IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stability check of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) micro grid power systemjournalBEEI
As of late, expanding interest of renewable energy and consumption of non-renewable energy source have prompted developing advancement of renewable energy technology, for example, wind energy. Wind energy has turned out to be one of the reliable sources of renewable energy, which requests extra transmission capacity and better methods for sustaining system reliability. As of now, doubly fed induction generator wind turbine is the most well-known wind turbine. This paper focuses on DFIG wind farm design using MATLAB/SIMULINK and also investigates the issues of the system stability of the DFIG wind turbine micro grid power system. This analysis includes the changes of voltage, current, real power and reactive power based on various conditions of the power system.
Modeling and Simulation of Self Excited Induction Machine for Wind Power Gene...IDES Editor
Objective of this paper is to propose modeling and
simulation of self-excited induction machine for wind power
generation (SEIMWPG). The earlier models of such
generators capable of generating electric power are facing
huge mechanical losses due to wear and tear in the tightly
coupled mechanical gear systems. Due to this heavy
arrangement in each and every constituent mechanical
assembly, the earlier design could not provide maximum
efficiency. In this paper the proposed model focuses on the
performance of the system using the concept of variation of
mutual inductance in the generator windings. This new model
can be possible to generate maximum power with the variation
of mutual inductance of stator and rotor windings irrespective
of the variation of wind velocities. The complete system is
modeled and simulated in the MAT LAB/ SIMULINK
environment. The results of this renewable model and design
are to promote green energy systems in the future.
The Relevance of Doubly – Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Modelling and Sim...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
The need for clean and stable electricity has given rise to renewable energy globally. Currently, Wind Energy generation is one the leading renewable energy sources and DFIG-based wind turbine are invariably the best approach to generate a multi-megawatts power at variable speed with less fluctuation in output power, ability to control its generated active and reactive power with minimal cost. This paper presents a model of a grid connected DFIG based Wind Turbine system for variable- speed where the speed range requirements are small, the overall system simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results shows the behaviour of DFIG with this type of control system and the numerous advantages in terms of cost reduction and the potential to build economically at multi-megawatt power system, as a result, DFIG grid connected wind turbine is essential.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stability check of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) micro grid power systemjournalBEEI
As of late, expanding interest of renewable energy and consumption of non-renewable energy source have prompted developing advancement of renewable energy technology, for example, wind energy. Wind energy has turned out to be one of the reliable sources of renewable energy, which requests extra transmission capacity and better methods for sustaining system reliability. As of now, doubly fed induction generator wind turbine is the most well-known wind turbine. This paper focuses on DFIG wind farm design using MATLAB/SIMULINK and also investigates the issues of the system stability of the DFIG wind turbine micro grid power system. This analysis includes the changes of voltage, current, real power and reactive power based on various conditions of the power system.
Modeling and Simulation of Self Excited Induction Machine for Wind Power Gene...IDES Editor
Objective of this paper is to propose modeling and
simulation of self-excited induction machine for wind power
generation (SEIMWPG). The earlier models of such
generators capable of generating electric power are facing
huge mechanical losses due to wear and tear in the tightly
coupled mechanical gear systems. Due to this heavy
arrangement in each and every constituent mechanical
assembly, the earlier design could not provide maximum
efficiency. In this paper the proposed model focuses on the
performance of the system using the concept of variation of
mutual inductance in the generator windings. This new model
can be possible to generate maximum power with the variation
of mutual inductance of stator and rotor windings irrespective
of the variation of wind velocities. The complete system is
modeled and simulated in the MAT LAB/ SIMULINK
environment. The results of this renewable model and design
are to promote green energy systems in the future.
