply
manufacturing company. Later in 2003, he joined Universiti Malaysia Pahang (formerly known
as KUKTEM) as a lecturer. After finished his Ph.D. study, he became one of the key person in
Sustainable Energy & Power Electronics Research (SuPER) group, UMP. His research interest
include switching strategy, nonlinear control and digital control in power electronics applications
such as renewable energy, electric vehicle, battery management, power quality and active power
filters. Dr. Hamdan Daniyal is a member of IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) and IEEE
Industrial Electronics Society (IES).
Mohd Herwan Sulaiman obtained his B. Eng. (Hons) in Electrical-Electronics, M. Eng
(Electrical-Power) and PhD (Electrical Engineering) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
in 2002, 2007 and 2012 respectively. He is currently a senior lecturer at Faculty of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). His research interests are power
system optimization and swarm intelligence applications to power system studies. He is also a
Senior Member of IEEE.