The Relevance of Doubly – Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Modelling and Sim...Najeem Olawale Adelakun
The need for clean and stable electricity has given rise to renewable energy globally. Currently, Wind Energy generation is one the leading renewable energy sources and DFIG-based wind turbine are invariably the best approach to generate a multi-megawatts power at variable speed with less fluctuation in output power, ability to control its generated active and reactive power with minimal cost. This paper presents a model of a grid connected DFIG based Wind Turbine system for variable- speed where the speed range requirements are small, the overall system simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results shows the behaviour of DFIG with this type of control system and the numerous advantages in terms of cost reduction and the potential to build economically at multi-megawatt power system, as a result, DFIG grid connected wind turbine is essential.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angleijtsrd
PID controller based pitch angle controller for the frequency regulation and active power control in a wind turbine and diesel engine powered hybrid power system, is presented in this paper. For testing the prosed controller, variable wind speed pattern is used for realization of real time wind behavior. Furthermore, the variable load is also connected to the hybrid power system to test the efficacy of the prosed controller. The system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB environment and results obtained are compared with and without pitch angle controller. The frequency deviations in PID based pitch angle controller is less than the without controller. Aman Malik | Kavita Sharma "Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33303.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33303/stabilization-and-frequency-regulation-in-microgrid-by-controlling-pitch-angle/aman-malik
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
Power Quality Improvement of a Distributed Generation Power SystemIJERA Editor
The aim of this work is to improve the power quality for Distributed Generation (DG) with power storage system. Power
quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Power quality is the set of limits of electrical properties that
allows electrical systems to function in their intended manner without significant loss of performance or life. The electrical
power quality is more concerned issue. The main problems are stationery and transient distortions in the line voltage such as
harmonics, flicker, swells, sags and voltage asymmetries. Distributed Generation (DG) also called as site generation, dispersed
generation, embedded generation, decentralized generation, decentralized energy or distributed energy, generates electricity
from the many small energy sources. In recent years, micro electric power systems such as photovoltaic generation systems,
wind generators and micro gas turbines, etc., have increased with the deregulation and liberalization of the power market.
Under such circumstances the environment surrounding the electric power industry has become ever more complicated and
provides high-quality power in a stable manner which becomes an important topic. Here DG is assumed to include Wind
power Generation (WG) and Fuel Cells (FC), etc. Advantages of this system are constant power supply, constant voltage
magnitude, absence of harmonics insupply voltage, un-interrupted power supply. In this project the electric power qualities in
two cases will be compared.
Case I: With the storage battery when it is introduced.
Case II: Without the storage battery.
The storage battery executes the control that maintains the voltage in the power system. It will be found that the Electric power
quality will be improved, when storage battery is introduced. The model system used in this Project work is composed of a
Wind Turbine, an Induction Generator, Fuel Cells, An Inverter and a Storage Battery. A miniature Wind Power Generator is
represented by WG. A fuel cell module is represented by FC. Transmission lines will be simulated by resistors and coils. The
combined length of the lines from synchronous generator to the load terminal is 1.5 km. This model will be simulated using
Matlab/Simulink
Energy storage of DFIG based wind farm using D-STATCOMIJECEIAES
To accommodate the regularity of wind energy; a storage device is required for the wind turbine. This paper proposesa constant power control for wind farm based Doubly Fed Induction Generator, the suggested storage device is supercapacitor which is connected to every wind turbine of the wind farm, it provides output power stability and compensates the deviations between the available wind energy input and the desired active power output. A Distribution – Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) is connected at the point of connection of the wind farm, it controls the active and reactive power according to the demand from orpower generation to the electrical grid. The coordinated approach between the supercapacitors and the D-STATCOM mitigates the voltage magnitude fluctuations of the wind farm and provides support to the active power. Simulation studies are carried out inMATLAB/Simulink.
Energy storage of DFIG based wind farm using D-STATCOM
Kw2519001905
1. K. Uday Kumar Reddy, M. Ramasekhara Reddy, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1900-1905
Modeling and Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator Wind Turbine with Energy Storage
K. Uday Kumar Reddy1, M. Ramasekhara Reddy 2, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar3
1
(M. Tech, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg, JNTUACE, Pulivendula, A.P, India.)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg, JNTUACE, Pulivendula, A.P, India.)
3
( Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg, JNTUACE, Anantapur, A.P, India.)
ABSTRACT
Wind energy is an important renewable approach to self-sufficient power generation involves
source which is used for power generation for a using a wind-turbine with a storage mechanism to
stand-alone as well as grid connected applications. create a stand-alone system. If wind conditions are
In many remote areas, loads are usually connected favorable, these stand-alone wind energy systems
away from the grid. In such cases, isolated wind usually can provide communities with electricity at
energy systems can be considered as an effective the lowest cost. Stand-alone wind energy systems
way to provide continuous power to electrical often include batteries, because the available wind
loads. The power conversion unit features a wi nd- does not always produce the required quantities of
turbine-driven PMSG, a d i o d e rectifier, a power. If wind power exceeds the load demand, the
b u c k converter, a battery bank, a feed-back surplus energy can be stored in storage systems like
controller, and a dc/ac inverter. In this paper, an batteries [1-3]. Multiple types of generators are being
isolated wind energy conversion system is used with wind turbines. Small wind turbines are
implemented using a variable speed permanent equipped with DC generators of up to a fractional
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with kilowatt in capacity [6]. The major types of AC
PWM rectifier and a battery for storing the excess generators that are possible candidates in wind
amount of wind energy. To change the duty cycle turbine systems are as follows:
of the converter, a controller of DC-DC buck • Squirrel-Cage rotor Induction Generator (SCIG),
converter with MOSFET as a switching • Wound-Rotor Induction Generator (WRIG),
component is designed using P, PI and PID • Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
controller to provide the efficient choice for the • Synchronous Generator (With external field
selection of the controller. The proposed scheme is excitation),
implemented in MATLAB using Simulink & the •Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG).
simulation results show that the output voltage of An induction generator (IG) has been
the converter can be controlled according to the extensively used in commercial wind turbine units.
value of duty cycle and the excess power is stored Asynchronous operation of induction generators is
in battery to provide balance between the considered an advantage for application in wind
generator and the load. turbine systems, because it provides some degree of
flexibility when the wind speed is fluctuating or
Keywords: Wind e n e r g y conversion variable [5-6]. The induction generator based on
s y s t e m , battery bank, Permanent magnet Squirrel-Cage rotor (SCIG) is a very popular machine
synchronous generator, isolated system. because of its low cost, mechanical simplicity,
robust structure, and resistance against disturbance
1. Introduction and vibration. The induction generator based on
Renewable sources of energy mainly wound rotor is the doubly fed induction generator
including wind power offer a feasible solution to (DFIG), which is a kind of induction machine in
distributed power generation for isolated which both the stator windings and the rotor
communities where grids are unavailable. At present windings are connected to the source [7-8].
scenario wind power has emerged as the most viable Another type of generator that has been
source of electric power is economically competitive proposed for wind turbines in several research articles
with the non-renewable sources of energy. In such is synchronous generator. This type of generator has
cases, isolated wind energy systems can be the capability of direct connection (direct-drive) to
considered as an effective way to provide continuous wind turbines, with no gearbox [12]. This advantage
power to electrical loads. One of the most promising is favorable with respect to lifetime and maintenance.
applications of renewable energy generation lies in Synchronous machines can use either
the development of power supply systems for remote electrically excited or permanent magnet (PM) rotor.
villages that lack an economically feasible means of The PM and electrically-excited synchronous
connecting to the main electrical grid. For the type of generators differ from the induction generator in that
loads located far from a utility grid, one practical the magnetization is provided by a Permanent
1900 | P a g e
2. K. Uday Kumar Reddy, M. Ramasekhara Reddy, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1900-1905
Magnet pole system or a dc supply on the rotor, the natural laws of electromagnetic scaling, there is an
featuring providing self-excitation property. Self- excitation penalty involved in small PM machines.
excitation allows operation at high power factors and As the geometrical size is decreased, the
high efficiencies for the PMSG [13]. A comparison cross-sectional area available for copper conductor
between the variable speed wind turbine and the decreases with the square of the linear dimensions.
constant speed wind turbine shows that variable The need for the magneto-motive force decreases with
speed reduce mechanical stresses, gusts of wind can the linear dimension, being primarily determined by
be absorbed, dynamically compensate for torque and the length of the air-gap [14]. During the high
power pulsations caused by back pressure of the temperatures, the current may be sufficient enough to
tower. This backpressure causes noticeable torque demagnetize the magnets providing excitation.
pulsations at a rate equal to the turbine rotor speed
times the number of rotor blades [3-8]. 3. T o p o l o g i e s for isolated operation of a
variable speed wind driven PMSG
2. Permanent Magnet Generator
Figure 1 shows the cross-section of a typical Variable speed use is good for extracting
Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG). The l os s more prime mover power as in wind turbine or for
fr e e e x c i t a t i on pr ovi d e d b y p e r m a n en t providing optimum efficiency for the prime mover by
m a gn e t t h er e for e i n cr e a s e s i n r e l a t i ve increasing its speed with power. Variable speed also
va l u e a s t h e m a ch i n e si z e i s d e c r e a s e d . allows for a more flexible generator system. For wind
turbines, a battery may be added to store the extra
wind energy that is not momentarily needed for the
existing loads or local power grids [10-11].
At variable speed, the DC link voltage is
maintained constant by exchanging power with the
storage device, battery as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.1 Cross-section of typical c onventional
Permanent Magnet Generator
The main features of the permanent magnet
synchronous machine are as follows:
1. Robust, compact and less weight.
2. Copper loss due to the current flow which is the
largest loss in case of induction machine is
approximately half that of induction motor.
3. High efficiency in case of permanent magnet Fig.2 PMSG with PWM rectifier with battery for
synchronous machine compared to induction storing the extra wind energy
machine.
The merits of permanent-magnet synchronous 4. Modeling of proposed system
machines [6-8] over electrically excited machines 4.1. Modeling of System
[14] can be as follows: This section includes modeling of supply
1. No additional power supply for the magnet system (PMSG), load, controller etc. The relevant
field excitation, mathematical analysis is illustrated as follows.
2. No sliding contacts, so it requires less 4.2. M o d e l i n g of Permanent Magnet Synchronous
maintenance. Machine.
3. Higher reliability due to the absence The permanent magnet synchronous machine
of mechanical components like slip rings. block operates in generating or motoring modes. The
4. No field winding, no field copper loss. operating mode is dictated by the sign of the
The demerits of PMSM are as follows: mechanical power (positive for generating, negative
1. The power factor of operation cannot be controlled for motoring). The electrical part of the machine is
due to the absence of the field winding, represented by a sixth-order state-space model [15].
2. Demagnetization of PM at high temperature. The model takes into account the dynamics of the
In recent years, the use of PMs is more stator and damper windings.
attractive than before [14], because the performance of The equivalent frame (d-q frame) is used for
PMs is improving and the cost of PM is decreasing. developing the equations for the model of the PMSG.
The permanent magnet synchronous machines can be The following equations are used to express the
majorly applied in direct-drive traction motors. Due to
1901 | P a g e
3. K. Uday Kumar Reddy, M. Ramasekhara Reddy, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1900-1905
model of the PMSG as: 4.3. M o d e l i n g of Supply system
Vd = Rsid + pd – wr q (1) The supply system consists of three-phase
Vq = Rsiq + pq + wr d (2) (PMSG) system, diesel engine and governor blocks.
V‟fd = R‟fdi‟fd + p‟fd (3) The model of Permanent magnet synchronous
V‟kd = R‟kdi‟kd + p‟kd (4) generator (PMSG) is realized by considering fixed
V‟kq1 = R‟kq1i‟kq1 + p‟kq1 excitation of an alternator. The mathematical
(5)
representation of all these are given above.
V‟kq2 = R‟kq2i‟kq2 + p‟kq2 (6) 4.4. Design of a P, PI & PID controller
d = Ld id + Lmd ( i‟fd + i‟kd) (7) To change the duty cycle of the converter
q = Lq iq + Lmq i‟kq (8) the constants involving in P, PI and PID controller
‟fd = L‟fd i‟fd + Lmd ( id + i‟kd) (9) can be calculated separately by using a suitable trial
‟kd = L‟kd i‟kd + Lmd ( id + i‟fd) (10) and error technique. The controllers are used for
‟kq2 = L‟kq2 i‟kq2 + Lmq iq (11) providing suitable signals for DC-DC buck converter
Where the subscripts used are defined as: d, is designed.
q: d and q axis quantity, r, s: Rotor and stator 4.5. Wind Turbine Modeling
quantity, l, m: Leakage and magnetizing inductance, This block implements a wind energy
f, k: Field and damper winding quantity. Rs conversion system. The inputs are actual and desired
represents stator resistance, Lls stator leakage speed and the output of the block is mechanical power
(Pω) [14]. The amount of power harnessed from the
inductance, Lmd and Lmq represent d-axis
wind of velocity v is as follows.
and q-axis magnetizing inductances. Rf‟ denotes
field resistance and Llfd‟ leakage inductance both P=0.5ρAC ν3 (14)
referred to the stator. Damper d-axis resistance Rkd‟ Where
and leakage inductance Llkd‟, Damper q-axis Pω = wind power in watts
resistance Rkq1‟ and leakage inductance Llkq1‟ and
the q-axis resistance Rkq2‟ and leakage Inductance ρ = air density in kg/m3
Llkq2‟. All these values are referred to the stator. A= swept area in m2
All rotor parameters and electrical quantiti es are Cp=power coefficient of wind turbine
viewed fr om the stator and are identified by ν= wind speed in m/s
primed variables. The simplified synchronous 5. Matlab Simulation model of the proposed
machine block implements the mechanical system topology
described by: The MATLAB Simulation of proposed
∆w (t) = ∫(Tm – Te) dt / (2H) – Kd∆w (t) (12) topology [9] has been shown in the Fig.2. The matlab
w(t) = ∆w (t) + wo (13) Simulink tool box simpower has been used for getting
`the required results
1902 | P a g e
4. K. Uday Kumar Reddy, M. Ramasekhara Reddy, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1900-1905
Fig. 3. MATLAB Simulated model of PMSG connected to local Load
6. S i m u l a t i o n Results
The MATLAB Simulation of proposed
topology has been shown in the Fig.3. The MATLAB
Simulink tool box Simpower System has been used
for getting the required results.
6.1 Performance of PMSG with PWM rectifier with
battery for storing the extra wind energy:
The wind driven PMSG is run at 300 rpm.
The output voltage is 200 V at 60 hertz. This variable
voltage and variable frequency o u t p u t i s
con ver t ed t o con st an t volta g e an d
constant frequency source. The Fig.4 to 8 shows the
Variation of speed for the wind Turbine, Variation of Fig.6. Variation of battery power and battery current
load power, generated power, battery power, battery
current & d c-link voltage using P, PI and PID
controllers. The rating of the PMSG is given in the
appendix
Fig.7. Variation of DC-link voltage using a P-
controller
The change in the level of power varies with
Fig.4. Variation of Speed for the wind turbine respect to the change in load demand. The maximum
power generated at the rotor-side of PMSG is 3200
watts and later the change in the level of generated
power varies with respect to the variation in load
demand at different time instants. The battery energy
storage mechanism used in the system regulates the
system from severe imbalances by exchanging the
energy from generator and the battery. The response
of dc-link voltage using a proportional-controller is
shown in fig. 7. In fig. 7 though the peak –overshoot
is less but the output oscillates around 200 volts.
Fig.5. Variation of Generated power and Load side
power
The load perbutations are made to occur at
t=0.5 sec and there is a sudden increase in the level of
load side current to 3 amps which draws more current
from the generator. After certain period, t=1 sec the
current in the load side again reaches to 2 amps. The
sudden increase in the current implies that the more
current is drawn from the generator and the system
balance is obtained by suitable battery energy storage
systems. Fig.8. Variation of DC-link voltage using a PI
controller
1903 | P a g e
5. K. Uday Kumar Reddy, M. Ramasekhara Reddy, Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar / International Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1900-1905
[3] Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power Quality
Enhancement Using Custom Power
Devices. Kulwer Academic, 2002.
[4] Gipe, P. Wind power‟, Chelsea Green
Publishing Company, Post Mills, Vermount,
USA,1995.
[5] Rai, G.D. (2000) „Non conventional energy
sources‟, Khanna Publishers, 4th Edition,
New Delhi (India)
[6] Bansal, R.C., Bhatti, T.S., and Kothari, D.P.
„On some of the design aspects of wind
energy conversion systems”, Int. Journal of
Energy Conversion and Management, Nov.
Fig.9. Variation of DC-link voltage using a PID Vol. 43, No. 16, pp. 2175- 2187,2002.
controller [7] Singh, B. „Induction generator-a
The PI-controller offsets or eliminates the prospective‟, Electric Machines and Power
steady state oscillations that are occurred using a Systems, Vol. 23, pp. 163-177, 1995.
proportional-controller and the system stability is [8] Zouaghi, “Variable Speed Drive modeling
improved as shown in fig.8. In fig.9, the output of Wind Turbine Permanent Magnet
voltage using PID controller got changed by reducing Synchronous Generator,” ICREP‟04
the peak-overshoot & the time of response got International Conference on Renewable
decreased to a certain extent. Hence for economical Energy and Power Quality, Barcelona,
savings; PID controller serves better purpose apart Spain, 2004.
from the other controllers proposed in this design. So, [9] C. Ong "Dynamic Simulation of Electric
PID controller serves the efficient choice for the Machines Using MATLAB/Simulink"
selection of the controller. Editorial "Prentice Hall", 1998.
[10] D.C. Aliprantis, S.A. Papathanassiou, M.P.
7. Conclusion
In the proposed scheme, battery energy Papadopoulos, A.G. Kaladas, “Modeling
storage system provides power balance between the and control of a variable-speed wind turbine
generated power and the load. The power mismatch is equipped with permanent magnet
absorbed by the BESS. From the obtained results it is synchronous generator,” Proc. Of ICEM,
Vol.3, pp.558-562, 2000.
clearly observed that the oscillations free output can
[11] Mukhtiar Singh, A. Chandra,“ Power
be obtained by using a PID-controller and PID-
Maximization and Voltage Sag/Swell Ride-
controller improves the stability of the system and
Through Capability of PMSG based
hence is the best choice for the selection of the
Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion
controller.
System” in proc. of 34Th Annual conf. of
APPENDIX
IEEE Indus. Electronics Society,
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator:
IECON‟08, Orlando, Florida, USA ,2008.
3-Phase, 300 V, 60 Hz, 3000 rpm, 4-pole
[12] C. Jauch, J. Matevosyan, T. Ackermann and
Electromagnetic Torque : 0.8 Nm
S. Bolik. 2005. International comparison of
Stator Resistance (RS) : 18.7 Ω
requirements for connection of wind
Inductance: Ld (H) = Lq(H) : 0.02682 H
turbines to power systems. Wind Energy. 8:
Flux induced by magnets : 0.1717 Wb.
295-306.
References [13] C. Jauch, P. Sorensen and B. Bak-Jensen.
[1] R. Mittal, Sandhu, Jain, “Battery energy 2004. International review of grid
storage system for a wind driven variable- connection requirements for wind turbines.
speed permanent magnet synchronous In: Nordic wind power conference.
generator for wind energy conversion Goteborg, March.
system”, International Journal of [14] S.N. Bhadra, S. Banerjee, D. Kastha
Innovation, Management and Technology, (2005),„Wind electrical systems,„ Oxford
Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2010, ISSN: 2010- University Press, 2005, ISBN : 0195670936
248 [15] Bhim Singh and Gaurav Kumar Kasal,
[2] Bhim Singh and Gaurav Kumar Kasal, “Solid-State Voltage and Frequency
“Voltage and Frequency Controller for a 3- Controller for a stand-alone wind power
Phase 4-Wire Autonomous Wind Energy generating system,” IEEE Trans. Power
Conversion System” accepted for Electronics, vol. 23, no.3, pp.1170–1177,
publication in IEEE Trans. on Energy 2008.
Conversion.
1904 | P a g e